Background and aim: Nebulized dexmedetomidine is a promising non-invasive technique of topical anesthesia as an adjunct to lignocaine for awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI). The study aimed to compare two different doses of dexmedetomidine with lignocaine nebulization for AFOI in patients undergoing elective surgery.Material and methods: Ninety-six adult patients of either sex aged 18 to 50 years, belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status (PS) I or II, for AFOI, were enrolled and randomly allocated into three groups of 32 each. Patients received nebulization with either lignocaine alone (Group C) or lignocaine and dexmedetomidine (Groups D1 and D2) for 15 minutes. Cough severity was the primary outcome, while intubation comfort score, post-intubation behavior assessment, patient satisfaction score, Ramsay sedation scale (RSS) score, hemodynamics, and side effects were secondary outcomes.Results: The median cough scores were 2(1-2), 1(1-2) and 1(1-1); median intubation comfort scores were 1(1-2), 1(0-1) and 0(0-0); median post intubation behavior scores were 1(1-2), 1(0-1) and 0(0-0); median postoperative patient satisfaction scores were 2(1-2), 0(0-1) and 0(0-0); and median Ramsay sedation scores were 1(1-2), 2(2-3) and 3(2-3) in Group C, Group D1 and Group D2 respectively and the differences were statistically significant, (P<0.05). The difference in hemodynamic parameters was also statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Although both doses of nebulized dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg and 2 μg/kg) are safe and effective for AFOI, the nebulized dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) appears to be more effective for AFOI.
Background and aim: Incisional hernia is a known complication following abdominal surgery, particularly following obstetric and open gynecological procedures. In settings where these procedures are prevalent, understanding risk factors and effective management strategies is crucial for improved patient care. This study aimed to provide a more precise characterization of risk factors and surgical outcomes in this population through a streamlined prospective analysis. Material and methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital between January 2022 and December 2024, enrolling 61 consecutive patients presenting with incisional hernia resulting from obstetric or gynaecologic surgery. Data on demographics, index operation, hernia characteristics, operative details, and postoperative complications were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: The most common index procedures were emergency procedures, with cesarean section accounting for 62% and abdominal hysterectomy accounting for 19.6%. The most common risk factor was wound infection, observed in 30 patients. Hernia defects ranged from 2 cm to >4 cm, with most measuring 3–4 cm. Sublay mesh repair was the most common surgical repair, performed in 36 patients. Postoperative complications included seroma in 24 patients, wound infection in 17 patients, and chronic Pain in 12 patients. No recurrence was observed during follow-up; however, interpretation is limited by the sample size and the duration of follow-up. Conclusions: Incisional hernia after obstetric and gynecologic procedures remains a clinical challenge. Sublay mesh repair demonstrated favorable, durable outcomes with no recurrence in this series. Preventive strategies focusing on infection control are critical for reducing the burden of this condition locally.
Background and aim: Breast carcinoma is a biologically heterogeneous malignancy with distinct molecular subtypes that differ in prognosis and therapeutic response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based surrogate molecular classification using estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki-67 provides a practical alternative to gene expression profiling. This study evaluated the distribution of molecular subtypes and their association with clinicopathological parameters. Material and methods: A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 108 histopathologically confirmed cases of primary breast carcinoma diagnosed between August 2022 and July 2024 at a tertiary care center in Vadodara, Gujarat. Tumors were graded using the modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (Nottingham) grading system. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, and CK5/6 was performed according to established guidelines. Molecular subtype analysis was performed in 97 cases after excluding 11 HER2-equivocal cases without confirmatory fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Invasive carcinoma of no special type was the predominant histological subtype, and Grade II tumors were the most common. Luminal B was the predominant molecular subtype, followed by triple-negative breast cancer, Luminal A, and HER2-enriched tumors. Molecular subtype showed significant associations with histological subtype, ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 expression, but not with age, tumor size, histological grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, or lymph node status. Conclusions: Luminal B was the predominant molecular subtype in this cohort. IHC-based surrogate molecular classification is a practical approach for routine breast cancer subtyping and provides clinically relevant prognostic stratification in resource-limited settings. Larger multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are needed to validate these findings.
