Introduction: Family-centered model of service delivery has received growing recognition around the world for effective sensitization and adaptation of families with children having speech and language related disorders in rehabilitation programs. Aims: The aim of the study was to understand the extended perception of parents of the current practice model in speech pathology from a relational and participatory practice perspective as well as parent-professionals’ satisfaction on service delivery as a family-centered care model in Bangladesh. Methods and Participants: A quantitative method was undertaken to explore parent-professionals belief of relative satisfaction based on parents’ education status and professionals work setting variation. Furthermore, the relationship of the extended aspects of family centered care with parents’ education and economic status with a descriptive analysis of parents’ perception was done. A total of 24 speech-language pathologists and 111 parents participated in this study. Results: Satisfactory outcome was not observed for parents from existing speech pathology programs. Dissatisfactory perception of every aspect of family-centered care was found. Parents’ educational status was significantly related to their perception of individual aspects of this model. Professional satisfaction within a family-centered model was on a positive side which indicated a strong negative relationship with parents (r = -.563, p< .05). Conclusion: Parents’ perception of the service-delivery defines the current practice to be more of a professional-centered model. By addressing concerned areas, a shift from current practice is required in speech pathology practice in Bangladesh.
This study aims to critically examine the responsibility gaps in international space law and law of the sea arising from space launches conducted by stateless vessels on the high seas, and to propose actionable reforms to ensure accountability, sustainability, and international cooperation. Employing a qualitative doctrinal methodology, the research analyzes primary legal sources—including the Outer Space Treaty, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, and UNCLOS—alongside secondary scholarly literature and comparative evaluation of state responsibility principles across space and maritime regimes. The analysis reveals that state-centric responsibility frameworks fail when stateless vessels operate beyond national jurisdiction, creating an unaddressed responsibility vacuum with economic, environmental, and strategic implications; practical solutions include amending existing treaties or adopting a new instrument to prohibit such launches, establishing an international regulatory entity for monitoring and coordination, and deploying AI-driven predictive technologies and strict export controls on launch-related equipment to prevent unauthorized activities.
Despite ongoing efforts to promote inclusive education in Ethiopia, fostering a culture of inclusivity for students with disabilities (SWDs) in primary schools remains a significant challenge. This study examined the level of inclusivity of school culture for SWDs in Addis Ababa, as perceived by teachers. Utilizing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, data were collected through a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGD). A proportional sample of 324 teachers from primary schools participated in the survey, while 72 teachers were purposefully selected for the FGDs. Results indicated a significant gap in the sense of school community-building efforts to support the inclusion of SWDs (M = 2.889, SD = 0.3099, t = -6.437, p <.050), despite an encouraging foundation in establishing inclusive values (M = 3.065, SD =.2685, t = 4.386, p <.050). Overall, teachers’ perception of fostering inclusive school culture (ISC) for students with mild impairments was moderate (M = 2.977, SD = 0.2298, t = -1.777, p =.077). However, a significant challenge persists in fostering ISC for all students, particularly those with moderate and severe impairments. The results of the FGDs corroborated this finding. These findings underscore the critical role of school community engagement in fostering ISC for all students, particularly those with moderate and severe impairments. Policymakers and stakeholders must prioritize initiatives that strengthen the creation of inclusive school cultures that support inclusive practices for all students.
Social capital encompasses the connections, relationships, and norms that support cooperation and collaboration within a community. Scholars emphasize that social capital is essential for encouraging civic participation, promoting community development, and improving overall well-being. This study examines the determinants of social capital and its role in influencing the socio-economic outcomes of rural households in Ethiopia. It identifies unique dimensions of social capital, such as social networks, trust, reciprocity, and informal group participation, and evaluates their impact on the social and economic indicators among rural households. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating descriptive and inferential analyses. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 204 rural households across three woredas in South Wollo, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics were used to explore socio-economic roles, while logistic regression assessed determinants of participation in social capital dimensions. The study reveals that social capital significantly influences the social and economic outcomes of rural Ethiopia. The findings underscore the importance of social capital in reducing transaction costs, promoting resource sharing, facilitating community development, and addressing rural poverty. Notably, factors such as family size, gender, and homeownership positively influence households’ participation in social capital, while employment status and ethno-religious diversity have a negative impact. The study concludes that strengthening social ties within rural communities is vital for promoting social stability and economic prosperity. It recommends that community leaders and policymakers enhance social capital as a pathway to sustainable development.
