Introduction. High-fidelity simulation of off-road and amphibious vehicle motion relies on accurate wheel-surface interaction models. Although empirical and semi-empirical wheel rolling models (Pacejka, Guo and Lu) are dominant on solid surfaces, their input parameters are often ambiguous and do not have a direct physical interpretation, it is significantly limiting their predictive capabilities under complex, multi-mode driving conditions. Expensive and time-consuming specific sample testing is often required to obtain accurate characteristics. Materials and Methods. This study presents an experimental validation of a physically based wheel dynamics model for non-deformable supporting surfaces. The mathematical description of the tire model with the use of brush analogy has been previously presented. A laboratory test bench was used as a validation environment to measure wheel kinematics and dynamics under a wide range of vertical loads in both driving and driven modes. Key parameters, including rolling radius, longitudinal slip, and torque have been measured directly on the rig. Results. Experimental data were used to validate the developed mathematical model, implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink. The model demonstrated match with experiment results in free-rolling mode, with a normalized root-meansquare error (RMS) below 1.2% for the covered distance. In driving mode, the error increased to approximately 10%, which, according to the analysis, is explained by the risen complexity of torque application and slip dynamics. Discussion and Conclusion. Unlike purely empirical models, all parameters of the developed model have a clear physical meaning and can be determined from a limited set of experiments. It makes this model a preferred choice for problems requiring the behavior prediction under various conditions.
Introduction. The development of electric vehicles is accompanied by a transition to electromechanical braking systems, which eliminate the need for traditional hydraulic drives. This requires the development of a structured architecture, software and control routines that ensure the joint, conflict-free operation of electromechanical braking system algorithms. The aim of this work is to develop a functional structure and software algorithms for a vehicle electromechanical braking system. Materials and Methods. A method of functional software decomposition for the electromechanical braking system is applied, including groups for data reception and processing, control action generation, diagnostics and safety assurance, and data transmission. Results. A functional software structure for the electromechanical braking system is proposed, which includes groups for data acquisition and processing, control action generation, diagnostics and safety assurance, and data transmission. A set of control algorithms for the requested braking torque has been developed. Practical Significance. The developed functional structure and algorithms can be used in the software design of electromechanical braking systems of electric vehicles, providing a structured representation of the entire software architecture for mechatronic systems. Originality. Originality lies in the formulation of the functional software structure for the electromechanical braking system and the systematization of braking control algorithms, taking into account dynamic stabilization and the interaction between mechanical and regenerative braking.
Introduction. Regular road surface monitoring is essential for an objective assessment of road conditions and timely intervention to combat emerging deformations. Traditional survey methods have long been limited to visual inspection, while developing pavement microcracks could remain undetected for a long time, subsequently leading to significant repair costs. A pressing issue is the development of a road surface monitoring methodology that can detect changes in road surface geometry, including microrelief analysis. Methods and Materials. In modern practice, a detailed assessment of road surface conditions uses a three-dimensional representation of the surface as an array of laser reflection points obtained by terrestrial and mobile laser scanning. Road surface changes, including deformations, can be monitored and assessed by comparing point clouds obtained using stereophotogrammetry at different times. This requires minimizing the influence of external orientation errors on the clouds obtained at different times by aligning them with each other. A prototype equipped with a full-frame digital camera and a GNSS geodetic receiver was used. Between surveys conducted along two routes approximately one hour apart, changes in the asphalt surface during the specified time were simulated using specialized monitoring mockups to ensure that the survey data reflected both actual pavement deformations and simulated changes. The resulting point clouds contained over 40 million points each. To optimize the analysis, they were thinned to a density of 5 mm and cropped at the boundaries of the study area. The coordinates of the image projection centers were determined in RTK mode. The thinned point clouds were imported into Cloud Compare software (ENST, France) for analysis. Results. For the study, photogrammetric models of the surveys were constructed, with point clouds superimposed on one another using exterior orientation parameters. The analysis revealed deviations that made it impossible to align the point cloud superposition results. Using the ICP algorithm, a reanalysis of the point clouds was performed after mutual orientation, shifting the second cloud relative to the first using a stable contour. Models placed after the initial survey showed actual changes. It was established that the accuracy of cloud construction based on the original exterior orientation parameters of the images was insufficient, and after integrating the point clouds using ICP algorithms, display improvements were evident. Discussion and Conclusion. Photogrammetric survey systems exist that are relatively simple to use and relatively inexpensive, as exemplified by the presented model. It has been established that using only the coordinates of projection centers obtained using GNSS measurements as the initial data will result in insufficient point cloud orientation accuracy, specifically for deformation monitoring. However, the system is simple in design, and using modern ICP algorithms, it is possible to align two different time-lapse images, achieving millimeter-level accuracy in deformation changes. These images can be used to detect dynamic road cracks and predict road surface changes. This system, as a relatively inexpensive and simple piece of equipment, can be used for municipal needs, as well as for assessing deformations in specific areas (such as utility punctures or projectile impacts on road sections), to facilitate rapid response.
