Egypt's Vision 2030 for Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) emphasised social inclusion and accessibility. Universal Design (UD) is a user-centric design concept that fosters social inclusion. Evaluating universal design is the main way to ensure its effective implementation. However, current evaluation methods often rely on qualitative descriptions, which hinder transparency and mathematical rigor, which facilitates jury bias. Consequently, this study aimed to propose a multi-dimensional framework for evaluating UD within the built environment, bridging theoretical sustainability and architectural practice. The methodology comparatively analysed eight international UD awards and certification systems, which were benchmarked against Mosca and Capolongo’s (2018) criteria. The analysis focused on four primary items: evaluation criteria, evaluation stages, evaluation tools, and scoring system. Results indicated that most systems lacked a balanced, weighted approach focusing either on technical compliance or creativity. The novelty of this study lies in the development of a 'Proposed Framework' that should transition from traditional checklists to evidence-driven, weighted models. This framework is structured around five core dimensions: Technical Compliance, Innovation & Management, User Participation, Weighted Scoring System, and Continuous Evaluation. Unlike the existing systems, which treat all criteria with equal importance, this framework introduces a weighted hierarchy that reflects the actual impact of design elements on user experience and sustainability. The findings suggest that an effective rating system should mitigate jury bias by providing a transparent, measurable tool. Accordingly, this study provided architects and decision-makers with a robust, transparent tool to elevate inclusive design from a regulatory obligation to a measurable benchmark of architectural excellence.
Biodiversity loss is a critical global challenge that impacts ecosystems, human well-being, and sustainable development. Although several studies have assessed awareness of biodiversity among various population groups, few have examined the extent to which awareness translates into actual conservation behaviour. This study investigates the awareness and attitudes of university students in southern Nigeria toward biodiversity conservation. It employs a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach to collect data from 501 university students across southern Nigeria. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression. Results indicate a high level of biodiversity conservation awareness among students, with 73.7% reporting prior knowledge of biodiversity and 88.2% recognising biodiversity loss as a major global issue. However, only 11% consistently engage in biodiversity-friendly practices, while 56% report never having participated in any biodiversity conservation activities. Logistic regression analysis revealed that biodiversity awareness significantly predicts participation, with students who were aware being 2.81 times more likely to participate in biodiversity conservation activities compared to those who were unaware (p <0.001). In contrast, other factors such as academic discipline, academic level, and gender were not significant predictors of participation. These findings highlight a clear gap between awareness and action, suggesting that awareness alone may be insufficient to drive meaningful behavioural change towards biodiversity conservation. Barriers impeding students’ participation in biodiversity conservation were identified, including lack of funding, economic constraints, security issues, and limited teacher expertise. These insights provide important implications for environmental education policy and future research aimed at bridging the knowledge-action divide in biodiversity conservation.
Awareness about waste disposal and its environmental health impact among the public in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan, Iraq. Urbanization at a rapid pace and population growth are driving waste generation, which overwhelms treatment facilities and poses serious environmental and health threats. Information was gathered from 500 randomly sampled households through interviews and questionnaires to assess knowledge levels regarding waste management, environmental pollution, and health risks associated with improper disposal. The findings of the research work, as shown in Table I, also indicate that 92% of the respondents are ignorant with regard to waste management, and only 8% had some elementary knowledge about waste dangers and environmental degradation. Level of knowledge was significantly influenced by gender, education (men and well-educated people had slightly better knowledge), and state of unemployment (especially in women), with the unemployed showing lower levels of awareness. The findings suggest that intensive public education and awareness of appropriate waste management practices are necessary to safeguard the environment and human health from the adverse effects of poor waste disposal.
