Introduction: The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) is a psychological condition in which individuals doubt their abilities and fear being exposed as frauds despite their achievements. This study aims to describe the level of IP among professional nursing students at Universitas Padjadjaran. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study used a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of 142 professional nursing students from the Jatinangor and Pangandaran campuses. Data were collected from 108 respondents (response rate: 76%) selected through a total sampling technique. The Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) was used to measure impostor feelings. This instrument consists of 20 items using a 5-point Likert scale (total score range: 20–100). The CIPS has been previously validated in the Indonesian context with a high reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis to determine the frequency distribution and percentages of impostor levels. Results: The findings showed that the majority of respondents (59.3%) experienced a high level of Impostor Phenomenon, with an average score of 62.43. In terms of specific indicators, perfectionism had the highest average score of 3.28 (65.7%), followed by self-doubt at 3.26 (65.3%), both falling into the high category. Conversely, the social comparison indicator showed the lowest level (average score = 2.76 or 55.3%). Conclusions: Most professional nursing students experience high levels of IP, indicating a discrepancy between their actual competence and self-perception. Educational institutions should implement structured psychological support, such as mentoring and peer-support groups, to enhance students' professional confidence and clinical readiness.
Introduction: AI-based chatbots are increasingly used in healthcare to deliver automated patient education due to their ability to provide instant responses and process large volumes of data. Despite their potential, concerns regarding accuracy, patient trust, and regulatory issues continue to limit their full integration into clinical practice. This systematic review evaluates the accuracy, acceptance, and effectiveness of chatbots in supporting nurse-led education. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of five databases (2019–2024) identified 17 relevant studies. Data extraction focused on study design, chatbot interventions, evaluation metrics, and key findings. Results: The analysis revealed that chatbot accuracy ranged from 60% to 90%, with rule-based systems (92%) outperforming machine learning models (83%). Patient acceptance was moderate: 68% of users expressed willingness to use chatbots, but only 42% fully trusted their recommendations. Trust increased by 30% when chatbot responses were validated by healthcare professionals. Conclusions: AI chatbots can effectively address routine inquiries and reduce nurses’ workload; however, their limited emotional intelligence and contextual adaptability reduce their effectiveness compared to nurse-led education. Key challenges remain in terms of accuracy, trust, and regulation. Future research should focus on personalization, AI–human collaboration, and the development of ethical frameworks to ensure safe and effective implementation.
Introduction: Adolescence is a transitional phase marked by rapid changes that are not yet matched by mature decision-making skills. Peer influence increases the likelihood of risky behaviors, including unsafe sexual practices. This is exacerbated by low levels of sexual literacy, limited awareness of reproductive health, and a lack of comprehensive sexuality education. According to a report by the United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), approximately 1.9 million adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24 are living with HIV worldwide. This research attempts to examine sexual awareness and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS prevention and sexual behavior. Methods: The research methodology applied was a quantitative correlation study using a cross-sectional approach, involving 150 high school students in Klaten Regency, with a simple random sampling technique. The research instruments included the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), an HIV/AIDS prevention attitude questionnaire, and a sexual behavior questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Kendall’s Tau test. Results: The results showed that most respondents were aged 15–18 years, with a mean age of 16.87 years. The majority were male (54.7%) and lived with their parents (97.3%). Most respondents demonstrated a moderate level of sexual awareness (72.7%), while attitudes toward HIV/ AIDS risk-reduction measures were predominantly inadequate (51.3%). Nevertheless, the majority reported engaging in safer sexual practices (91.3%). Conclusions: The results indicated no statistically significant association between sexual health awareness and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS prevention (p = 0.237). However, sexual health awareness was significantly associated with sexual behavior (p = 0.009; π = 0.209), suggesting a potential link between awareness and behavioral outcomes.
Introduction: Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of Type 2 Diabetes. It is often caused by poor self-management and low health literacy. Traditional education often fails to change patient behavior because it lacks emotional engagement. Storytelling offers a narrative approach to address this issue. It can improve understanding and increase patient involvement in their own care. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of storytelling and narrative-based interventions for individuals with T2DM. It specifically focuses on improving self-efficacy, risk perception, and foot-care behaviors to prevent diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2024 and 2026. Ten studies, including randomized controlled trials and mixed-methods designs, met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted systematically and synthesized thematically. Results: Storytelling interventions—including digital narratives, AI-assisted media, and culturally adapted tools—consistently outperformed conventional education. Findings show significant improvements in self-efficacy, motivation, and foot-care adherence. Some studies also reported better glycemic control. Key mechanisms for behavioral change included emotional engagement with characters and the internalization of health risks. Conclusions: Storytelling is a superior educational strategy for DFU prevention compared to traditional methods. Integrating culturally adapted narratives into community nursing can enhance patient empowerment and long-term self-management. This approach effectively strengthens patient engagement and supports lasting behavioral change.
Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of breast cancer has increased globally, including in Indonesia. Despite its high prevalence, patient adherence to treatment remains low. Social support is known to be one of the factors that can increase patient adherence. Although many studies have explained the relationship between social support and adherence in breast cancer patients, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social support and patient adherence using uncertainty as a mediator. Methods: A descriptive and correlational survey was conducted in a regional hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia. A convenience sample of 165 Indonesian breast cancer patients voluntarily participated in the study and responded to a set of questionnaires, including a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Social Support Scale (SSS), the ShortForm Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (SF-MUIS), and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS8). Results: The results revealed that breast cancer patients with higher social support found it easier to undergo treatment, resulting in better adherence. Patients who experienced higher social support had reduced uncertainty through improved subjective perceptions and reduced evaluations of the severity of stressful illness events. In addition, uncertainty significantly mediated the relationship between social support and patient adherence. Conclusions: These findings indicate that social support for breast cancer patients improves patient adherence. Moreover, healthcare providers can help breast cancer patients
Introduction: Menopause is associated with a range of somatic and psychological symptoms that may be influenced by prior exposure to exogenous sex hormones. This study aimed to examine the association between a history of hormonal contraceptive use and the severity of physical and anxiety-related psychological symptoms among menopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study enrolled 88 menopausal women aged 45–55 years from the Lamongan Community Health Center using purposive sampling. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to assess somatic and urogenital symptom severity, while the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) was used to quantify anxiety symptoms. Its use is reported here as a measure of anxiety rather than a broad index of all psychological complaints. Results: This study showed that 28.4% of menopausal women experienced severe physical complaints, 30.7% mild complaints, 26.1% no complaints, and the remaining 11.4% moderate complaints. Psychological complaints were mild in 27.3% of respondents, moderate in 11.4%, severe in 10.2%, and 39.8% reported no psychological complaints. The results of the statistical test, with a significance value of p = 0.029 (< 0.05), indicate that there is a relationship between a history of hormonal contraceptive use and psychological complaints in menopausal women. Conclusions: This study showed that 28.4% of menopausal women experienced severe physical complaints, 30.7% mild complaints, 26.1% no complaints, and the remaining 11.4% moderate complaints. Psychological complaints were mild in 27.3% of respondents, moderate in 11.4%, severe in 10.2%, and 39.8% reported no psychological complaints. The results of the statistical test, with a significance value of p = 0.029 (< 0.05), indicate that there is a relationship between a history of hormonal contraceptive use and psychological complaints in menopausal women.
Introduction: Acute pain in older adults requires comprehensive assessment because it may affect physical function, emotional comfort, and recovery, particularly after neurological conditions such as anterior communicating artery aneurysm. This case study aimed to analyze pain assessment, nursing diagnosis, and non-pharmacological nursing interventions in an elderly patient with acute pain after anterior communicating artery aneurysm surgery. Methods: A descriptive case study was conducted at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. One elderly postoperative patient was selected using purposive sampling based on the presence of acute pain following anterior communicating artery aneurysm surgery. Pain was assessed using the PQRST assessment, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), DOLOPLUS, and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Non-pharmacological pain management was provided through relaxation and guided imagery as complementary nursing interventions. Results: The PQRST assessment showed that the pain was related to the aneurysm condition and was described as pressure and throbbing pain in the frontal head area, occurring after waking and during continuous activity. The NRS score was 8/10 on the first postoperative day, indicating severe pain, and decreased to 5/10 after non-pharmacological intervention, indicating moderate pain. The DOLOPLUS score was 14, suggesting significant pain with potential interference in daily activities and comfort. The SF-MPQ score was 12, indicating moderate pain involving both sensory and affective dimensions. Based on these findings, the nursing diagnosis was acute pain related to physiological injury agents. Conclusions: Comprehensive pain assessment using multiple instruments helped nurses identify the intensity, characteristics, behavioral expression, and sensory-affective aspects of pain in an elderly postoperative patient.