The use of the Internet has become the main source of political efficacy and participation, enhancing awareness about voting and campaigning. With Media Dependency and Social Cognitive Theories as frameworks, this study intended to know the relationship between Filipino university students’ exposure to political promotion on TikTok, and their political participation during the 2022 Philippine National Election. This study considered the self-report of a total of 300 respondents with a quantitative research design, specifically correlational research method, to analyze the data. The findings show that the respondents had a moderate amount of exposure to political promotion content on TikTok. The study puts forward that TikTok is influential in affecting respondents’ understanding and awareness of political information because exposure showed a significant positive relationship with knowledge of politics. Additionally, this study observed a significant positive correlation between respondents’ exposure and their attitude towards politics-related activities. Similarly, exposure and behavior established a positive and significant relationship. The respondents’ amount of exposure was enough to create subsequent media effects on the cognitive, attitude, and behavior of the respondents towards political-related information and activities, despite only registering at a moderate level. Because knowledge and exposure had a positive relationship, it resulted in a subsequent positive effect. According to the knowledge-attitude-behavior model, knowledge is essential for effecting changes in behavior and attitude. This study highlights the significance of new media, particularly TikTok, on Filipino university students’ political engagement. It also draws attention to other aspects, like culture, that may have an impact on their political participation.
This study aims to bridge the ethical gap in integrating indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and scientific knowledge systems (WSK) to enable sustainable mitigation of environmental and climate change challenges. Indigenous knowledge and belief systems have been used to guide nature conservation in sub-Saharan Africa for many years. Traditional knowledge is passed down from generation to generation, leading to resource management practices that promote environmental protection and sustainable development. Many indigenous communities in Asia, Australia and Africa just as globally have developed conservation plans that incorporate traditional ecological knowledge and community participation to protect habitats, animals, and ecosystems. However, there are ethical issues surrounding the integration of IKS and WSK that may weaken efforts to combat environmental and climate change challenges. To analyze many case studies from Asia, Australia, and sub-Saharan Africa (including Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, the Ivory Coast, and Zambia) that have investigated the integration of IKS and WSK for environmental and climate change mitigation, this study used a qualitative research method through the combination of document and content analyses. The study uses consequentialism and utilitarianism as environmental ethics theories to guide the integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge systems for sustainable mitigation strategies. Ethical issues encountered during the integration include proprietary rights for IKS, distortion and loss of traditional, cultural, and religious beliefs, and unequal recognition of IKS. The study advocates for broad and meaningful participation of indigenous and local knowledge in the international assessment process to promote effective environmental and climate change initiatives across diverse knowledge systems and perspectives.
This study examines the defense strategy associated with the relocation of Indonesia's National Capital (IKN) to East Kalimantan. The capital relocation decision is driven by the objective of realizing Vision 2045, which aims to transform Indonesia into a developed nation, establish a capital with a robust national identity, and transition the development focus from a Java-centric model to an Indonesia-centric approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, this research analyzes both traditional security risks arising from IKN’s proximity to international borders and emerging non-traditional threats, particularly those in cyberspace. The findings reveal that in the context of Society 5.0, hybrid threats, including cyber warfare, pose significant vulnerabilities, underscoring the need for the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to strengthen its defense capabilities. Moreover, the study emphasizes the necessity of establishing a specialized Military District Command (KODIM) Nusantara and implementing a multi-layered defense strategy to protect the new capital from both conventional and non-conventional threats. This research enhances the understanding of how the relocation of a capital city necessitates the development of a comprehensive security framework that integrates territorial defense with technological security, while prioritizing robust cybersecurity infrastructure, regional collaboration, and continuous investment in national defense to address evolving security challenges.