Kidney transplantation remains the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); however, grafts with multiple renal arteries (MRA) continue to pose technical challenges because of their complex vascular anatomy. This study aimed to describe our institutional experience with individualized vascular reconstruction strategies for living-donor kidneys with complex arterial anatomy and to evaluate their early clinical outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed six consecutive living-donor kidney transplantations performed between October 2021 and February 2023 involving grafts with dual, triple, or early arterial branching. The vascular reconstruction technique was selected based on the anatomical configuration. It included pantaloon reconstruction for closely spaced arteries, separate end-to-side anastomoses for widely spaced vessels, and an inferior epigastric artery anastomosis for distant polar arteries before implantation into the external iliac vessels. All six recipients (five males and one female; mean age, 35.5 years) demonstrated immediate graft perfusion and prompt urine output following transplantation, with progressive improvement in renal function and a mean discharge serum creatinine of 1.16 mg/dL (range, 0.72–1.60 mg/dL). No major postoperative complications, including vascular thrombosis, urinary leakage, delayed graft function, or acute rejection, were observed, and all patients were discharged between postoperative days 5 and 8 with stable graft function. These findings demonstrate that meticulous preoperative planning and individualized vascular reconstruction based on arterial anatomy enable the safe transplantation of kidneys with multiple renal arteries and provide excellent short-term outcomes, supporting the broader utilization of these anatomically complex grafts to expand the living-donor pool.
Background and aim: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive complications. Although Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is considered the gold standard treatment, limited patient adherence has increased interest in Oral Appliance Therapy (OAT) as a more acceptable alternative. This study evaluated treatment outcomes and adherence to OAT and explored factors influencing therapeutic success. Material and methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among adult OSA patients treated with adjustable mandibular advancement devices. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and clinical records, including demographic characteristics, diagnostic methods, appliance type, titration procedures, follow-up frequency, side effects, adherence patterns, and interdisciplinary collaboration between dentists and sleep physicians. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. Results: Most participants were middle-aged men diagnosed using polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing. Higher adherence rates (6–7 nights per week) and better clinical outcomes were associated with regular clinician-guided titration, frequent follow-up visits, and effective collaboration between dentists and sleep physicians. These outcomes included reductions in daytime sleepiness, snoring, and the Apnea–Hypopnea Index (AHI). In contrast, unmanaged side effects and irregular follow-up were linked to lower adherence and reduced treatment effectiveness. In addition, administrative and insurance support facilitated timely initiation of therapy and improved long-term use. Conclusions: OAT is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with mild to moderate OSA. Standardized titration, objective adherence monitoring, regular follow-up, and multidisciplinary care are essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and sustaining long-term adherence.
Background and aim: Ridge preservation (RP) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are widely used regenerative procedures for maintaining alveolar ridge dimensions and improving soft tissue management and augmentation outcomes following tooth extraction and implant therapy. The use of biologic materials has further enhanced regenerative outcomes and treatment predictability. This study aimed to evaluate clinicians' experiences and perceptions regarding RP, GBR, biologic materials, soft tissue augmentation, and factors influencing successful regenerative outcomes in dental practice. Material and methods: A cross-sectional survey were conducted among 410 dental clinicians involved in implant dentistry and regenerative procedures. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that addressed treatment planning, graft materials, biologics, soft-tissue management, complications, digital imaging, and clinical outcomes. Results: Most clinicians reported favorable outcomes with RP and GBR procedures, particularly when biologics and proper soft tissue management were incorporated. Accurate defect assessment, appropriate material selection, and surgical precision were considered the main factors contributing to successful outcomes. Soft tissue management and procedural costs remained important clinical challenges. Conclusions: The findings suggest that evidence-based RP and GBR protocols combined with biologic materials may improve treatment predictability and clinical outcomes. Continuous professional education and standardized clinical protocols are recommended to optimize regenerative dental care.
Background and aim: Obesity is a growing health concern among children, adolescents, and young adults and is associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including respiratory disorders. Anthropometric indices such as Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) are commonly used to assess overall and central obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and WHR among medical students.Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 medical students. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, were recorded, and BMI and WHR were calculated. PEFR was measured using Wright’s peak flow meter. Participants were informed about the study procedures, and demonstrations were provided before data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between PEFR and anthropometric variables.Results: PEFR showed a positive correlation with height, indicating better pulmonary function among taller individuals. In contrast, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and WHR demonstrated negative correlations with PEFR. However, the association between WHR and PEFR was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Anthropometric parameters significantly influence PEFR among medical students. Increased adiposity, particularly central obesity, may adversely affect respiratory function. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating anthropometric assessments into respiratory health evaluations and promoting early lifestyle interventions to prevent obesity and preserve lung function in young adults.