This research was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, from January to May 2025, to assess the effects of coconut water, coconut milk, and their mixtures at various concentrations on the germination and seedling growth of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Seeds were soaked in the treatment solutions for 24 hours before sowing. Each treatment consisted of 30 seeds with three replicates, and each replicate contained 10 seeds. Results indicated no significant differences in germination percentage or speed among coconut-based treatments compared to the control. However, seeds soaked in coconut milk or the combination of coconut treatments appear earlier and have somewhat higher germination rates numerically. The seedling growth parameters showed the greatest effects. Coconut milk enhanced shoot characteristics, including shoot length, diameter, and biomass. A 50% concentration of coconut components generally yielded better shoot and chlorophyll outcomes than the 100% concentration. While root characteristics were not significantly influenced by treatment, coconut milk (particularly at 100%) promoted slightly longer roots, and since most of the studied traits are not significant, it is better to report only the significant traits in detail with the obtained values, while the other traits do not require any details.
Centaurea alexandrina Delile is an Egyptian medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of hyperglycemic and inflammatory disorders; however, comprehensive phytochemical information on this species remains limited. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical composition of five extracts derived from the aerial parts of C. alexandrina using solvents of different polarities. Plant material was extracted using methylene chloride - methanol mixtures (1:1 and 70:30), followed by fractionation of the 1:1 crude extract via flash chromatography to obtain an n-hexane fraction and two isolated compounds, identified as α amyrin and β sitosterol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed on all extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds to detect primary and secondary metabolites. The methylene chloride - methanol extracts exhibited rich and diverse phytochemical profiles, showing strong positive reactions for carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids, with the 1:1 extract demonstrating the highest overall metabolite abundance. In contrast, the n-hexane extract showed selective presence of lipophilic constituents, mainly steroids and fats, while lacking polar secondary metabolites. The isolated compounds α amyrin and β sitosterol showed positive responses in steroidal and terpenoidal tests. These findings demonstrate that solvent polarity plays a crucial role in the extraction efficiency of bioactive constituents from C. alexandrina, with alcoholic solvent systems proving superior. The results provide a fundamental phytochemical basis supporting the traditional medicinal use of this plant and highlight suitable extract types for future pharmacological and bioactivity-guided studies.
Actinomycetes represent a unique Gram-positive bacteria with filamentous morphology. As of now, over thousands species of actinomycetes have been identified and characterized in a wide range of ecological niches from soil to extreme environments. These microorganisms play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling as they participate in the breakdown of complex organic materials. Distinctively, they are likely the only representatives in the bacterial world, with the capability of exhibiting mycelial growth, forming asexual spores and possessing complex chromosomes with multiple biosynthetic gene clusters. Advances in molecular engineering, metabolomics and genomics have resulted in the improvement of genome-guided mining and pathway activation for the purpose of metabolite identification, deepening our understanding of biodiversity, ecology and bioactivity. Due to their ecological complexity, structural diversity and vast biosynthetic potential, actinomycetes remain an invaluable resource for developing new chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics and agricultural products. This review covering study of actinomycetes, their biodiversity, life processes, classification and structural trait, as well as isolation and identification methods. A significant focus is placed on their secondary metabolites and their impact on human health and agriculture. These bioactive compounds promote plant growth, improve nutrient availability in the soil and act as bio-control agents against pathogens by producing enzymes and various growth hormones. Furthermore, the structural diversity of actinomycetes and their ability to produce essential metabolites ensure that they will continue to be primary organisms of interest in pharmaceutical and natural product studies.
Egypt’s arid climate and low annual rainfall results in lower water resources management in the country. Heavy precipitation and rainfall accumulation has insufficient advantages. The present study integrated GIS techniques and the Watershed Modeling System (WMS), applying the hydrological model HEC-1 to detect the impacts of climate change in the area between Wadi Gabgaba and Wadi Sha’it, Egypt. The methods were employed to determine the accurate locations of the proposed dams that can be built at the study basin entrance and their designs. The daily peak flows and the maximum precipitation/day (mm) were measured over the last 30 years (from 1990 to 2019) obtained from the Aswan meteorological station. The morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the drainage basin drain toward the Nasser Lake and the Nile River were analyzed. A statistical distributions analysis of the maximum values of daily rain measured over the last 30 years (from 1990 to 2019) was carried out, and 200-year return period probabilities for maximum daily rainfall precipitation were calculated. The study recommends the construction of dams and their reservoirs to help control rainfall accumulation, prevent the dangers of flooding, sustainable development, exploit human activities, and reclaim new agricultural lands.