Piracy remains a significant issue in global maritime security, particularly in strategic seas that are crucial for international trade. Previous research highlighted that fishing vessels rank as the second most common target of piracy, following cargo ships. In Indonesia, piracy targeting fishermen continues to be a growing concern, with both economic and social implications for coastal communities. This research aims to understand the underlying causes and operational strategies of piracy targeting fishermen in Indonesia, focusing on the structural factors that drive these crimes and the methods employed by perpetrators. Using qualitative methods, this study applies the Model of Condition and Model of Operation from William and Godson to analyze the situation. The findings reveal that weak state governance, characterized by low law enforcement and insufficient prosecution, is a key determinant in the proliferation of piracy. The Model of Operations further explains how opportunities, motivations, and resources drive individuals to engage in piracy. Economic desperation, lack of viable employment, and exploitation of local knowledge are critical factors, with perpetrators often originating from the same communities as their victims. This study underscores that piracy against fishermen is not only a legal issue but also a social and economic problem, exacerbated by ineffective legal frameworks and socio-economic disparities. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, integrating legal reform, socio-economic development, and stronger enforcement mechanisms to mitigate piracy’s root causes.
In the digital era, internet censorship poses a significant threat to freedom of expression, particularly evident in Iran where government-imposed filtering firmly restricts online discourse. Despite scholarly attention to censorship's mechanisms, gaps in international conventions like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) remain understudied. This research examines internet censorship in Iran to identify ICCPR deficiencies enabling online expression restrictions. Employing qualitative methods, it scrutinizes data from diverse sources, including library, electronic, interviews, and reports. The paper traces Iran's history of censorship, delineates its impact on expression, and critiques the limitations of the ICCPR. The findings advocate for revisions to the ICCPR, advocating for transparent aims, publication of restrictions, designated oversight bodies, and recognition of the right to remedy. Incorporating insights from Iran, this study urges policymakers to fortify international legal frameworks, fostering a democratic digital space globally while respecting legitimate concerns.
The zakat law, which was announced in the 2nd year of the Hijri, did not contain details regarding the groups entitled to receive zakat until the 9th year of the Hijri. The Surah At-Taubah, verse 60, explains the eight asnaf groups (recipient groups) of zakat in detail. One of the asnaf groups entitled to receive zakat is “fi Sabilillah”. Islamic scholars have a variety of opinions about this asnaf group, including that the fi sabilillah asnaf group includes those who study knowledge, especially religious knowledge or fardhu ain knowledge, and the claimants of knowledge. The National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) of Enrekang Regency applies the concept of the fi sabilillah asnaf group by creating an educational program for cadres of imams and preachers for the people of Enrekang. This study aims to describe the suitability of the concept of fi Sabilillah in the view of scholars and its application by the Enrekang Regency BAZNAS. This research is a qualitative research with the character of a case study, namely a research and/or systematic investigation of a particular incident that aims to provide an honest explanation about a particular case. This type of qualitative research lays more emphasis on process than results. The results showed that the educational program for imam and preacher cadres at the BAZNAS of the Enrekang Regency was in accordance with the concept of fi sabilillah. Besides, its distribution proved to be effective and efficient.
The principle of traffic accident case resolution in Indonesia has been governed in Article 310 of Law No.22 of 2009 about UULAJ (Traffic and Road Transportation Act) and Law No.8 of 1981 about KUHAP (Code of Criminal Procedure) does not know the resolution with penal mediation. Considering the data of research, it can be seen that the penal mediation rate for Sragen and Boyolali Resort Polices (Polres Sragen and Polres Boyolali) is 95%, while that for Polres Ciamis is 49.3%. The resolution does not realize the justice because there is no justice and law certainty, as it results in three resolution motifs: pure penal mediation, impure penal mediation, and penal. The recommendation given to the ideal resolution of traffic accident case is to revise the Article 310 of UULAJ by adding two clauses to give the victim and the perpetrator the opportunity of reconciling as restitutive attempt to realize justice, certainty, and usefulness. The process of restoration is conducted through penal mediation, Victim offender Mediation(VOM), giving the mediator a space to help the resolution of conflict between victim and perpetrator. This model can be applied at investigation level, prosecution, or trial level.
The extinction of flora and fauna species can be caused by a variety of factors, one of which is the outrageous conduct of some individuals despite the carefully regulated international trade in endangered species. The international community is concerned about this issue, and their concern stems from the need to combat the extinction of endangered species. The purposes of this article are as follows: 1) to assess the efficacy of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in preventing the extinction of endangered animals and plants; 2) to learn about Indonesia's efforts to conserve endangered species. This is a normative research with a statutory approach; it makes use of secondary data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other sources. The results indicate that the implementation of CITES in Indonesia is carried out through the establishment of various laws and regulations to conserve species and the delegation of responsibilities to a management authority and a scientific authority.