Introduction: As a mental health service, community leaders' involvement will aid in the detection and reporting of mental illnesses in the community, assisting in the provision of unambiguous answers to health issues in the community. The significance of leaders in changing the way the community views mental health cannot be overstated. This study aims to ascertain how community leaders' perceptions of people with mental illness evolve following their training and health education. Methods: Using a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, this study was quasi-experimental. Using the Community Attitudes Survey and stratified random sampling, the sample consisted of 84 respondents in total. The Mental Illness Questionnaire. We conduct mental health training daily, followed by a two-week evaluation. Results: According to the study's findings, the intervention group's mean attitude score 24.95, while the control group's was 23.97. Additionally, the intervention group's post-mental health training score was 27.32, while the control group's rating was 25.10. Both the intervention group and the control group had 0.000 (p < 0.05) attitudes, indicating that mental health training had an impact on both groups. With a value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), the difference test results likewise revealed a significant attitude difference. Community leaders develop the capacity to take on a particular mindset. Conclusions: There is an influence on the attitudes of community leaders toward people with mental illness when receiving health education.
Introduction: Postnatal depression (PND) is a psychological disorder commonly experienced by mothers during the first year after giving birth. This condition is associated with an increased risk of suicide, which is one of the leading causes of postnatal death. It requires psychotherapy as well as group and family support. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the SADABUSAGA (Love and Support Mothers Together with Family) family intervention approach on PND in Indragiri Hulu District. Methods: This study used a pretest–posttest control group design. It was conducted from February to May 2025 on 30 postpartum mothers within one year after childbirth in Indragiri Hulu District, divided into 15 participants in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. Results: The average depression score in the experimental group before the intervention was 15.8 and decreased to 7.2 after the intervention. In the control group, the average score decreased from 10.6 to 9.7. The p-value from the independent t-test was 0.00 (<0.05), confirming that the SADABUSAGA family intervention significantly reduced depression in postpartum mothers. Conclusions: Family support, especially from husbands, parents, and in-laws through the SADABUSAGA approach, can help prevent and manage PND in postpartum mothers.
Introduction: Breast cancer has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates among malignancies in women worldwide. Mastectomy, the surgical removal of breast tissue, remains a common treatment modality for breast cancer, and post-mastectomy exercises are essential for preventing complications such as lymphedema, improving mobility, and enhancing recovery in breast cancer patients. This study aims to assess nursing students’ knowledge regarding post-mastectomy exercises at the University of Health Sciences. Methods: This descriptive exploratory cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge of 100 nursing students at the University of Health Sciences regarding post-mastectomy exercises. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The students demonstrated an average knowledge level of 63% regarding lymphedema and post-mastectomy exercises. Second-year students exhibited the highest proportion of good knowledge (76.9%), substantially exceeding third-year (62.5%) and fourth-year students (37.7%). This finding challenges the effectiveness of a linear curriculum model and supports the need for a spiral curriculum, in which key concepts are revisited at progressively deeper levels throughout the program. The main barriers to learning were limited clinical exposure (53%) and lack of educational materials (46%), indicating that practical training requires review, development, and technical enhancement to achieve its intended goals. Conclusions: Nursing students’ knowledge of post-mastectomy exercises is inadequate, and both educational and clinical training designs require urgent revision. Innovative, reinforced, and interactive approaches are essential to equip future nurses with the competencies needed for effective post-mastectomy care.
Introduction: Response time for nurses in the emergency department is critical because delays in treating patients with hypovolemic shock can significantly worsen the patient’s condition within minutes, leading to reduced perfusion that causes irreversible tissue damage, more severe complications, and even death. Nurses’ response times for patients arriving at the ED may be slow because their attention is divided while performing procedures not only on new patients but also on those waiting for inpatient beds in the ED. With a rapid response time, it is expected that patients with hypovolemic shock in the ED can be treated promptly and their hemodynamic parameters stabilized. Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. With a population of 30 individuals using non-probability purposive sampling, 28 respondents participated in this study, which was conducted from October 30 to November 30, 2024, in the ED of Ibnu Sina Regional General Hospital in Gresik. The independent variable was nurse response time, while the dependent variable was hemodynamic values. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to determine the significance level (α < 0.05), with p < 0.05 indicating a significant relationship. Results: Data analysis using Spearman’s rank correlation test yielded a p-value of < 0.05 (p = 0.000; α < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between nurses’ response time and hemodynamic values in patients with hypovolemic shock. Conclusions: The findings of this study can provide insights and recommendations for hospital management in their efforts to improve the quality of care.