Background and aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is challenging due to its aggressive nature and limited targeted therapies. Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles have been proposed as a novel strategy to increase treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. This study aimed to conduct the first meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of these systems in in vitro and in-vivo TNBC models. Material and methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search of reputable scientific databases was conducted to identify studies published over the last 10 years, from January 2015 to September 2025. Eligible studies included those reporting quantitative data related to cell viability, IC50, and tumor volume reduction. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model (DerSimonian–Laird), and subgroup analyses were conducted by nanoparticle type and TNBC cell model. Results: A total of 8 eligible studies, including 15 datasets, were included in the meta-analysis. Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (effect size = 0.44), with more pronounced effects observed in FZD7-targeted nanoparticles and the MDA-MB-231 cell line. IC50 analysis indicated that exosome-based nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles exhibited the lowest IC50 values, reflecting enhanced drug cytotoxicity. Additionally, in vivo data demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor volume (effect size = 0.44), particularly for FZD7-targeted nanoparticles and sol–gel doxorubicin nanoparticles. Conclusions: Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles significantly enhance TNBC treatment efficacy in vitro and in animal models, providing strong quantitative evidence for the development and clinical translation of these systems.
Periodontitis leads to progressive destruction of periodontal structures, often necessitating regenerative interventions. Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF), combined with bone grafts to form "sticky bone", is emerging as a promising regenerative approach. Sticky bone was generated by preparing i-PRF through the centrifugation of 10 mL of autologous venous blood and mixing it with demineralized bone matrix (Osseograft) to obtain a moldable and cohesive graft complex. This fibrin matrix not only secured the graft particles but also provided a biologically active framework that facilitated cell migration, proliferation, and neovascularisation. Additionally, the gradual release of growth factors from i-PRF promotes enhanced angiogenesis, soft tissue repair, and bone regeneration. This case series reports on three patients with intrabony defects and furcation involvement who were treated using i-PRF-based sticky bone. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed at follow-up visits. All cases demonstrated a significant reduction in probing depth, along with radiographic evidence of bone fill. Healing was uneventful, and results remained stable over time. Sticky bone is a promising, autologous biomaterial that supports effective and predictable periodontal regeneration.
Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor that exhibits local aggressiveness. Around 80% cases occur in the mandible, out of which the majority of cases are seen in the mandibular ramus region. Ameloblastoma presents as a non-symptomatic lesion and may be detected during routine radiographic examination. However, the diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological examination. In our case series, we report three cases of Ameloblastoma: one in the maxilla and two in the mandible, of which one was in the ramus region and the other in the anterior region. All lesions were confirmed by histopathological examination with immunohistochemical staining. Histologically, Ameloblastoma has multiple microscopic variants. In our study, we found a follicular variant in the maxilla, a desmoplastic variant in the mandibular ramus, and a follicular and plexiform (mixed) pattern in the anterior mandible. In all three cases, there were varied clinical and radiographic findings. Thus, histopathological examination is a crucial confirmatory tool for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.
Background and aim: Medicinal plants have recently become the focus of intense study for conservation, as documented pharmacological effects support their traditional uses. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of purified 36.3 kDa Coleus aromaticus leaves protein (CALP) using the Human Red Blood Cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Purified 36.3kDa CALP is used for this study. Material and methods: The HRBC membrane stabilization method was employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of CALP. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n=3). Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of the purified CALP was concentration-dependent; as the concentration increased, the percentage of protection also increased. The purified CALP shows a maximum anti-inflammatory activity of 65.93% (±3.12) at 500 μg/ml, which is slightly lower than that of the standard drug Diclofenac sodium [80.34% (±3.90)] at 200 μg/ml. The purified Coleus aromaticus leaves protein exhibits a membrane stabilization effect by inhibiting hypotonicity-induced lysis of erythrocyte membrane. Conclusions: This study concludes that the purified 36.6 kDa CALP exhibits a stronger membrane-stabilizing property than the standard drug Diclofenac sodium and thus has stronger anti-inflammatory activity. Proteins will continue to serve as a reservoir for the development of potent drugs with less severe and life-threatening adverse effects; however, these results need to be confirmed by in vivo anti-inflammatory studies.