With the ineffectivelegal situation in Indonesia, a critical study is needed to address the issue.Therefore,it is necessary to reformthe pattern of prosecution by the Prosecutor’sOffice. Variousaspectsof thefunctions of thepublic prosecutor have raised concerns, especially the mention of the severity of sentencein criminal charges, whichopens up opportunities for unprofessional conductby public prosecutors and judges.The reformationof the process of criminal charges isa way out of the problem as itplacesthe public prosecutor within his authority without undermining the authority of thejudge with regards tothe party that determines the severity of the sentence. This research uses a combined approach.First,it uses the comparative approach bycomparing the concept of prosecution that is practiced in Indonesia and those of someEnglish-speakingcountries. Also, it uses the conceptual approach to view the doctrines or theories related to the issues raised. The results of this research supportsthe reformationof theprosecutionprocess currently been appliedby the Prosecutor's Office as a way of implementingof progressiveideas/decisions to achieve justice.
In a public high school in San Rafael, Bulacan, where this action research was conducted, it was identified through the Department of Education survey that the majority of students relied only on mobile phones and data to connect to the internet. Due to the students’ varying situations, the school decided to adopt the Modular Distance Learning approach, where learning was done by answering self-learning modules (SLMs). Some synchronous classes were still conducted but observed to have low attendance. The current setup also limited peer-peer and student-teacher interaction and opportunities for collaborative work. This prompted the researchers to explore the opportunities and see the impact of integrating asynchronous, social constructivist activities with the SLMs. Specifically, the research aimed to find out if these activities can 1) aid in ensuring that the important knowledge, skills, attitudes are learned and applied, and 2) foster students’ collaboration and active class participation. Influenced by backwards lesson planning, social constructivism, and the 70:20:10 frameworks, which all give emphasis to learner-centeredness, hands-on practice, and collaboration, the researchers planned asynchronous activities using the class’ existing Facebook group. Students’ learning artifacts, scores, and answers to reflection activities support that these asynchronous activities were useful in fostering better learning, participation, and interaction in modular teaching. The research findings also substantiate the remote learning best practices found in literature. By applying the recommended improvements to the approach, schools can benefit from the proposed activity planning strategy for remote learning during the pandemic.
The complexity of the construction industry causes the potential for construction disputes to be very large and cannot be avoided. There have been many methods of resolving construction contract disputes, but the resolutions still cause losses to the conflicting parties, both financially and non-financially. Thus, it is necessary to explain the construction work contract dispute resolution model in Indonesia that reflects the win-win solutionprinciple, and propose an ideal dispute resolution model of construction work contract. Considering that a construction work contract dispute arises as a result of an escalation of disagreements, a dispute resolution should be done quickly, without harming each other. Based on the common goals of the parties to the contract, this study is adequate to use the contract normative legal method. This study yields two conclusions. First, the dispute resolution model of construction work contracts still reflects the win-win solutionprinciple (which consists of mediation, conciliation, and dispute council) in a narrow sense. The resolution only produces suggestions and does not have binding force and is not final, even though the construction sector which basically has a high business risk really needs a quick resolution and can be complied with by all parties in the construction work contract. Second, the ideal dispute resolution model of construction work contract in Indonesia is sufficient to use arbitration in a broad sense, that is, arbitration that accommodates mediation and conciliation, but the results are still final and binding. It is recommended to remove the word court in the explanation of Article 47 paragraph (1) letter (h) of the Construction Services Law, as well as adopt a compromise on the revocability doctrine and its exceptions and ratify the New York Convention in 2015 in the 1999 Arbitration Act.
