This study assesses the extent of heavy metal contamination in the soil of the Eskişehir landfill drainage area in northwest Türkiye, where long-term waste accumulation and leachate pose potential environmental risks. Two boreholes were drilled to a depth of 30 meters downstream of the landfill site, and soil samples were collected during both wet (May) and dry (September) seasons in 2021. Concentrations of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, and mercury were determined together with pH values. Pollution indices, such as the contamination factor, pollution load index, and geoaccumulation index, were used to evaluate contamination levels. To support the geochemical results, geophysical surveys including electrical resistivity tomography, self-potential, and resistance measurements were carried out. Although measured heavy metal concentrations stayed below the legal thresholds set by national soil regulations, the calculated indices indicated localised contamination, particularly for cobalt, nickel, and chromium, which showed high levels during the wet season and remained elevated for chromium during the dry season. The pollution load index suggested a generally low overall pollution risk. Geophysical measurements did not reveal significant subsurface contamination-related anomalies. These findings demonstrate that heavy metal accumulation in the landfill drainage area is both seasonally variable and spatially localised. Periodic monitoring combining geochemical and geophysical approaches is recommended to manage and mitigate long-term risks in such waste storage environments.
Methane has caused the most disastrous mine accidents throughout the history of mining because of its flammable and explosible nature. Methane is a process gas occurred during the coalification process together with the coal substance from the decomposition of organic materials. Typically, as the thickness and the depth of coal seams increase, the gas retained within the coal and the surrounding strata also increases. Most of the methane gas retained by coal micropores in adsorbed state are released to the atmosphere as soon as mining activities starts due to the higher gas pressure available and increased permeabilities around mine openings. In order to take necessary measures against methane explosions in underground coal mining, it is necessary to determine the actual gas content of coal seams. In this study, a new design for gas measuring capsules (canisters) in direct gas measurement technique was made and then it was manufactured. The designed system was used to determine the gas content of coal samples taken from underground coal mines located in Gediz and Tavşanlı districts of Kütahya province. After the preliminary tests, it was realized that gas content of coal seams could be measured as close as to the in-situ values using the extra facilities of the canister designed and the sampling technique proposed. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the Gediz samples had an average gas content of 0.30 m3/ton, and the Tavşanlı samples had an average gas content of 0.63 m3/ton, on as-received basis and under standard temperature and pressure conditions.
Packaging refers to the process applied to protect materials against environmental factors such as oxygen, moisture, light, and microorganisms, thereby preserving product quality and extending shelf life. Petroleum-based plastics, which are commonly used in packaging applications, are not biodegradable and can persist in the environment for long periods. This has led to an increasing demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable packaging materials. However, many biodegradable packaging materials exhibit limited mechanical strength, restricting their practical applicability in protective packaging systems. In this study, bio-based biocomposite films were prepared and characterized using chitosan, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) biopolymers, reinforced with locally sourced hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), with the aim of developing potential biodegradable packaging films with both sufficient mechanical strength and antibacterial functionality. The results demonstrated that the biocomposite films exhibited resistance to solvents with different characteristics. Optical microscopy and SEM analyses confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of the reinforcing materials within the polymer matrix. Compared to similar materials reported in the literature, the developed biocomposite films displayed superior mechanical performance. Soil burial tests further verified that the biocomposite films exhibited significantly higher biodegradability than conventional plastics. Among the developed formulations, the 3BP film containing pomegranate peel exhibited promising characteristics for sustainable packaging applications due to its strong mechanical and antibacterial performance.
This study examines the design and structural analysis of a precast reinforced concrete industrial building composed of three halls. The building includes a partial second floor located in the upper left section of the plan, where the story heights are 438 and 440 cm respectively. The structural system consists of precast columns and beams, roof purlins, trusses, gutter elements, and the connection details that link these components. The use of a precast system is preferred in industrial construction because it shortens production and installation time, reduces overall cost, and significantly minimizes on site operations. The structural analysis was carried out with the Sap2000 program, and dead, live, snow, wind, and seismic loads were modeled in accordance with the relevant national standards. The design process followed the requirements of TS 498, TS EN 1991-1-3, TS EN 1991-1-4, Specification for the Design, Calculation and Construction of Steel Structures-2016, and the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018. The behavior of the building was evaluated using a linear elastic analysis approach, and the resulting displacements, internal forces, and connection forces remained within code limits. An increase in stiffness was observed in the region containing the second floor, and this condition contributed positively to the overall stability of the structure. The findings indicate that the building provides a balanced load carrying capacity under both vertical and horizontal actions, demonstrating that precast reinforced concrete systems offer a reliable and economically advantageous solution for industrial facilities.