Monitoring sedimentation dynamics in large reservoirs is essential for evaluating storage capacity and ensuring long-term water security, particularly in strategic systems such as the Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) in Egypt. Following the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), understanding changes in AHDL’s bed morphology has become increasingly critical for national water-resources planning. This study provides a multi-temporal assessment of sedimentation and erosion patterns in the active sedimentation zone of AHDL from 2000 to 2012 using integrated remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and three-dimensional bathymetric reconstruction. Landsat-derived water boundaries were combined with hydrographic survey data to generate 3D bed-surface models through Radial Basis Function interpolation. Sequential surface comparisons enabled quantification and mapping of sedimentation and erosion zones. The results show that sedimentation dominated during high-inflow years. In contrast, erosion prevailed during low-inflow years, demonstrating strong hydrological control over bed-level dynamics. Changes in water storage capacity reflected this behavior, with increases occurring when erosion exceeded sediment deposition and decreases during intense sediment accumulation. Comparison with the traditional cross-sectional method used by the Aswan High Dam Authority (AHDA) revealed that it underestimated sediment volumes by approximately 4%. The findings highlight the effectiveness of RS/GIS-based monitoring for detecting reservoir morphological changes and underscore its value for enhancing sediment management and operational planning in large transboundary reservoirs.
Ponds serves as a source of water for irrigation, fisheries and ground water recharge which helps in flood control and add aesthetic value to an area. The study was aimed at assessing the potential ecological risk of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg) from Coca-Cola Wastewater Pond, Pompomari Industrial Layout, Maiduguri, Borno State. Water, sediments and O. niloticus samples were collected weekly for 3 months and analyzed for heavy metals at Yobe State University using Bulk Scientific AAS). The mean concentration of the heavy metals indicates that with the exception of Cr (0.030±0.008 mg/kg) in the sediment, the water samples recorded the highest values in Cr, Hg, As and Pb (1.728±0.128, 0.032±0.017, 0.252±0.038 and 2.212±0.096 mg/L respectively). The result indicates that there were no bioaccumulation in O. niloticus as the transfer factor were all less than 1 and further reveals the order of BAF as Hg > As > Pb > Cr > Cd. The results further reveal the order of BSAF as Cd > As >Hg > Pb > Cr. The finding reveals that the HQ values were all greater than 1, suggesting an unacceptable levels of non-cancer risk in the analyzed metals. The CR also indicates that the calculated value in O. niloticus were all ˃10-3, suggesting a high cancer risk. The PERI in the metals reveals an order as Cr > Hg > Cd > Pb > As whereas EF reveals an order of Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Hg.
Centaurea alexandrina Delile (Asteraceae), an endemic medicinal plant of Egypt’s North Coast, has long been utilized in traditional medicine for managing diabetes, inflammation, and infections. Despite its ethnopharmacological relevance, systematic investigations into its phytochemical composition and pharmacological mechanisms remain scarce. This review consolidates current phytochemical and bioactivity data on C. alexandrina, employing advanced analytical approaches (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, molecular networking) to profile its bioactive constituents. Sixty-three compounds were identified, including novel N-feruloyl tryptamine and chemotaxonomic markers, with flower extracts exhibiting the highest sesquiterpene lactone content (39.3% via microwave-assisted extraction). Pharmacological evaluations revealed notable activities: antimicrobial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inhibition zone: 35 mm), cytotoxicity toward A-549 lung cancer cells (IC₅₀: 195 µg/mL), α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀: 349–501 µg/mL), and antioxidant potential (DPPH IC₅₀: 128.3 µg/mL; FRAP: 107.5 µg/mL). Mechanistic insights suggest synergistic interactions between flavonoids (ROS scavenging) and sesquiterpene lactones (NF-κB/COX-2 inhibition). Collectively, C. alexandrina exhibits multi-target pharmacological promise; however, clinical validation is imperative. Future research should focus on in vivo studies to determine bioavailability and safety, isolation of novel compounds, and standardization of extraction protocols.