Introduction. The relevance of this research stems from the need to quickly obtain information for calculations, particularly to study the regularities of passenger component in transport load. Currently, a major factor hindering successful forecasting in the field of passenger transportation is the insufficient implementation of models for estimating correspondence within urban passenger transport route networks via modern programming languages. The implementation of numerous methods at road transport enterprises is hindered by a severe lack of empirical survey data. Therefore, this study aims to implement a correspondence matrix estimation model for a public transport route as the basis for new data processing methods and algorithms, the use of specialized Python libraries enabling high performance computing without expensive equipment. Materials and Methods. The data source for the experiment was a control tower equipped with the POTOK software package for monitoring passenger transportation. Primary data was collected from a BARS-01 T unit and Luch M. Results. This study presents an efficient data processing method to estimate origin-destination matrices by integrating traffic flow reconstruction techniques with passenger flow data, using the least absolute deviations method to determine the optimal solution. Robust optimization is proposed as an evaluation tool to address transport problems given inaccurate initial data. To solve the problem, the interior-point, simplex, revised simplex method, high-performance GHS, and dual simplex method algorithms from the Python package have been used. Discussion and Conclusion. The extended functionality of this methodology reduces labor intensity in collecting passenger traffic data. This study presents a practical model of evaluating matrices for public transport routes. This approach ensures the required measurement accuracy while reducing data collection costs, and supporting both transportation system planning and a broader functional assessment of urban areas.
Introduction. For decades, operation and maintenance has been the longest, most costly, and most resource-intensive phase of a project, especially in developing countries where traditional practices are still in place, which include a lack of modern resource management technologies and a reliance on antiquated operating systems that use a lot of energy. Educational projects like schools and universities require effective operation and maintenance processes due to their continuous public usage and importance for community development. However, traditional facility management in developing countries like Iraq is characterized by fragmented information flows, insufficient preventative maintenance, and poor asset data management. Through the use of organized data, visualization, and links to computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), Building Information Modeling (BIM) has shown potential for improving operation and maintenance practices. Materials and Methods. This paper proposes a Building Information Modeling-Facility Management )BIM-FM( workflow framework within the context of educational infrastructure in developing countries. Adopting a case study approach, the study analyzes the existing FM process in a typical school in Kut city, central Iraq, highlights obstacles, and develops a BIM-FM workflow that integrates Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie), digital work orders, and preventive maintenance planning. The findings demonstrate that the BIM-enabled FM framework improves data availability and stakeholder collaboration, while also revealing limitations such as high implementation costs, lack of skilled labor, and insufficient digital infrastructure. The study proposes a novel methodology that can be applied to public educational facilities in resource-constrained environments, laying the groundwork for sustainable school management practices. Conclusion. The study argues that a BIM-FM workflow during the operational phase of educational buildings in developing countries can enhance operational efficiency and asset dependability; nevertheless, its implementation is hindered by challenges including a shortage of qualified staff, a lack of BIM standards and high early expenses for operations and maintenance. Notwithstanding these limitations, the framework provides a structured approach for incorporating BIM into FM to increase the sustainability of educational infrastructure. Future research should expand the scope to include several schools and analyze the long-term cost-benefit implications.