In recent decades, lightweight concrete production has undergone significant development, and its consumption is increasing worldwide due to its importance in construction and infrastructure. A significant advancement in lightweight concrete technology was the development of industrially manufactured lightweight aggregates. Lightweight concrete offers several advantages, including reduced dead loads in structures and more effective building insulation compared to OPC. Additionally, sustainable building materials, such as geopolymers, are used to address ecological problems associated with the production of Portland cement. Lightweight geopolymer concrete combines the advantages of the two approaches. They can be produced by mixing low-specific-gravity natural or synthetic aggregates with aluminosilicate binders and an alkaline solution. In this study, geopolymer samples were produced using fly ash as an aluminosilicate precursor and expanded perlite as a partial replacement for the CEN standard sand by weight. The production of lightweight geopolymers using expanded perlite and the effects of production conditions on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the geopolymers were investigated. Geopolymer samples were produced using different water amounts and cured at different curing temperatures, and their effects on the properties were investigated. Findings revealed that using expanded perlite, particularly at 70°C curing temperature and a specific water amount (to obtain a flow diameter of 15 cm), significantly decreased density while maintaining mechanical properties by obtaining acceptable compressive strength, approximately 75% of that of the reference sample, resulting in an effective lightweight geopolymer mortar that supports sustainable practices.
Mobile applications have become essential in daily life, influencing how people communicate, work, and entertain themselves, with millions of apps available on platforms. User feedback through ratings and reviews serves as a key measure of app success, shaping download decisions and overall user preferences. App ratings often vary across countries due to cultural, linguistic, and geographic factors, making localized insights crucial for understanding relevance and usability. Moreover, multiple determinants contribute to app popularity, underscoring the importance of conducting comprehensive cross-country analyses to better understand user engagement and satisfaction. However, despite this importance, prior studies are mostly based on limited or single-country data and lack large-scale comparative analyses across countries and app ecosystems.This study analyzes the popularity, user engagement, and rating consistency of 1521 selected mobile applications across 86 Play Store regions to provide detailed insights into global app usage and interaction patterns. The research examines total ratings, total reviews, and review-to-rating ratios to identify patterns of user engagement and satisfaction, while also assessing rating consistency and preference similarities across countries. It further examines the monetization strategies of popular apps and their influence on app popularity across various categories, while also comparing user ratings between the Play Store and App Store to reveal platform-specific dynamics and feedback variations.
Architectural competitions hold a pivotal role in shaping the global architectural discourse, including in Turkey, by fostering innovation and being the benchmark for contemporary aesthetic trends. Architectural aesthetics, a dynamic construct influenced by cultural, political, and technological shifts, are prominently reflected in these competitions. However, the definition of architectural aesthetics is elusive, shifting from a traditional emphasis on beauty to a contemporary focus on the multi-sensory perception of the spatial atmosphere evoked by structures. Therefore, this study endeavors to elucidate the often-implicit aesthetic dimensions and methodologies within public building design projects. By examining the project description statements of award-winning entries in national architectural competitions held after 2020, this study aims to explore how subject-based and object-based aesthetic approaches are represented within contemporary architectural discourse and how the relationship between these approaches is constructed. Methodologically, we employed quantitative and qualitative content analysis on the textual descriptions of 106 award-winning public building designs and classified architects’ aesthetic orientations. In this study, compositional aesthetic approaches are defined as object-based design strategies that organize spatial form, programmatic relationships, circulation, and visual composition through principles such as scale, proportion, and hierarchy, while atmospheric aesthetic approaches are defined as subject-based expressions related to sensory experience, emotion, mood, and the experiential qualities of space. According to these studies, our findings indicate a dominance of compositional approaches over atmospheric ones, with few explicit references to the aesthetic context within either approach. By systematically examining award-winning projects within a defined contemporary timeframe, this study offers an empirically grounded account of how aesthetic priorities are articulated and normalized in recent public architectural practice in Turkey.