Background and aim: The use of modern methods for root canal disinfection and the improvement of apical periodontitis are of great importance. Therefore, the present Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis was conducted to investigate the Healing of Apical Periodontitis after the Gentle Wave System versus Ultrasonic Activation with Negative Pressure Irrigation.Material and methods: The international databases PubMed/Scopus, MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched using keywords aligned with the study objective, up to August 2025. Two blinded, independent authors reviewed all articles. STATA/MP.v17 (College Station, Texas, USA) was used to perform the analyses.Results: Based on the findings of 12 included studies, healing rates for Gentle Wave System was 97% (ES: 97% 95% CI= 95%, 99%; p=0.51; I2=0); the healing rates for Ultrasonic Activation was 77% (ES: 77% 95% CI=75%, 79%; p=0.01; I2=62.88); the healing rates for Negative Pressure Irrigation. was 82% (ES: 82% 95% CI=79%, 85%; p=0.05; I2=60.79). There was a statistically significant difference in healing rates among the groups, with the Gentle Wave System performing significantly better than both Negative Pressure Irrigation and Ultrasonic Activation (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Based on the present meta-analysis, the Gentle Wave System was found to be more effective than Negative Pressure Irrigation and Ultrasonic Activation in improving apical periodontitis.
Background and aim: Given the significance of the butterfly effect in premolars undergoing root canal treatment and their increased risk of vertical root fracture, it is important to investigate the impact of irrigation with different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on premolar teeth with the butterfly effect.Material and methods: This experimental study evaluated 30 single-rooted premolar teeth with butterfly-shaped sclerotic dentin. The teeth with circular root sections were selected to ensure an equal mesiodistal-to-buccolingual width ratio. The roots were sectioned into coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Microhardness measurements were conducted on the buccal and mesial sides at four points within the middle third of each root. After specimen preparation, the samples were allocated into three groups: 0.9% normal saline (control), 2.5%, and 5% concentration of sodium hypochlorite (intervention). Microhardness was assessed before and after the intervention; data were recorded in the checklist, and statistical analysis was performed at the 0.05 significance level using SPSS 26.Results: The average microhardness of dentin with the butterfly effect in all groups, including 2.5% and 5% sodium hypochlorite and physiological saline, was less than before treatment. Sodium hypochlorite at the two investigated concentrations had a significantly greater effect than physiological saline (p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two concentrations (p>0.05).Conclusions: Sodium hypochlorite at both 2.5% and 5.25% concentrations reduces the microhardness of dentin with a butterfly effect. A 2.5% concentration is recommended to minimize potential side effects.
High-grade pelvic serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common type of pelvic cancer among females. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is an established precursor of HGSC, albeit rare and underdiagnosed. Its incidence ranges from <0.01% to 3% in BRCA carriers or those with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer. A 32 32-year-old P2L2 female underwent bilateral tubectomy for family planning, with no known family history of cancer. Histopathological examination of the fallopian tube revealed unilateral STIC. Incidental STIC mandates prolonged follow-up. Diagnosing tubal precursor lesions (such as SCOUT, STIL, STIC) to HGSC is crucial in identifying at-risk patients. The SEE-FIM protocol, along with a low immunohistochemistry threshold, is recommended. Due to its rarity and challenging diagnostic criteria, a high degree of suspicion on the part of pathologists and adequate follow-up are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Background and aim: After rapid maxillary expansion, there is evidence that nasal airflow resistance is reduced. In the developmental age, it is unclear how RME affects upper airway airflow characteristics. Therefore, the aim pf present study was to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway airflow characteristics. Material and methods: The present systematic review and meta-analysis included three randomized clinical trials and sixteen cohort studies international databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, from January 1, 2015 to May 10, 2025, using keywords aligned with the study objective. Data extracted included numbers of participants, mean age, gender, Midpalatal suture maturation stage, nasal septum deviation, Intervention, and upper airway assessment. For each study that included, the mean value of airway pressure, nasal cavity volume, nasopharyngeal volume, and oropharyngeal volume was calculated between before and after rapid maxillary expansion. The statistical analysis was performed with Stata/MP.v17 as fixed effect models. Results: A significant reduction of airway pressure was found after RME (MD = -152.25; 95%CI -154.59 Pa to -149.92 Pa; p<0.001). there was a significant increase in nasal cavity volume after RME compared before RME (MD = 1.88; 95%CI 1.82 to 1.95; p<0.001), mean differences of oropharyngeal volume was 0.87 (MD = 0.87; 95%CI 0.75 to 0.99; p<0.001), and mean differences of nasopharyngeal volume was 0.80 (MD = 0.80; 95%CI 0.73 to 0.88; p<0.001). Conclusions: In children of growing age, rapid maxillary expansion can be an effective method on upper airway airflow characteristics.