Introduction. The stability of vehicle braking force measurements is investigated on a power-type test bench equipped with a horizontally rotating disk under each test wheel, which ensures a tire-to-surface contact patch shape close to real road conditions. The factors controlled in the experiment include the wheel positioning radius on the support disk and the force applied to the brake pedal, while the response function is the braking force measured by the test bench. Materials and Methods. A mathematical experimental design was used for a full-scale testing of a passenger car braking system on a custom-built test bench. This aimed to obtain static (regression) models linking the realized braking force to braking process parameters, such as brake pedal force and braking leverage. Correlation and regression analysis tools in Microsoft Excel were used to process the experimental data. Results. The type, structure, and order of the static (regression) model linking the realized braking force to the braking process parameters (brake pedal force and braking leverage) have been determined. А model was obtained in the form of a nonlinear regression equation linking the factors to the response function. It was found that the maximum peak instability in braking force measurements (the maximum discrepancy between experimental and calculated values) for the test bench with horizontally rotating support discs does not exceed 5%. This is quite acceptable for practical application, in particular, for vehicle brake testing during operation. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained static model in the form of a nonlinear regression equation can be integrated into the test bench algorithm to control the accuracy of braking force measurements for in-service passenger cars during routine maintenance, periodic technical inspections, etc. The obtained statistical characteristics of the regression equation can be used to justify the metrological characteristics of the test bench for its type approval.
Introduction. Road safety on sections of highways is largely determined by their geometric parameters, which influence driver’s perception of road conditions. Among the most significant factors are the visibility distance of oncoming vehicles and the parameters of horizontal curves, which determine the timeliness of danger detection and the ability to perform maneuvers safely. In this regard, the studies on developing a method for the automated assessment of the described characteristics based on a minimal set of initial data are relevant. Materials and methods. An application written in the C# programming language has been developed to process road elevation profiles, estimate the visibility of oncoming vehicles, and visualize the results. As the initial data route coordinates and elevation marks obtained from the GraphHopper route planner and applied both to construct the road profile and to determine the radii of curves in planning have been used. The methodology involves coordinate transformation, converting the data to uniform spacing along the route, calculating visibility along the line of sight, estimating local curvature based on three points, and computing radius of curves using Menger’s formula. Results. Based on the processing and analysis of the initial data, a methodology has been developed to assess the visibility of oncoming vehicles based on the road elevation profile and to determine the radii of curves in plan, enabling the identification of road sections, where geometric parameters affect traffic safety. Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the validity of using the developed methodology for a comprehensive assessment of highway parameters that impact traffic safety. The proposed approach makes it possible to determine on route data the visibility conditions for oncoming vehicles and the geometric characteristics of horizontal curves in plan, providing a basis for identifying potentially dangerous sections and justifying decisions aimed at improving traffic safety.
Introduction. The article presents the research results of the overall flexibility of a through-rod which is modeling a lattice tower. The object of the study is a tetrahedral pyramid-shaped rod. Special attention is paid to the discrepancy between the importance of total flexibility and lattice shear deformations when evaluating the reduced flexibility of rods with variable cross-section according to current steel structure design standards. The purpose of the article is to analyze studies and methods for assessing the overall flexibility of lattice towers and to develop a practical method based on the finite element method. The proposed method is based on obtaining the length coefficient of a variable cross-section from the ratio of stiffness (radius of inertia) of the support and effective sections. The characteristics of the effective section are obtained from the deflection of the variable cross-section rod model, taking into account the variability in the length of the sectional area of the belts. Using the example of calculating typical towers of antenna supports, a comparison of the values of the length coefficient obtained by different methods has been performed. Materials and methods. The calculation of the through-rod of variable cross-section for stability is reduced to considering the ratio of the bending stiffness of conventional rods with constant cross-sections when the critical compressive forces are equal. Initially, the rod length coefficient was determined from the ratio of the moments of inertia of the end cross-sections with a constant sectional area of the belts. The values of the variable section length coefficient obtained from the analysis of data from different sources differ significantly from the values determined by the design standards of towers for power transmission lines. The discrepancy is connected with the different approach to accounting the possible variability of the sectional area of the belts along the length of the rod. Currently, the availability of the finite element method for calculating the bending stress strength of rod models of any complexity makes it easy to refine the overall flexibility of the through-rod. The calculation example shows that the flexibility of the through-rod of the antenna support with a variable sectional area of the belts is close to the flexibility of pyramid-shaped towers for power transmission lines. Conclusions. In real tower constructions, the sectional area of the tower belts usually varies with height in accordance with the forces involved, the belt flexibility, and the grade of material used for it. For solving the problem of determining the length coefficient of the rod with variable cross-section, an effective cross-section method has been developed. The moment of inertia of the effective cross-section is easily determined by calculating the bending stress strength of the pyramid tower model in finite elements, taking into account the variability of not only the geometry of the sections, but also the sectional area of the belts. The proposed method is recommended to be applied in calculation of the overall stability of antenna towers.