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of death, often complicated by comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), known collectively as Cardiovascular–Renal–Metabolic (CaReMe) conditions. These comorbidities significantly increase mortality and ICU burden, yet their combined impact on outcomes in intensive care remains underexplored. Despite their high prevalence, especially in critically ill patients, limited studies have focused on this triad in ICU settings. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating outcomes of ICU-admitted CVD patients with T2DM and CKD. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted over three months in the ICU of Bidadari Batubara Hospital. Data from 86 CVD patients with T2DM and CKD were analyzed. Using purposive sampling, clinical data were retrieved from medical records. Statistical tests assessed associations between comorbidities and in-ICU mortality. Results: The study found high mortality rates in patients with CVD and comorbid T2DM and CKD. Patients with both conditions had a 64.9% mortality rate, a 2.07-fold increased risk of mortality compared to those with T2DM only (31.3%) (95% CI: 0.96-4.44), and a 1.53-fold increased risk compared to those with CKD only (42.4%) (95% CI: 0.96-2.43). A significant association was found between outcomes of CVD patients and comorbidities (p<0.001), with a positive correlation. Conclusions: Previous studies emphasize the impact of comorbidities on CVD outcomes; this study confirms that T2DM and CKD significantly increase ICU mortality, justifying targeted interventions to mitigate risk and improve outcomes in critically ill CVD patients.
Introduction: Length of stay (LOS) is one of the indicators of the success of care services in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Several factors influence how long patients remain in the ICU, including a high mortality prediction score, which may affect the recovery process. The Aim of this study is o analyze the correlation between mortality prediction and LOS among ICU patients. Methods: A correlational analytic study with a retrospective approach was conducted among adult patients aged ≥18 years who had been treated in the ICU, had complete electronic medical record data, and had an APACHE II score recorded during the previous 11 months (March 2023–January 2024). A total of 142 respondents were recruited using purposive sampling. The instrument used in this study was the APACHE II score, and the data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho. Results: LOS of ≥5 days was observed in 63.4% of patients and was distributed across APACHE II score ranges of 15–19 (0.7%), 20–24 (0.7%), 25–29 (2.8%), 30–34 (4.9%), and ≥35 (54.2%). A significant correlation was found between mortality prediction and LOS (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mortality prediction in ICU patients is correlated with LOS. This indicates that the higher the predicted mortality score, the longer the patient’s length of stay in the ICU
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), often referred to as the silent killer, is one of the most common chronic diseases. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance. Physical activity can reduce the risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Family support plays a crucial role in enhancing patients’ engagement in physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family support and physical activity engagement among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Deket Health Center, Lamongan Regency. Methods: This study employed a correlational quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted in March 2023. The population consisted of 59 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a sample of 51 respondents selected using a consecutive sampling technique. The independent and dependent variables were family support and physical activity, respectively. Data were collected using a family support questionnaire and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), which consists of 16 items (P1–P16). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. Results: The findings indicated that most respondents had good family support and engaged in high levels of physical activity. The Spearman correlation test showed a value of r = 0.574 (indicating a strong relationship) and p = 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between family support and physical activity engagement among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Deket Health Center, Lamongan Regency. It is recommended that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus increase their level of physical activity.
Introduction: Cases of juvenile delinquency in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 are increasingly prevalent and attracting attention. Adolescent sexual behavior poses various risks, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unwanted pregnancies (UP), abortion, school dropout, and moral issues among adolescents. This study aims to analyze the effect of peer education on adolescents’ attitudes toward preventing unwanted pregnancy. Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The population consisted of 89 ninth-grade female students in a junior high school. The sample size was determined using the Lemeshow formula, resulting in 70 participants selected through simple random sampling. The independent variable was pregnancy prevention education. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with the assistance of SPSS software. Results: At a significance level of α = 0.05, the result of Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000 (< 0.05) indicates a significant effect of peer group health education on adolescents’ attitudes toward preventing unwanted pregnancy. Conclusions: Peer health education significantly influences adolescents’ positive attitudes toward preventing unwanted pregnancy. Future research is recommended to develop digital-based educational methods and explore the integration of artificial intelligence.
Introduction: Each family has different patterns of social interaction and quality of life depending on the family’s ability to solve problems. Social interaction is the foundation of social and human life and is important for the development of individuals and society as a whole. This study aims to determine the relationship between social interaction and the quality of life of families with members experiencing mental disorders at the UPT Tikung Lamongan Health Center. Methods: This study used an analytical cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of all families with members experiencing mental disorders recorded in the UPT Tikung Lamongan Health Center register, totaling 90 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 85 respondents were obtained. The instruments used in this study were a social interaction questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rank statistical test. Results: The results showed that 10 respondents (11.8%) had poor social interaction, 20 respondents (23.5%) had moderate social interaction, and 55 respondents (64.7%) had good social interaction. Most respondents had a good quality of life, namely 75 respondents (88.2%), while 10 respondents (11.8%) had a moderate quality of life. Conclusions: The study concluded that families of people with mental disorders in the UPT Puskesmas Tikung Lamongan area generally had good social interaction and quality of life in dealing with mental disorders. Families are expected to maintain a good quality of life and continue providing support and motivation to people with mental disorders to undergo regular treatment.
