Research objectives and hypothesis/research questions The study outlines the research problem of how to address the migration of Ukrainians in Poland and what actions should be implemented to benefit European Union countries. The aim of the study is a multidimensional analysis and evaluation of data on the number of Ukrainians benefiting from temporary protection in European countries and their impact on demographics, the economy, and social security. This article proposes a research hypothesis: it is assumed that the largest number of Ukrainians benefiting from temporary protection resulting from the war with Russia was in Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic, which influenced the demography of these countries, as well as the labour market and education systems. Research methods The research method used in the paper is a source analysis, including inference techniques. Main results This article analyzes and evaluates data on migrants from Ukraine benefiting from temporary protection in Europe, as well as their impact on demographics, the economy, and social security from March 2022 to August 2025. Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic accepted the largest number of refugees, demonstrating the unequal burden-sharing among European Union member states following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine. Since 2023, the number of people under protection has been stabilizing, indicating an adjustment in refugee reception and integration systems. Implications for theory and practice To capitalize on migration in the future, a consistent and long-term integration policy is essential. Member States should facilitate migrants’ access to the labour market, education and language learning, recognize professional qualifications and support entrepreneurship among refugees. It is also crucial to ensure adequate housing, healthcare and psychological care, as well as promote social dialogue to reduce the risk of exclusion and cultural tensions. The European Union ought to continue to work together and fund integration policies to ensure that the burden of assistance is shared evenly among Member States.
Research objectives and hypothesis/research questions The following research question was addressed in the article: what were the changes in the birth-to-death ratio in Poland in selected years, and to what extent did they vary regionally between voivodeships and spatially between urban and rural areas? The aim of this study is to present and explain changes in the birth-to-death ratio in Poland in selected years, taking into account the division into voivodeships and urban and rural areas. The following research hypothesis is outlined: it is assumed that during the analyzed period, Poland experienced a significant decline in the birth-to-death ratio in all voivodeships, with the scale and pace of those changes varying regionally and between urban and rural areas. Research methods A source analysis approach was used in the study, employing research techniques such as inference and analogy. The research tool used was SI Statistica. Main results Research also emphasizes the importance of coherence and long-term family policy (Super Biznes, 2026). Frequent changes to support instruments lower public trust and limit their effectiveness, while stable, predictable solutions encourage reproductive decisions at a younger age. In practice, that means a stronger focus on public policy, fostering care services, flexible employment, and a partnership-based family model, while treating migration as a complementary, not a substitute, element of demographic strategy. Implications for theory and practice The research has significant implications for both the theory of demographic processes and public policy practice. Theoretically, the results confirm the assumptions of the second demographic transition, according to which the decline in fertility and the permanent shift to negative natural increase are a consequence of long-term cultural (Poland in Practice, 2025), economic, and institutional changes, not solely short-term fluctuations in economic activity. Regional and sectoral (urban–rural) analysis indicates that those processes are universal, but their pace and intensity vary significantly across space, challenging simplistic approaches that treat demography as a homogeneous phenomenon nationwide. A particularly important theoretical finding is the observed reversal of demographic relations between cities and rural areas, which points to the growing role of structural factors, such as suburbanization (Królczyk-Lewandowska, 2025), selective internal migration, and the aging of the urban population, in shaping contemporary reproductive patterns.
Research objectives and hypothesis/research questions The aim of this study is to determine the impact of ongoing digital transformation on the performance of SMEs in Ondo State, Nigeria, between 2020 and 2025: (1) Identify the forms of digital transformation employed by SMEs in Ondo state; (2) Assess the effect of digital transformation on sales growth among SMEs in Ondo State; (3) Evaluate the impact of digital transformation on customer satisfaction among SMEs in Ondo State; and (4) Examine how digital transformation influences customer retention among SMEs in Ondo State. Research Hypotheses: H₀1: Digital transformation has no significant effect on sales growth among SMEs in Ondo State; H₀2: Digital has no significant effect on customers satisfaction among SMEs in Ondo State; H₀3: Digital transformation has no significant effect on customers retention among SMEs in Ondo State. Research methods The study employs a cross-sectional survey research design. Structured questionnaires were administered to 208 SME owners, supervisors, and managers, and the collected data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Main results The findings reveal that SMEs widely adopt digital tools such as POS machines, social media platforms, websites, and accounting software, while more advanced systems like CRM, ERP, and mobile applications are less common. The study shows that digital transformation positively affects sales growth, enhances customer satisfaction, and strengthens customer retention, with technological infrastructure, adoption of digital tools, and staff digital skills being critical enablers. Implications for theory and practice The study fills key theoretical and empirical gaps by providing evidence on how digital transformation influences sales growth, customer satisfaction, and customer retention. It also addresses a contextual gap, as limited research focuses on SMEs in Ondo State, Nigeria. These contributions offer clearer guidance for scholars and SME practitioners seeking to understand the strategic value of digital technologies.The study fills key theoretical and empirical gaps by providing evidence on how digital transformation influences sales growth, customer satisfaction, and customer retention. It also addresses a contextual gap, as limited research focuses on SMEs in Ondo State, Nigeria. These contributions offer clearer guidance for scholars and SME practitioners seeking to understand the strategic value of digital technologies.