This study examines flexible industrial waste management (RIWM) as an integrated framework for enhancing sustainability within industrial estates. Emphasizing the strategic relationship between resilience, circular economy principles, and improved environmental performance, flexible industrial waste management represents a critical approach to maintaining industrial productivity while mitigating environmental degradation. The study explores the theoretical underpinnings of resilience in waste systems, linking them to technological innovation, policy integration, and the sustainability goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The research problem lies in the persistence of fragmented and reactive waste management systems across developing countries—particularly Egypt—where industrial estates often lack resilient waste infrastructure, technological integration, and clear environmental governance. These limitations lead to inefficient waste treatment, resource waste, and environmental pollution. Accordingly, the study aims to develop a systematic framework for flexible waste management standards applicable to Egyptian industrial estates, ensuring operational flexibility, environmental protection, and long-term sustainability. To achieve this, an 11-stage methodology was developed, combining theoretical review, analytical synthesis, adaptation to the Egyptian context, and pilot application in the Gerza and Arab Abu Saad industrial zones in Giza Governorate. The methodology included field visits, stakeholder interviews, and benchmarking against international models such as Kalundborg (Denmark) and the Toyota Zero Waste Initiative (Japan-USA) to identify best practices and contextual adaptations. The results revealed structural gaps in both Egyptian zones in infrastructure readiness, waste segregation, and regulatory enforcement, these identified structural gaps were systematically evaluated using the resilience-based standards and indicators synthesized from global frameworks and models.
The fast-growing e-waste problem has emerged as an important inadvertent issue in developing countries such as Egypt due to the lack of proper management systems allowing the problem to dominate within country borders. The research proposes one single framework for sustainable e-waste management that will lead mathematical governance systems toward waste management sustainability in the Suez Waterway area with a focus on Traffic Said Governorate. The research uses several methods of research which are analytical and approximative and applied. The research investigates three fundamental frameworks which are the Basel Convention and the Complete Builder Responsibility (EPR) and the Economic unit Command on Waste Electrical and Photoelectric Supplies (WEEE). It further examines interstate methods and sustainability goals for Egypt's Concept 2030.Through mathematical government mechanisms—including data transparence principles, smart monitoring plans, and circular frugality databases—the proposed model supports traceability, responsibility, and adept talent recovery. Use to Traffic Said disclosed breach in institutional arrangement and administration, casual sector unification, and mathematical infrastructure eagerness. It too manifested the potential for improving accumulation, situation, and recycling rates. The judgments emphasize the need for a multi-level governance model that links preservation of natural resources accompanying mathematical transformation tactics. The study decides with a set of crucial pieces of advice for tactics alignment, expense in mathematical infrastructure, and volume construction for stakeholders and performers to reinforce Egypt's change towards sustainable e-waste administration and allure sound integration into the circular saving.Key words
Genus Centaurea, known for its diverse pharmacological properties, has been extensively studied for its essential oils (EOs) and bioactive compounds. This study investigated the dichloromethane: methanol (CH2Cl2: CH3OH) (1:1 v/v) extract and the eluted n-hexane fraction of Centaurea glomerata, focusing on its volatile components and cytotoxic potential against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and Breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Moreover, the study included isolation of three interested compounds. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that the methanol: dichloromethane (CH2Cl2:CH3OH) (1:1 v/v) extract exhibited significant growth inhibition in both cancer cell lines at higher concentration of 100 µg/ml, while the isolated compounds showed limited activity against cancer cells. These findings suggested that the crude extract of dichloromethane: methanol of Centaurea glomerata exhibits synergistic effect, which is the interaction of two or more constituents when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each constituent is given alone. This effect enhances the extract efficacy against diverse cancer cells.