Introduction: Dengue fever remains a persistent public health concern in the Philippines, considering the latest statistical data on recurrent outbreaks despite the present sustained efforts of various health agencies. It is therefore crucial to understand household-level preparedness and its associated sociobehavioral determinants to evaluate dengue prevention efforts in high-risk communities. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational design among 125 household representatives in Barangay Singao, Kidapawan City, Philippines, using total enumeration sampling. Data were collected using a validated and reliable researcher-developed questionnaire (CVR = 0.7–0.9; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85). In this study, household, institutional, and community determinants, which included household-level preventive capacity, local government health response, and community engagement, were examined in relation to dengue prevention preparedness across three domains: mosquito habitat management, mosquito bite prevention, and dengue transmission management. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests were utilized in the data analysis. Results: Households demonstrated generally high levels of dengue prevention preparedness across all three domains, particularly in mosquito habitat management and dengue transmission management. Household-level preventive capacity showed significant associations with all preparedness domains (p < 0.001). The prevention of mosquito bites (p = 0.032) and the control of dengue transmission (p = 0.010) were substantially correlated with local government health response, except for mosquito habitat management. Only mosquito habitat management was substantially correlated with community engagement (p = 0.047). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that household-level preventive capacity is consistently associated with dengue prevention preparedness, while institutional and community determinants show domain-specific and limited associations.
Introduction: Bronchopneumonia is a common cause of lower respiratory infections in children and often leads to impaired oxygenation and breathing difficulties. There is an urgent need for non-invasive, child-friendly interventions to support respiratory recovery in hospitalized children. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified breathing intervention, specifically bubble-blowing therapy, on oxygenation outcomes in children with bronchopneumonia. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed, involving 31 children diagnosed with bronchopneumonia, selected through purposive sampling at SMC Telogorejo Hospital. The intervention consisted of a 10-minute session of modified pursed-lips breathing combined with bubble blowing. Oxygenation was assessed by measuring respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) before and after the intervention. Paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Post-intervention findings showed significant improvements: the mean RR decreased from 28.7 to 24.13 breaths/min, HR decreased from 122.87 to 112.90 beats/min, and SpO₂ increased from 95.16% to 99.23% (all p = 0.000). Conclusions: Bubble-blowing breathing therapy, a playful adaptation of pursed-lips breathing, significantly improved respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation in children with bronchopneumonia. These findings suggest that this approach may serve as a simple and engaging method to enhance short-term oxygenation in pediatric care. Further studies incorporating control groups and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term effects.
Introduction: Delivering nursing care in intensive care units has numerous challenges, one of which pertains to cultural concerns. Cultural views of nurses can obstruct the provision of holistic nursing care. This study seeks to identify characteristics related to views of cultural competency among ICU nurses. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-analytic strategy utilizing a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 208 respondents, chosen using purposive sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed through binomial logistic regression at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The perception of cultural competence among ICU nurses was significantly connected with age (p = 0.008), gender (p=0.038), and both career and competency level (p=0.031). Perceptions of cultural competency among ICU nurses were often inadequate. Gender was the predominant variable. Conclusions: ICU nurses with a positive sense of cultural competency influence the enhancement of nursing care implementation and quality
Introduction: Bronchopneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection affecting the bronchioles and alveoli, causing inflammation, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and decreased oxygen saturation. Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) can help improve breathing efficiency and increase oxygen levels. Purpose: To describe nursing care and the effects of modified PLB techniques (pinwheel and bubbles) on pulse rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in toddlers with bronchopneumonia. Methods: The study used a case report design in the form of participatory observation. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling based on the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with respiratory disorders, involving only two patients, in accordance with the characteristics of case reports that focus on comparing specific cases. Results: There were observable changes after the intervention in pulse rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. First, the average decrease in pulse rate in patient 1 was 12.67 beats/minute, while in patient 2 it was 9.33 beats/minute, resulting in a difference of 3.34 beats/minute. Second, the average decrease in respiratory rate in patient 1 was 5.67 breaths/minute, while in patient 2 it was 3.33 breaths/minute, resulting in a difference of 2.34 breaths/minute. Third, the average increase in oxygen saturation in patient 1 was 3.33%, while in patient 2 it was 1.33%, resulting in a difference of 2%. During the PLB intervention, the patients appeared calmer, showed reduced restlessness, and demonstrated more cooperative responses. Conclusions: There were changes in pulse rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation after PLB was applied in toddler patients. PLB is recommended as a nonpharmacological method to improve breathing, reduce dyspnea, and increase comfort in children.
