Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a range of physical, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, typically resolving at the onset of menstruation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and impact of Premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls at a school in Tanahun. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 119 adolescent girls studying in grades 8, 9, and 10 at a school in Tanahun, Nepal, from July to September 2023. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The school and classes were selected using non-probability purposive sampling, and participants were selected using proportionate stratified sampling. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were applied at a 5% level of significance. Results PMS was prevalent among 64.7% of participants, with 55.8% having mild and 44.2% moderate PMS. Among those affected, the most common impacts were impaired friendships (42.0%), reduced individual work performance (42.9%), reduced social activities (39.5%), and school absenteeism (31.9%). Only 4.2% reported low academic grades. A significant association was found between PMS and educational grade (p = 0.006), while no significant associations were observed with other socio-demographic or menstrual variables. Conclusions PMS is common among adolescent girls and affects interpersonal relationships and educational activities. Health education, counseling, and coping strategies may improve quality of life during the premenstrual period. Keywords: Adolescent; Menstruation Disturbances; Premenstrual Syndrome; Schools; Students.
Background Nasal bone fracture is the most common facial fracture, and closed reduction is the standard treatment. However, patient-reported quality of life (QoL) outcomes after surgery remain underexplored. The Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) is a validated tool for assessing sinonasal symptoms and postoperative recovery. This study evaluated changes in QoL following closed reduction of nasal bone fractures and identified factors associated with postoperative improvement. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted among 138 patients with nasal bone fractures who underwent closed reduction at the ENT outpatient department of College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital from February 2025 to February 2026. QoL was assessed using the SNOT-22 questionnaire preoperatively, at 2 weeks postoperatively, and at 3 months follow-up. Demographic data, fracture characteristics, and postoperative complications were recorded. Paired statistical tests and multivariable analyses were performed. Results Among 138 patients, the mean age was 34.8 ± 12.6 years, and 66.7% were male. Road traffic accidents were the leading cause of injury (44.9%). The mean SNOT-22 score significantly improved from 41.6 ± 9.8 preoperatively to 18.9 ± 7.4 at 2 weeks postoperatively (p < 0.001), with sustained improvement at 3 months. Improvement was noted across all symptom domains, especially nasal obstruction and facial pain. Patients with septal deviation had relatively higher postoperative scores, although overall improvement remained significant. No sex-based differences were observed. Conclusions Closed reduction significantly improves patient-reported QoL after nasal bone fracture. Routine use of validated tools such as SNOT-22 supports comprehensive assessment of functional outcomes and patient-centered care.
Background Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among female population of Nepal. In the low resource settings in a developing country like Nepal, where ancillary tests may not be available, a Papanicolaou (Pap) test is the mainstay of screening system for cervical cancer. Pap test is a cytological screening technique proposed by The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology (TBSRC) at 1988. It is a simple, safe and non- invasive method for detection of epithelial cells abnormalities on cervical smear. Methods This is a hospital based cross sectional study conducted over a period of 18 months, from January 2024 to June 2025. Study included 5543 Pap smear and 149 cervical biopsies over the period. Data were collected in Microsoft excel and subjected to SPSS to see the association of pap smear test and biopsy. Results In our study, the samples were received from patients aged 21 to 83 years of age. Only 1.4% of total cases studied showed epithelial cell abnormality. The study showed that Pap smear test has high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 77.9%, 84%, 80.3% and 81.9% respectively with diagnostic accuracy of 81.20%. Conclusions This study revealed that Pap smear test is still a good screening technique to detect epithelial cell abnormality in cervical smear with high diagnostic accuracy in the developing country like Nepal.
Background Patient restraint is a critical nursing practice in tertiary care settings, requiring adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes to ensure patient safety and ethical care. This study assessed nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding patient restraint in a tertiary care hospital in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 239 nurses selected from various clinical departments. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square test to determine associations. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 239 nurses, 64.4% were aged 20-25 years and 89.5% had PCL qualification. More than one-third (34.3%) worked in the ICU, and 77.0% had no training on patient restraint. Good knowledge was found in 46.0% (95% CI: 39.7%-52.3%), while 54.0% (95% CI: 47.7%-60.3%) had poor knowledge. Positive attitude was observed in 64.9% (95% CI: 58.9%-70.9%), whereas 35.1% (95% CI: 29.1%-41.1%) had negative attitude. Knowledge was significantly associated with age, working area, and training status. Attitude was significantly associated with age, working area, training, protocol availability, and work experience. Knowledge was also significantly associated with attitude (χ² = 7.89, p = 0.005). Conclusions Although most nurses demonstrated a positive attitude, a considerable proportion had inadequate knowledge regarding patient restraint. Knowledge and attitude were significantly influenced by age, working area, and training. Strengthening training programs and ensuring implementation of clinical protocols may improve nurses’ competency in patient restraint practices.
Background Bronchial asthma is a common chronic airway disease observed in children. This study was done to find the association of body mass index with bronchial asthma severity. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences-Teaching over a period of 1 years. This study evaluated 120 asthmatic children aged 5-15 years. All data obtained were entered to an Excel worksheet and were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16.0. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square tests. ANOVA was used to study the mean BMI with the different categories of severity of asthma. Results Out of 120 patients, 67 (55.8%) were males and 53 (44.1%) were females. Among males, 10 (14.9%) had mild intermittent, 32 (47.7%) mild persistent, 22 (32.8%) moderate persistent, and 3 (4.4%) severe persistent asthma. Among females, 2 (3.7%) had mild intermittent, 24 (45.2%) mild persistent, 27 (50.9%) moderate persistent asthma(none severe).Overall , 102 (85%) were underweight, 18 (15%) normal weight; none were overweight/obese. Among underweight children, 11 (10.7%) had mild intermittent , 52 (50.9%) mild persistent , 36 (35.2%)moderate persistent while 3 (2.9%) had severe persistent asthma. Normal BMI children presented with: 1 (5.5%) mild intermittent, 4 (22.2%) mild persistent, 13 (72.2%) moderate persistent. Mean Body Mass Index in children with mild intermittent asthma, mild persistent asthma, moderate persistent asthma and severe asthma were 15.1 (SD 2.2), 14.8 (SD 2.8), 13.3 (SD 3.3) and 12.4 (SD 0.1) respectively and the relation was statistically significant (p=0.038). Conclusions The severity of bronchial asthma has a significant relation with the Body Mass Index, with the severity increasing as the index decreases.