The experiment was conducted at the farm of the faculty of agriculture and natural resources, Aswan university, during the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 seasons to study the effect of spraying with Persicaria leaf extract, chitosan, and a mixed treatment, on the yield of three faba bean cultivars (Sakha 4, Nobaria 1, and Giza 716) when cultivated under Upper Egypt conditions.. The experiment was designed as a split-bloke arrangement (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replicates in both seasons. Cultivar treatments were distributed on the main plots, while foliar spray treatments were distributed as sub-plots under the main plots. The obtained results showed a clear superiority of the treatment with Persicaria leaf extract spray over other spray treatments, as it significantly increased the number of branches, pods, seeds / plant, weight of 100 seeds, yield / plant, and yield / fed. The faba bean cultivars varied significantly in all the studied traits, with the Sakha 4 Cultivar showing clear superiority in the studied traits except for the number of branches and the weight of 100 seeds, where the Nubaria 1 Cultivar excelled. It can be recommended that planting the Sakha 4 faba bean Cultivar alongside treatment with Persicaria leaf extract spray in Upper Egypt to obtain the highest yield.
Noise pollution is becoming a serious environmental issue, especially in schools where students are regularly exposed to high noise levels. This study investigated the impact of noise affects body composition and physiological health in high school students at Sara-rem High School in Zakho, Iraq. Fifty 11th-grade students (ages 16–17) were divided into three groups: a control group in a quiet garden, a pre-exam group, and a post-exam group. Researchers measured noise levels with a sound level meter. They tracked physiological markers like oxygen saturation (SpO₂), body water content (BWC), body fat percentage (BF%), body muscle mass (BMC), body mass index (BMI), calorie intake, and blood pressure using standard medical devices. The findings showed big differences in noise exposure—the pre-exam group faced the loudest conditions (average 95.8 dB, peaking at 97.8 dB), while the control group had lower levels (around 85 dB). Male students had a noticeable drop in SpO₂ after exams (88.83% ± 3.24, p = 0.0504) and ate more calories (pre-exam: 2413 ± 88.12; post-exam: 2427 ± 92.44, p = 0.01). Female students saw increases in BWC (59.86% ± 4.7, p = 0.04) and BMC (77.29% ± 1.36, p = 0.043). Blood pressure also rose during exams for both genders (males: 133 ± 3.2 mmHg, p = 0.0109; females: 129.1 ± 3.41 mmHg, p = 0.008). These results suggest that noise pollution takes a real toll on students’ health, particularly during stressful periods like exams. Schools should consider ways to reduce noise and protect students from these harmful effects.
For a variety of uses, safe and clean water is ensured through the crucial process of water treatment. In this work, we investigate The potential application of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural substitute for alum, a common coagulant, in water treatment. Several concentration ratios were considered in order to find the percentage of Moringa oleifera seeds that work best for treating water. This research aims to find the concentration that would yield the lowest turbidity, an important indicator of water clarity. For this Regard, this study focused into making a Moringa oleifera solution for water treatment using the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Before processing, the seeds were deoiled and the husks removed. A water sample from the intake of New Thebes City Water Purification Station in Luxor-Egypt, which had an initial turbidity. The water sample had a turbidity of 2.85 NTU. To achieve the desired turbidity of 50 NTU, it was necessary to add a specific amount of soil, 4 grams of soil per liter of water. Moringa oleifera seeds were used in a range of concentrations (60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 mg/L), and tests for turbidity, pH, bacterial count, total coliform, fecal coliform, iron, and manganese were conducted. Furthermore, the effects of Aluminum sulfate and polyalmonium chloride (Pac) were investigated, both separately and in conjunction with the Moringa oleifera solution. A minimum turbidity rate of 20 mg/L was obtained when combined Moringa oleifera seeds with either alum or polyammonium chloride. Thus, this study is an important step toward developing sustainable and effective water treatment technologies that contribute to human health and environmental protection, as it found that Moringa with Alum or Polyammonium Chloride reduces turbidity significantly.