Introduction. Improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces of the Sirius Federal Territory are among the key sectors determining the quality of the urban environment and the living comfort of citizens. Sirius Federal Territory has a unique legal status and natural-climatic features (humid subtropics), which requires a special approach to regulatory regulation. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need to develop a series of organization standards to eliminate the identified conflicts and gaps in the regulatory framework governing the production of works on improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces of Sirius Federal Territory. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of regulatory sources in force within the Russian Federation and Sirius Federal Territory as of March 2026. The formal-legal method, comparative-legal method, method for identifying conflicts and gaps, and the method of systematic interpretation have been used. Results. Systemic contradictions are revealed between the federal codes of practice (SP 82.13330.2016, SP 42.13330.2016) and sanitary norms (SanPiN 2.1.3684-21) on the one hand, and the unique conditions of Sirius Federal Territory, on the other hand. Four types of conflicts are classified as: legal (uncertainty in the application of regional norms on Sirius Federal Territory), technical (climatic maladaptation), terminological (conflict between sanitary and aesthetic criteria), and chronological (uncertainty of the transition period). Gaps in regulatory control are identified, including the absence of special norms for the subtropical zone, methods for calculating parking spaces taking into account seasonal dynamics, requirements for corrosion protection under conditions of aggressive marine aerosol environment, local soil quality standards, etc. Discussion. It is proposed to develop a series of organization standards for the Municipal Budgetary Institution «Parks of Sirius Federal Territory» (hereinafter referred to as MBI «Parks FT») a document detailing the requirements for input, operational and acceptance control, work production technology and the composition of executive production and technical documentation, as well as improvement and landscaping projects. The place of this series of organization standards within the hierarchy of regulatory documents is defined as being below the codes of practice, yet mandatory for application on Sirius Federal Territory through their inclusion in municipal contracts. The series of organization standards for MBI «Parks FT» under the general title «Guide to Production Control during Urban Improvement, Landscaping, Maintenance of the Territory and Green Spaces within Sirius Federal Territory is being developed in three parts: • Part 1. Quality Management System. Quality assurance for improvement and landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces on Sirius Federal Territory; • Part 2. Quality control of work production during urban improvement and maintenance of the territory on Sirius Federal Territory; • Part 3. Quality control of work production during landscaping and maintenance of green spaces on Sirius Federal Territory. Conclusion. The development and implementation of the series of organization standards of MBI «Parks FT» will eliminate legal uncertainty, unify quality control requirements and improve the manageability of municipal contracts. After implementation and testing on Sirius Federal Territory, the accumulated materials can be used to formulate and develop higher-level regulatory documents for Sirius Federal Territory in the form of national standards and codes of practice. These documents will be harmonized with the regulatory acts in force within the territory of the Russian Federation, aiming to create a unified regulatory document on improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces in the Russian Federation for further application and mandatory enforcement throughout the Russian Federation.