Vitamin E that contains α, β, γ, and δ-tocopherols and their tocotrienols is a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties. Adsorption of α-tocopherol is performed for various purposes, such as its purification from a product with different sorbents. We studied the adsorption of α-tocopherol onto silica. Firstly, hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time, and calcination time were optimized for silica synthesis according to the Taguchi design L9 orthogonal array. HT temperature 120 °C, HT time 72 hours, and calcination time 6 hours were determined for the best adsorption. Under these conditions, silica synthesis was carried out with ionic (CTAB and SDS) and non-ionic (P123) surfactants. Adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models and data fit the Langmuir model better. Maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 153.85 mg/g for CTAB, 133.33 mg/g for P123, and 111.11 mg/g for SDS according to the Langmuir model. The synthesized materials were also characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and N2 adsorption/desorption methods. Although no statistically significant difference was found between the silica and silicas that synthesized with surfactants, the α-tocopherol adsorption capacity of silicas synthesized with CTAB was found to be higher than that of the other surfactants. The molecular structure of the surfactant used during synthesis changes the surface of the last material and the adsorption capacity of molecules. It has been observed that the use of a surfactant increases the BET surface area.
The utilization of industrial by-products in ceramic production has become an essential strategy for enhancing both the sustainability and competitiveness of the ceramics industry. This study investigates the valorization of boron waste as a sustainable alternative raw material and sintering additive in the production of cordierite ceramics (2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2). Cordierite ceramics are essential for high-temperature applications due to their low coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent thermal shock resistance; however, their synthesis typically requires high temperatures and narrow sintering ranges, leading to high energy consumption. In this work, cordierite bodies were formulated using magnesite, kaolin, and quartz, with boron waste additions ranging from 0 to 1 wt.% to evaluate its potential as a cost-effective fluxing agent. The samples were produced via the slip casting method and sintered at 1260°C and 1320°C for 2 hours. Phase analysis, performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement. Additionally, the bulk densities of the sintered specimens were determined by the Archimedes method, while their flexural strengths were measured using three-point bending tests. The results, quantified via Rietveld refinement, indicate that the cordierite phase content increased with the addition of 1 wt.% boron waste at 1320°C. Furthermore, a significant improvement in mechanical properties was observed; the flexural strength rose to 30.36 MPa. This study demonstrates that the incorporation of boron waste not only promotes the synthesis of high-performance cordierite ceramics at lower temperatures but also offers a viable pathway for environmental protection and resource management through the effective recycling of industrial wastes.
This study presents a comprehensive comparative performance analysis of the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and the Surrogate-Assisted Differential Evolution (SADEA) algorithms for the design optimization of an 8-element linear dipole array operating at the 28 GHz 5G mmWave band. The optimization objective focuses on maximizing realized gain while maintaining a stringent impedance matching constraint of S11 < -15 dB. To ensure physical accuracy, a realistic loss model incorporating copper conductor losses is employed. Both methods are subjected to a restricted computational budget of 150 function evaluations to assess their convergence efficiency under limited resources. The results are validated against a classical design baseline derived from analytical formulations. Findings indicate that while both algorithms successfully satisfy the robust matching criteria, the ABC demonstrates a marginal superiority in achieving higher realized gain and enhanced impedance matching performance within this specific constrained mmWave design space.