AbstractOccupational noise exposure is a physical hazard that can lead to occupational diseases, including noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), which is the most common occupational disease among industrial workers, particularly in granite processing industries. This paper aims to study the hearing health effects of workers exposed to excessive noise in granite processing industries. The noise levels were measured at primary operations by the selected granite factories in the study area, (the Aswan Industrial Zone), while a total of 104 workers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that included sociodemographic data, working conditions, and the hearing symptoms they experience during and after work hours. The results showed that that the noise levels surpassed the limits established by Egyptian Environmental Law (90 dB). 40% of workers reported hearing symptoms consistent with the phenomenon of temporary transient hearing loss, such as tinnitus and temporary hearing loss after work hours. Statistically significant differences were recorded between noise exposure levels (by factory) and the incidence of hearing symptoms, with Factory A recording the highest number of TTS cases.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a term of neurodegenerative diseases that has characteristic clinical and pathological symptoms. Numerous studies have found that using natural products as expected treatments for neurodegeneration has health-promoting properties. Natural substances are thought to offer distinct biological properties. Crocin, a bioactive component of Crocus satives, has a variety of therapeutic effects on the brain. This study aims to investigate whether pre- and/or post-treatment with crocin is sufficient to slow down or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fifty-six adult male rats were divided into seven groups: control, crocin (50mg/kg), crocin (Cr) (50mg/kg) + scopolamine (Sc) (3mg/kg), scopolamine (Sc) (3mg/kg), scopolamine (Sc) (3mg/kg) + memantine (M) (10mg/kg M), scopolamine (Sc) (3mg/kg Sc) + crocin (Cr) (50mg/kg), and scopolamine (Sc)+ memantine (M) + crocin (Cr) (3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 50mg/kg, respectively). AD rats exhibited an obvious rise in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and a significant decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in the homogenate of the brain hippocampus. Pre- and/or post-treatment of crocin exhibited a significant decline in LPO and a noticeable rise in SOD and CAT. Additionally, Bielshowsky silver stain showed an increase in tau protein deposition in section of scopolamine group, whereas treatment with crocin, memantine and their combination revealed a reduction in tau depositions. The perception that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pharmacologically unresponsive is gradually shifting. Emerging evidence suggests that treatment with crocin –either alone or in combination with memantine – can lead to improvements in the symptoms of this debilitating condition.
"Purslane is a genus of succulent herbs that grows in warmer climates around the world. Two foreign species have naturalized in India, while four species are still found there. Purslane is the common name for the herbaceous weed P. oleracea.. It has been said in traditional systems to cure leprosy, ulcers, asthma, piles, diarrhea, dysentery, and to lessen inflammation and tiny tumors. The herb is said to have refrigerant, aperient, diuretic, vulnerary, and antiscorbutic properties. Among the strong pharmacological effects that have been shown are hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, neuropharmacological, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and numerous other biological characteristics. The chemical constituents of the plant have been identified and include steroids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, alkaloids, saponins, and more. In order to highlight and evaluate Portulaca oleracea's potential as a pharmaceutical, this review attempts to gather the pharmacological and phytochemical researches on Portulaca oleracea and evaluate the plant's underappreciated medicinal potential.
The Warri River in Delta State, Nigeria, faces increasing pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. This study assesses water quality and heavy metal contamination using in-situ measurements, laboratory analysis, and geospatial techniques. Water samples were collected from three stations, with parameters like pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measured on-site. Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, and Chromium) and nutrients (Nitrate, Sulfate, and Phosphate) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and spectrophotometric methods. Although some parameters were within regulatory limits, significant pollution was detected. DO levels at all stations, especially Station 2 (4.02 mg/L), were below safe thresholds, indicating organic pollution. Lead and Cadmium levels exceeded permissible limits at Stations 2 and 3, with Cadmium particularly high at Station 2. Notable correlations were found between pH and Cadmium, and EC and Chromium, suggesting interactions between water chemistry and metal solubility. Geospatial analysis revealed that higher Cadmium concentrations coincided with lower TDS, while Lead and Chromium increased proportionally across stations, pointing to industrial discharge and urban runoff as key sources of contamination. The Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) classified the river as "heavily polluted" with a score of 37.84, and the Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated poor water quality with a score of 717.60. These findings underscore the need for urgent remediation and pollution control to protect both the river ecosystem and local communities.