Introduction. The article proposes an approach to determining traffic flow parameters on congested sections of the primary road network in a resort region, aimed at estimating time losses and road transport accessibility of tourist and transport hubs. Two representative sections of federal highways in Krasnodar Krai have been considered: M-4 “Don” section with a sequential reduction in the number of traffic lanes, and A-147 section within the boundaries of Dagomys settlement with controlled intersections. Materials and Methods. The initial database was compiled from traffic management projects, data from stationary traffic detectors, navigation services, and field surveys using the floating car method. For comparison, the Bureau of Public Roads function, the Highway Capacity Manual approach, and traffic simulation modeling have been applied. Results. It is shown that seasonal tourist demand and commuting migration create significant unevenness in traffic intensity. On M-4 “Don” highway, the maximum monthly traffic volume in August reaches 1.35 million vehicles per month, which is 256.2% higher than the figures recorded in February during the low tourist season. On A-147 highway, traffic intensity increases to 1.36 million vehicles per month, exceeding the February level by 43.7%. During peak periods, traffic speed decreases to 8–11 km/h, while queue lengths reach 9.8 km on M-4 and 2.4 km on A-147. Discussion and Conclusion. Calculation methods provide a smoothed assessment of traffic conditions and underestimate travel time under congested conditions. The simulation model reproduces vehicle accumulation, queue propagation, and stop-and-go regimes; therefore, it is advisable to use it as the primary tool for analyzing congested sections and selecting targeted measures to improve network efficiency.
Introduction. The relevance of this study comes from the need to substantiate quantitatively parking space planning as an element of a unified transportation system. The operational characteristics of the parking area, including occupancy, entry and exit rates, dwell times, and intervals between entries have been examined. Based on field observations, statistical patterns have been established and a simulation model has been verified. The survey of the parking area operational characteristics has been conducted, including an analysis of space occupancy, entry and exit rates, dwell times, and intervals between entries, as well as other key indicators. Observations were being made over the week in autumn, 2024.Materials and Methods. The stationary Azimut DT photo and video recording systems have been used to conduct the field study. The obtained data was processed with the help of mathematical statistics methods, including distribution law assessment, correlation analysis, and the Kolmogorov test. To predict parking system performance the simulation model has been developed and implemented in the AnyLogicenvironment.Results. Quantitative data has been collected by stationary photo and video surveillance systems, providing continuous monitoring of vehicle distributions in the parking lot throughout the whole research period. Key parking area performance indicators have showed a day-of-week dependence, which must be considered in planning, locating, and operating urban parking infrastructure.The correlation analysis confirmed a functional relationship between the intensity of vehicle entry and exit within the parking area and traffic flow on the adjacent road. The obtained results have been used to develop a simulation model of the parking lot. Computational modeling data was compared with field measurements. The data obtained through the study are useful for organizing traffic flow on the urban street and road network, for zoning and de signing the urban area, and can serve as a basis for developing and evaluating urban planning and architectural solutions.Average values of entry and exit rates and intervals between them have been obtained (6.7–14.5 min). The hypothesis of an exponential distribution of intervals has been rejected. The hypothesis of a Poisson flow for short intervals (2 min) is consistent with the data. A linear correlation between entry/exit rates and traffic flow rates on the adjacent road has been identified and approximated (R = 0.81-0.86). A comparison of the actual and simulated curves according to the Chebyshev norm revealed a discrepancy of 0.0058 - 0.0891.Discussion and Conclusions. The functional dependence of parking area parameters on external traffic has been confirmed. The developed simulation model reproduces the functioning of the parking area adequately. The results can be recommended for urban planning and organization of parking areas like under consideration. However, the developed methodology can be extended to other parking infrastructure facilities to ensure the rational use of urban resources and to improve the transportation system.
Introduction. Under conditions of sustained growth in motorization and increased loads in urban road networks of large cities, there is a need to improve control methods for signalized intersections. Traditional traffic signal control systems based on fixed timing plans or data obtained from local detectors demonstrate limited adaptability and do not always ensure efficient distribution of intersection capacity under variable traffic flow conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for adaptive traffic signal control at urban intersections based on vehicle navigation data.Materials and Methods. The study uses data obtained from vehicle navigation devices, including coordinates, speed, and direction of movement. The proposed methodology is based on forecasting the expected number of vehicles approaching an intersection from each traffic direction and estimating their arrival times. Traffic signal control parameters are adjusted within discrete calculation intervals of 15 minutes, taking into account the temporal uncertainty of vehicle arrivals. To improve control stability, a weighting mechanism is introduced, leading to correct record of vehicles arriving within the calculation intervals, as well as residual queues from previous periods.Results. The results of the study have demonstrated that the application of the proposed method ensures a more balanced distribution of green signal timing in proportion to the expected load of traffic directions, which contributes to increased intersection capacity and reduced vehicle delays. The proposed approach is intended for use within governmental traffic management systems and does not require the installation of additional detectors or video surveillance equipment.Discussion and conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of implementing the developed method in the design and modernization of traffic signal control systems in large cities. The research novelty refers to the application of a forecast-oriented approach to adaptive traffic signal control based on navigation data, which expands the capabilities of existing traffic control systems.