Mentha piperita esansiyel yağlarının denim kumaşlara entegrasyonu, basit koaservasyon (BK), arayüz polimerizasyonu (AP) ve mikroakışkan teknik (M) kullanılarak elde edilen mikrokapsüller varlığında araştırılmıştır. Enkapsüle edilen esansiyel yağlar, 3/1 Z armürlü %100 pamuk denim kumaşlara emdirme, kaplama ve kaplama-yıkama olmak üzere üç farklı yöntemle uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan kumaşlar, aşınma direnci, çekme mukavemeti, kuru ve ıslak sürtme haslığı ile renk değişimi gibi performans kriterleri açısından kapsamlı şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Mikrokapsüllerin morfolojik ve kimyasal özellikleri; Optik Mikroskop, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ve Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile karakterize edilmiştir. İlk bulgular, kullanılan tüm mikrokapsülleme yöntemlerinin kumaşın ilk ev tipi yıkamasına kadar tam antibakteriyel etki sağladığını göstermiştir. Ancak sonraki yıkama döngülerinde antibakteriyel etkinlikte kademeli bir azalma gözlemlenmiştir. Özellikle mikroakışkan teknikle hazırlanan mikrokapsüller, beş yıkama sonrası dahi antibakteriyel etkinliğin yaklaşık %80’ini koruyarak yüksek fonksiyonel kalıcılık sergilemiştir. Bu bulgular, fonksiyonel tekstil uygulamalarında doğal antibakteriyel ajanların sürdürülebilir kullanımı açısından önemli bir potansiyel ortaya koymaktadır.
Bazalt ve bazaltik tüfler, gerek ülkemizde gerekse yurtdışında, seramik bünye ve sırlarında, firit ve cam-seramik bileşiminde, kompozit malzemelerde kullanılan kayaçlardır. Ülkemizin Nevşehir İli’nde çıkan bazaltın aynı ilde üretilen çömlek ve döküm çamurundan üretilen bünyelerin sırlanmasında kullanımı amaçlanmıştır. Dört farklı firmaya ait şeffaf ve opak sırlara % 0-100 arasında değişen oranlarda bazalt ilavesi yapılmıştır. 1000 °C’de pişirilen sırlı bünyelerde bazalt ilavesiyle rengin koyulaştığı görülmüştür. Bazalt ilavesiyle tüm sırlarda anortit fazı oluşmuş, şeffaf sırlarda anortitin yanında kuvars da kristallenmiştir. Sırların ve bünyelerin ısıl genleşme katsayıları sonuçlarına göre % 100 bazalt ilaveli şeffaf sırın çömlek bünyelerinde kullanımının uygun olmadığı, teste tabi tutulan diğer şeffaf ve opak sırların çömlek ve döküm çamuru bünyeleriyle uyumlu oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Sırlarda bazalt kullanımının üretim maliyetini düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, the dynamic behavior of different types of branch shaking machines equipped with slider–crank mechanisms were investigated through a comparative approach. The systems were considered within a common kinematic framework and represented using a reduced single-axis model with three degrees of freedom along the dominant direction of motion. This modeling approach enabled a consistent comparison of different configurations while maintaining the essential dynamic characteristics of the system. Within this framework, the angular motion transmitted through the flexible shaft was converted into linear oscillatory motion via the slider–crank mechanism, and system interactions were represented using equivalent mass–spring–damper–friction elements. Different equipment configurations were evaluated based on whether the engine was externally mounted or integrated, as well as the positioning of the slider–crank mechanism relative to the operator or the branch. Simulation results were analyzed in terms of reaction forces transmitted to the user and displacement responses. The findings indicate that flexible shaft systems provide lower force transmission and improved user comfort, whereas configurations with the mechanism closer to the operator produce higher vibration amplitudes. Overall, the reduced modeling approach proved to be an effective tool for the rapid and comparative evaluation of alternative designs.
Decoding inner speech is a rapidly advancing field with significant implications for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and assistive technologies. In this study how sub-band decomposition, feature types, and classifier choice affect inner-speech classification were assessed. A comprehensive comparative framework is presented, employing various sub-band decomposition techniques including Tunable Q-Factor Wavelet Transform, Empirical Mode Decomposition, Variational Mode Decomposition, and Circulant Singular Spectrum Analysis. From the decomposed signals, 17 statistical, 4 entropy, and 5 frequency features were extracted individually and in hybrid combinations before reduction with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. Classification performance was evaluated with 10-fold cross-validation, using Support Vector Machine, Feedforward Neural Network, and K-Nearest Neighbor. Performance was summarized as the mean across 30 independent runs per condition over six metrics. A three-way repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction showed significant main effects and interactions across all metrics (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes (η2p >= 0.14). The best overall configuration was EMD-Hybrid-SVM outperforming baseline models, yielding a group-level mean accuracy of 54.13%. These findings demonstrate the potential of sub-band decomposition and hybrid features for improving inner speech decoding and contribute to the development of more robust EEG-based BCIs.