Research objectives and hypothesis/research questions Grounded in the DeLone and McLean IS Success Model and the SERVQUAL framework, the research proposes that Usability Quality (UQ), Information Quality (IQ), and Service Interaction Quality (SIQ) serve as positive antecedents, while Language Barrier (LB) functions as a negative antecedent, of Overall User Satisfaction (OS). Research methods Employing a positivist, deductive approach, survey data were collected from 150 professionals operating in the multilingual business context of Malaysia. The data were analyzed using the rigorous analytical technique of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the measurement model’s validity and test the structural hypotheses. Main results The results provide robust empirical support for the entire model. All four hypotheses were confirmed, revealing that Usability Quality (β = 0.42, p < 0.001) is the strongest positive predictor of satisfaction, followed by Service Interaction Quality (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) and Information Quality (β = 0.28, p < 0.001). Critically, the Language Barrier (β = -0.15, p = 0.004) demonstrated a statistically significant negative impact. Collectively, these constructs explain a substantial 68% of the variance in User Satisfaction. Implications for theory and practice Theoretically, this research makes a substantive contribution by successfully integrating a sociolinguistic communication barrier into established information systems success and service quality paradigms, thereby bridging discrete literatures and offering a more holistic framework for understanding digital service evaluation in globalized contexts. For practitioners, including SaaS product managers and executives, the findings deliver a validated, strategic roadmap. They underscore that achieving superior satisfaction and sustainable competitive advantage necessitates a synchronized, multi-faceted strategy: relentless investment in intuitive user experience design, ensuring impeccable data integrity and governance, cultivating a customer support function characterized by empathy and expertise, and implementing proactive, comprehensive localization to mitigate linguistic and cultural friction, thereby fostering a truly inclusive global user experience.
Research objectives and hypothesis/research questions The primary research objective is to analyze the role of military ceremony as a tool for educational transformation in the context of change management, with particular emphasis on identifying logistical, emotional, and cultural challenges associated with implementing educational programs based on military ceremony, and proposing change models that enable effective management of this process. The main research question asks how military ceremony can support the educational transformation process while simultaneously minimizing resistance to change. Research methods The study employs qualitative methodology based on triangulation of sources. The research design includes analysis of subject literature, particularly reviewing change management theories (Lewin, Kotter, ADKAR) and pedagogical literature concerning defense education. An internet query was conducted to analyze informational and program materials available in the public domain. Main results The research identified three main categories of challenges in implementing military ceremony into education: logistical challenges including infrastructure limitations, staff qualifications, and inter-institutional coordination; emotional challenges encompassing resistance from teachers and parents along with concerns about militarization of education; and cultural challenges involving perception of ceremony as anachronistic and risks of ideologization. The study demonstrated the utility of three change management models in the educational context. Lewin’s model (unfreeze-change-refreeze) provides simple conceptual frameworks, Kotter’s eight-step model enables building broad social support, and the ADKAR model facilitates managing change at the individual level. Implications for theory and practice The research extends the application of classical change management models (Lewin, Kotter, ADKAR) to the context of defense and cultural education, demonstrating their relevance beyond traditional organizational settings. The study conceptualizes military ceremony as a living tool for educational transformation rather than merely a representative element, contributing to theoretical understanding of how traditional cultural forms can be adapted to contemporary educational challenges. The findings emphasize the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach combining pedagogical, cultural, and managerial perspectives when implementing value-based educational initiatives.