Introduction. The article examines current issues of improving the efficiency of automobile service stations in modern conditions. The article provides a statistical analysis of the factors influencing the organization of car maintenance with additional work. The purpose of the study is to establish the dependence of the mechanics or diagnosticians’ waiting time for spare parts to perform additional work during car maintenance at the dealership technical service center on the total number of vehicle visits, the number of vehicle visits for maintenance, and the number of vehicle visits for maintenance when additional work has been carried out.Materials and Methods. The results of time-loss measurements taken during maintenance work at an existing dealership technical service center have been used in the study. The research has been conducted with the application of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and linear regression methods.Results. The study results demonstrate quantitative characteristics of dealership technical service center operations. A statistically significant relationship was established between the facility’s workload and time losses. The strongest and most statistically significant relationship was established between the number of maintenance visits required additional work and mechanics’ time lost waiting for spare parts. The functional relationship between waiting time for spare parts and the number of maintenance visits was clarified.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained results can be used to optimize work planning and improve the efficiency of operation processes at technical service centers.
Introduction. Supporting metal structure is the basis of escalator: drive units, track systems, guard devices, and other components that ensure the escalator operation are mounted on it. One of the most common types of corrosion damage on escalator metal structures is uniform corrosion over the entire surface. This process is characterized by progressive penetration of corrosion from the material outer layers to its internal structure, resulting in a decreased effective cross-section and reduced strength characteristics. As operating loads remain relatively constant, this leads to increased strain.The implications of this study refer to reduced labor and financial costs of comprehensive inspections of escalator metal structures through introducing remote control methods that provide continuous monitoring of their condition and allow for the automation of calculation procedures, thereby increasing their efficiency without compromising the quality of technical condition assessments.Materials and methods. Data from a comprehensive survey of escalators of St. Petersburg Metro State Unitary Enterprise have been used, the study being completed by STEK LLC expert organization and specialists from Land Transport and Technological Complexes Department of St. Petersburg State Transport University of Emperor Alexander I (PSUTS). Analysis of design documentation, statistical methods and mathematical modeling has been used in the study.Results. The functional principle of the proposed visual-optical diagnostics method is to be used as an integral part of a comprehensive corrosion monitoring system aimed at continuous assessment of the operational condition of escalator load-bearing metal structures and early identification of potential failures associated with the development of corrosion damage.Conclusion. The proposed method provides a comprehensive quantitative assessment of corrosion damage based on three parameters: penetration depth, local (focal) defects, and changes in the mechanical properties of the metal. Expanding the range of characteristics leads to at least a 30% increase in informative value of the results, which allows for a 1.5-fold improvement in the accuracy of predicting the residual life of metal structures.
Introduction. In large urban agglomerations, modeling an inter-municipal origin–destination (OD) matrix is necessary to substantiate transport planning decisions. The most widely used tool is the gravity model, which accounts for spatial separation between zones; however, in agglomerations a radiation approach based on the “intervening opportunities” mechanism may be promising. At the same time, the applicability of the radiation model to agglomerations of major Russian cities remains insufficiently studied.The objective is to estimate an inter-municipal OD matrix within an urban agglomeration based on mobile network operator data on population movements and to compare the accuracy of the gravity and radiation models as tools required for solving transport planning tasks.Materials and methods. Aggregated mobile network operator data on inter-municipal population trips in the Yekaterinburg agglomeration were used. Road-network distances derived from OpenStreetMap data were used as the generalized travel cost. For calibrating the doubly constrained gravity and radiation models, the method of moments and the biproportional balancing (Furness) method were applied.Results. The models were calibrated, predictive OD matrices were constructed, and validation against observed flows was performed. Both approaches were shown to reproduce adequately the main “core–satellite” directions; however, for medium-sized flows and for links between satellite towns, differences appear due to different trip generation mechanisms in the models. In terms of absolute accuracy metrics, the gravity model demonstrates a slight advantage, whereas the radiation model shows more stable performance in terms of relative errors. At the same time, the strength of association between observed and modeled flows is high for both models.Conclusion. The results confirm a comparable explanatory power of the gravity and radiation approaches in modeling an inter-municipal OD matrix. The radiation model is more preferable from a practical perspective due to its simplicity and the absence of calibratable parameters.