Sağlık sistemlerinde randevu çizelgeleme önemli bir problem olup günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalar genellikle tek servis sağlayıcısı, tek planlama dönemi ve önceden belirlenmiş hasta sırası varlığındaki problemler üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tek dönem ve sabit sıra varsayımlarını esneterek problem daha gerçekçi ve karmaşık bir ortam için ele alınmaktadır. Beklenen hasta bekleme süresi, servis sağlayıcının atıl bekleme süresi ve fazla mesai süresi maliyetini en azlayan iki aşamalı bir stokastik program kullanılarak servis sürelerindeki belirsizliği gözetmenin ne kadar iyileştirme sağladığı incelenmiştir. Basit sıralama kurallarına dayalı iki sezgisel yöntem önerilmiş ve bu yöntemlerin çözüm kalitesi ve çözüm süresi açısından performansı araştırılmıştır.
The use of textile-based sensors has increased significantly in recent years, and wearable textile-based sensors have become superior interfaces for bio-signal sensing. Surface electromyography (sEMG), a widely used method for recording the electrical activity of muscles, has been used with textile-based electrodes. However, sEMG signals can be corrupted by various noises, interference and artifacts. In this study, an effective noise reduction algorithm has been developed on sEMG signals obtained from textile-based electrodes. The algorithm introduces a novel hybrid scheme which includes wavelet thresholding to wavelet neural network. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed with real data and compared with existing algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithm achieves remarkable performance in noise reduction and the results obtained with the proposed algorithm are superior to the results obtained with the state-of-the-art existing algorithms. The optimum performance results of the proposed algorithm are observed as a mean square error (MSE) value of 0.0014, a root means square error (RMSE) of 0.0374, and a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.97 with sEMG signals obtained by textile-based electrodes. It is seen that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the quality of sEMG signals for wearable applications thus it is believed to be a potential candidate on the signal acquisition of wearable technologies.
Tasarımcılar ve tasarım öğrencileri, günümüzün hızlı bilgi akışı ile veri üretim ihtiyacına karşılık verebilmek ve iş/eğitim dünyasında rekabet edebilmek için yapay zekâ teknolojisini sıkça kullanmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada erişime açık olan metinden görsel üreten yapay zekâ araçlarının (YZA) iç mimarlık ve endüstriyel tasarım disiplinleri özelinde ve mobilya tasarımı alanında kullanım performansları araştırılmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, metinden görsel üreten ana akım YZA’ların tercih sebepleri, istem (prompt) girişlerinin kategorize edilmeleri ve bu istemlerin sonuçlara olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu hedefe yönelik olarak, mobilyanın temel elemanlarından olan sandalye görselleri, erişime açık ve yaygın kullanıma sahip önceden eğitilmiş Microsoft Designer, Midjourney ve Clipdrop araçları ile üretilmiştir. Üretilen görseller, bu çalışma için geliştirilen ön değerlendirme ve özel ölçüt grupları kullanılarak puanlanmış ve elde edilen veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, kullanılan YZA’ların karşılaştırmalı performansları belirlenmiş ve farklı ölçütlerde değişken başarılar gösterdikleri saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, sunduğu sistematik yöntem ve özgün değerlendirme ölçütleri ile metinden görsel üreten yapay zekâ araçlarının tasarım alanındaki yeteneklerini objektif olarak ölçmeyi hedefleyen gelecek araştırmalar için bir temel model ve karşılaştırmalı bir veri seti sunmaktadır.