The Indonesian government has informed television broadcasting industry since 2007 regarding the policy of migration from analog to digital technology by inviting television associations in joint meetings and discussion forums. However, the efforts that have been made by the government have not been able to make the television broadcasting industry have the same construction on the policy of television digitization to jointly realize it. This study aims to analyze and reveal the reality of the Indonesian government's communication to the television broadcasting industry regarding the policy on terrestrial television digitization. The method used is qualitative with the type of case study and constructivist paradigm. This study reveals that there is uncertainty with the reality of the Indonesian government's communication to the television broadcasting industry regarding terrestrial television digitization policies in 2007-2018, and there is no maximum time to explain issues about television digitization which are very technical. In addition, participatory communication is not fully carried out by the government to invite the television broadcasting industry to participate in the success of accelerating the terrestrial television digitization in Indonesia.
Regulation ofthe right to information isvery essential in a democratic country. This isbecause the more open the governmentis towardsthe public, the more accountable itwill be. However, theoretical and conceptual studies on the right to informationare limited. For this reason, thisstudy intends to specifically review the basic concepts that must exist in an ideal right to information regulation. This research is a normative legal research (doctrinal) with a normative-conceptual approach. Data wereobtained through a literature study and analyzed descriptively and analytically. This study concludes that the right to information is conceptually based on the government's obligation to fulfill citizens' requests to access public information without exception (maximum disclosure) as well as on the obligation to proactively submit public information regularly and without being asked (obligation to publish). Conceptually, the right to information can be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary rights based on how far these rights are directly related to access to government information. Several important variables regulating the right to information include normative aspects, institutional design, and the existence of mechanisms or procedures that can ensure that the provisions of the right to information are complied with by all parties. Aspects of restrictions and exceptions to the right to information also need to be regulated, among others, by referring to the concept ofthethree-parttest.
Carrying out terrorism requires funds; without funds, it is very difficult to carry out terrorism. Based on Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Financing, the subjects that can be held accountable for their actions are people and corporations. Cumulative and single systems of sanctions are prescribed by the law, and the types of sanctions include imprisonment, fines and revocation of certain rights. Corporations are only subject to fines and additional penalties. Attempting and assisting criminal acts of financing terrorism have the same punishment as having committed financing of terrorism. The law on prevention and eradication of financing of terrorism raises problems related to the qualification of criminal acts, the absence of specific minimum penalties, the absence of special rules or guidelines for implementing criminal sanctions formulated with the cumulative system, the problem of criminal fines, and the absence of an explanation of the terms relating to the crime of financing terrorism. It is recommended that in applying the criminal provisions of the law on financing terrorism, the principle of prudence and protection of human rights should be applied because many people who donate to religious organizations or recitation groups do not know the purpose and objectives of the donated funds.
Today’s learning resources are no longer focused on classrooms. Internet has become a learning resource that provides a variety of knowledge and education. Teachers must have the ability to access the internet in order to obtain various references. Unlimited internet and anonymous also demands digital literacy competence in order to be able to sort out information from various sources and produce its own teaching materials which is the main focus of this article. To describe digital literacy obtained by teachers of SMA Negeri 1 Makassar using the digital literacy competencies proposed by Glister (1997). SMA Negeri 1 Makassar was chosen because SMA Negeri 1 Makassar is one of the favorite schools in Makassar and known for its achievements, which of course it is expected that the teachers have good digital literacy, as role models for other high schools. Data obtained by in-depth interviews, observation, and documents, which not only obtained on site but also through social media. This article is based on research with a case study approach found four components of digital literacy proposed by Glister. They are: a) internet searching, b) hypertext navigation, c) content evaluation, and d) knowledge assembly. Apart from that, other findings are; a) teachers’ role towards the students, b) teachers’ age affects digital literacy competencies, c) search engines utilization, d) social media WhatsApp as a communication and discussion media.
One of the electronic transactions related to e-contracts that are currently developing involves information technology based lending and borrowing services, or commonly known as FinTech Lending, which offers various facilities for borrowing money. The convenience offered in lending and borrowing money based on information technology, on the other hand, raises problems, namely related to the protection of users' personal data. The problem is what is the appropriate legal protection model for personal data held by online loan providers in Indonesia. This study examines how the regulation of data protection in Indonesia is related to fintech activities.The model of legal protection for personal data mastered by online loan providers in Indonesia is to use legal protection from the law, namely the Personal Data Protection Act which is still at drafting stage. The law that is to be passed must contain the principles of good personal data protection, the establishment of an independent organization that is authorized to handle the protection of personal data, as well as detailing the matters that are owned by the subjects of data.