Introduction. Modern transport is undergoing a radical transformation due to the introduction of information and intelligent systems. This process is characterized by uncertainty and unpredictability. The article attempts to consider theoretically the process of transition to a new quality. The purpose of the study is to develop a maturity matrix for the Automobile technical system, which would allow us to assess its possible future states.Materials and methods. To analyze the trends in the development of technical systems, various theoretical models and scales (S-shaped life cycle curve, scale of technological readiness, levels of transport autonomy, etc.) are used today, which do not take into account factors of an economic, social, infrastructural, and other aspects. Meanwhile, such a type of transport as a car is characterized by a high level of complexity, largely determines the state of the country’s transport system, and therefore requires a radically different way of assessment. The analytical apparatus of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TIPS) was used to develop the matrix.Results. The maturity matrix is presented, which reflects the process of the sequential transition of the functions of the technical system “Automobile” to the supersystem. Each stage of this transition means the reduction of one of the car subsystems, and is currently being occurred in the “Calculator” subsystem. Ultimately, a car (in its modern sense) can be radically transformed by reduction of all subsystems and transferring their functions to an intelligent transport system. As a result, its structure will be reduced to the “Accumulating” subsystem with the corresponding mono-function.Discussion and conclusion. A theoretical understanding of structure and stages of technical evolution, formulated in the form of the maturity matrix, can be useful in developing a strategy for the progress of automobile construction and road industry.
Introduction. In the field of auto insurance, there is a significant problem such as the long downtime of cars undergoing repairs because of the delays while approving the volume and cost of repairs between the automobile service centers and the insurance company. Optimizing the algorithm of their interaction will reduce time wastes and increase the efficiency of the process. The purpose of this work is to develop and substantiate an improved algorithm for the interaction of the service station and the insurance company during the repair of cars damaged as a result of an accident, in order to minimize vehicle downtime.Methods and materials. The paper analyzes the existing algorithm of interaction between the automobile service centers and the insurance company in the framework of auto insurance regulation. The time wastes for unproductive operations (review and approval of repair costs) have been established. A comparative analysis of the current and proposed algorithm for concluding an agreement about volume and cost of repair has been carried out. The description of the object and subject of the study is given –the repair of a vehicle damaged as a result of an accident on car insurance contract, and the algorithms of interaction between the automobile service centers and the Insurer.Results. The current algorithm of interaction between the automobile service centers and the Insurer has been described in details, and the reasons related to long approval periods have been identified. An alternative algorithm has been developed and presented, aimed at reducing the downtime of vehicles in repair. The fundamental possibility of practical implementation of the proposed algorithm has been proved. A quantitative assessment of the time spent on key approval stages within both algorithms has been conducted.Discussion and conclusion. The proposed algorithm allows to reduce significantly the downtime of cars in repair by optimizing the coordination processes between the automobile service centers and the insurance company. Practical recommendations on the implementation of the new algorithm in the work of the insurance companies and service centers have been formulated. A promising direction for further research is to test the algorithm in practice and evaluate the economic effectiveness of its application.
Introduction. The destruction of road surfaces and hydraulic structures results from insufficient compaction of bulk soils due to layer-by-layer shallow compaction. There is a need to improve technology and equipment for uniform soil compaction at a depth irrelevant to the layer thickness. The purpose of this research is to determine the gear ratio for the new deep soil compaction device designed by the co-authors.Materials and methods. Methods of mathematical modeling of the new design based on kinematic schemes for determining the gear ratio have been used. The article discusses the kinematic schemes of the new device with three conical rollers mounted between the carrier, the epicycle (compacted soil) and the drill bit at equal angles. According to the diagrams, the gear ratio is expressed by means of angular velocities of the carrier and the conical roller. As angular velocities are determined, the scheme is constructed to determine the radii of the carrier and the conical roller. The relations between the gear ratio of the new design and its geometric characteristics are obtained.Results. The Certificate of state registration of the computer program No. 2025660077 has been received. Fragments of the source code of a program for calculating the gear ratio of a device in the Python programming language are presented. The applicability of the research results refers to calculating the torque and geometric parameters of similar devices at machine-building enterprises. The practical significance of the research results is related to the improved design of deep soil compaction equipment which increases the efficiency of road construction machinery.Discussion and conclusion. The research novelty refers to the introduction of the gear ratio for the new device design. Relations between the gear ratio, the angle between the axes centers and the skew angle of the conical rollers make it possible to calculate the torque of such devices. An experimental model of the new device made according to optimal geometric parameters has been presented.