The secure and sustainable supply of rare earth elements (REEs) is a global strategic concern since they are essential for sophisticated manufacturing, defense systems, and clean energy technologies. However, because of the intricate relationships between technical, economic, and environmental factors, choosing the most important REEs for industrial planning and policy is a challenging issue. Supply risk, producer concentration, economic importance, price volatility, recycling potential, environmental and social impact, processing difficulty, and substitution potential are the eight main criteria for choosing REEs. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used in this study to examine the relationships between these criteria. The findings show that while price volatility, recycling potential, environmental and social impact, processing difficulty, and substitution potential are primarily effect criteria, supply risk, producer concentration, and economic importance are the main causal factors that drive systemic dynamics. These results are in line with research showing how vulnerable REE supply chains are to price shocks and supply interruptions, as well as how crucial recycling and substitution are becoming. By emphasizing the hierarchical importance of selection criteria and offering recommendations for policymakers to prioritize measures like supply diversity, strategic stockpiling, and investment in recycling technology, the study adds to the critical raw materials discourse.
Copper-zinc-tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS) is a p-type semiconductor material with a high absorption coefficient and an optimal energy band gap. It belongs to a quaternary semiconducting group of I2-II-IV-VI4. Economically and eco-friendly CZTS material is a good absorber layer for solar cells. In this study, CZTS thin films were coated on soda-lime silicate glass (SLSG) using the sol-gel dip-coating method at room temperature. CZTS thin films were annealed in an ambient atmosphere in an oven. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze structural properties, while optical properties were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) and photoluminescence (PL). Elemental composition was determined by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Density functional theory calculations were performed using the HSE06 hybrid method, with the theoretical band gap closely matching the experimental value with a 9% difference. The XRD results indicated that annealing the thin films in an ambient atmosphere at high temperatures led to oxidation and deterioration of the kesterite CZTS form. The optical analysis shows that the energy band gap of the CZTS thin films (1.63 eV) matched the literature.
Akbaştepe Au–Ag cevherleşmesi, İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan Kenet Zonu’nun (İAEKZ) kuzeyinde, Söğüt (Bilecik, KB Türkiye) ilçesinin yaklaşık 6 km güneydoğusunda yer almaktadır. Bölgede hâkim litoloji, Alt Karakaya Kompleksi’ne ait Triyas yaşlı Nilüfer Formasyonu’nun yeşilşist fasiyesindeki kayaçlardan oluşmaktadır. Cevherleşme, yaklaşık K70B doğrultulu, ortalama 5 m kalınlığa ve yaklaşık 2 km uzunluğa sahip bir damar boyunca gelişmiştir. Bu çalışmada, daha önce tanımlanmamış alterasyon zonlarının mineralojik özelliklerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, X-ışını difraksiyonu (XRD) ile taramalı elektron mikroskobu–enerji dağılımlı spektroskopi (SEM–EDS) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, cevherli zonun kompakt ve katmanlı yapılı, smektitçe zengin bir karakter sergilediğini; yan kayaçta ise düzensiz kenarlı, yığınlar halinde gelişmiş ve birbirine paralel yönlenme gösteren kloritin baskın olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Smektit ve klorit arasında genel olarak ters yönlü bir dağılım ilişkisi belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, karbonatlaşma evresine ait dolomit, Fe-oksit fazları, vermiküler şekilli kaolinit ve yapraksı illit tanımlanmıştır. Smektit ile birlikte kuvars, feldispat, kalsit/aragonit, ankerit/dolomit, götit, hematit ve pirit mineralleri ile yer yer höylandit–klinoptilolit, analsim, amfibol ve piroksen varlığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, tanımlanan mineral toplulukları ve alterasyon tipleri, Akbaştepe Au–Ag cevherleşmesinin çok evreli bir hidrotermal akışkan–kayaç etkileşimi sürecine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu süreç; (i) erken evrede kloritik–propilitik alterasyon zonu, (ii) orta–ileri evrede smektit/kaolinit ağırlıklı arjilik alterasyon ile birlikte gelişen Fe–Mg karbonatlaşma ve silisleşme, (iii) geç/süperjen evrede ise Fe-oksitlenmenin belirginleştiği oksidasyon zonu ile temsil edilmektedir.