Introduction. An important task is the effective utilization of industrial waste, particularly crushed ceramic brick (CCB), in the production of construction materials, which allows to solve environmental problems and to improve the economic efficiency of technological processes simultaneously. Сrushed ceramic brick is a waste left annually in volumes of 15–20 million tons in Russia, it possesses promising physical and mechanical properties that enables its use as secondary raw material for producing high-quality masonry mortars. This is particularly relevant in devel oping technologies for the restoration of damaged buildings and structures in Luhansk, Donetsk and other regions of Russia. The development of such mortars is especially relevant within the framework of the “law of structural affinity” proposed by Belgorod Technological University, since using materials with similar composition and structure ensures enhanced adhesion, long service life, and improved operational performance characteristics of masonry structures based on crushed ceramic brick.Purpose of the study. The aim of the research is to develop and substantiate the application of masonry mortars with the use of fine-dispersed filler derived from crushed ceramic brick, ensuring improved operational properties in the construction of wall structures. To achieve this goal, the tasks of studying the filler influence on the physical-me chanical and adhesive properties of mortars, analyzing their hardening kinetics, evaluating deformation character istics, and investigating the microstructure of the contact zone with various wall materials, have been performed.Materials and methods. Experimental studies have been conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Construction Material Science of Products and Structures, and the analysis of the research literature has been carried out at the scientific and technical library of Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov. The work has been executed with the use of standard testing methods, as well as in accordance with operating instruc tions for the employed instruments and equipment.Conclusion. The study confirmed that the application of finely ground ceramic brick as a filler in masonry mortars significantly enhances their adhesion due to structural compatibility with ceramic wall materials, in accordance with the law of structural affinity.
Introduction. Self-propelled plate compactors are soil compaction machines with a flat working body that provide layer-by-layer soil compaction with small-thickness layers. Depending on the method of travel, reversible and forward plate compactors may be distinguished. Designing plate compactors requires substantiation of a number of technical specifications, such as driving force, frequency of vibration exciter, length and width of the base plate, engine power, relative driving force, etc. To summarize the manufacturing experience and reveal specifics in main parameters of reversible and forward plate compactors, a statistical analysis was carried out.Materials and methods. 644 models of forward and 484 models of reversible plate compactors were examined. Technical specifications data for the models under study was obtained from official websites of plate compactor manufacturers and their dealers. Regression equations and correlation coefficients were calculated in Microsoft Excel.Results. The variation ranges of technical specifications for forward and reversible plate compactors were determined. Regression equations and correlation coefficients were derived for correlations between the base plate length and width, engine power driving force, oscillation frequency and relative driving force and the mass of forward and reversible plate compactors. Most of the correlations exhibit medium or low correlation coefficients.Conclusion. The variation ranges for most parameters of forward and reversible plate compactors overlap within their respective mass ranges. The only exceptions are the relative driving force and oscillation frequency of vibration exciters, where forward plate compactors exhibit a significant scatter of values. The mass variation ranges also differ, with mass range of reversible plate compactors almost completely overlapping the corresponding range of forward plate compactors. Medium and low correlation coefficients and significant scatter of certain parameters suggest that manufacturers do not have a generally accepted methodology for their justification. When conducting further research, it is advisable to differentiate between reversible and forward plate compactors, since their technical specifications, travel mechanics and stress distribution along the contact surface differ. Furthermore, to enhance the efficiency of plate compactors, it is reasonable to study the influence of the mass ration between the frame and the base plate, as well as shock absorber characteristics, in order to ensure the contact stress time required for effective soil compaction.