Background and aim: Plaque-related pathological conditions such as peri-implantitis (PI) affect the tissues surrounding dental implants and affect the survival of implants. Hence, treatment of PI is of great importance, but bacterial resistance has been observed with antibiotics. Hence, the use of nanoparticles has been proposed. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of metal nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles) in the treatment of peri-implantitis.Material and methods: The international databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched using keywords aligned with the study objective up to July 2025. Two blinded, independent authors reviewed all articles. STATA/MP. v17 (College Station, Texas, USA) was used to perform the analyses.Results: In the present study, fifteen in vitro studies were included. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs in dental implants was 60% (ES: 0.60; 95% CI, 0.54, 0.67). The effectiveness of AgNPs for the treatment of peri-implantitis was 73% (ES: 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66, 0.81).Conclusions: The present study showed acceptable effectiveness of silver nanoparticles' antibacterial activity and reduction of inflammatory factors in the treatment of PI.
Background and aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of mesoporous silica nanoparticles carrying nanosilver in endodontic treatment. Material and methods: The literature was screened via international databases Cochrane, Embase, and MEDLINE (PubMed and Ovid) up to October 2024 with English language restriction. Two reviewers independently performed screening and evaluation of articles. The ToxRTool® checklist information contained eighteen items to evaluate Methodological quality. The mean difference was used as an effect size indicator to analyze each included study. The random-effect model combined the effect size with the Restricted maximum likelihood method. All meta-analyses were performed using Stata software (version 17). Results: A total of 143 articles were retrieved from all the databases; after applying eligibility criteria, eight studies were included. Biofilm was significantly lower in the nMS-nAg groups compared to the control group (MD: -64.94 95% CI; -76.43,-53,44; P˂0.001). Conclusions: Based on the present meta-analysis, nMS-nAg-Chx showed strong antibacterial activity to reduce biofilms.
Nine cases of extramedullary leukemic infiltration were examined using fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), focusing on clinical presentations, cytological findings, and hematological diagnoses. The cases included chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute leukemia, with extramedullary sites such as lymph nodes, skin, pleural fluid, and soft tissue affected. FNAC smears commonly showed scattered granulocytic precursor cells, blasts, and mature neutrophils. One case presented with malignant pleural effusion. The cytological features helped distinguish leukemic infiltration from lymphoma, although challenges arose when FNAC was used without considering the full hematological context. The study concluded that extramedullary leukemic infiltration can occur at various stages and locations, and FNAC is an effective diagnostic tool when combined with peripheral smear examination and patient history. This emphasizes the importance of comprehensive monitoring and interdisciplinary collaboration for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in these cases.
Background and aim: This study presents an oral health survey in Ile-Oluji, Nigeria, following the establishment of a dental clinic at the local Primary Health Care Center. The objective was to establish baseline data for future interventions. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study involving 400 participants was conducted using multi-stage sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and oral examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (p < 0.05). Results: The study population was predominantly young, with a mean age of 29.4 ± 3.7 years, and 77% were aged 15–34. Only 13% had ever visited a dentist. Sub-optimal oral hygiene was common, as 20% had calculus deposits, and only 29.5% brushed their teeth twice daily. Despite 90.5% using a toothbrush and toothpaste daily, the caries prevalence was 21.5% (10% in males, 11.5% in females), with 63.5% consuming refined sugar at least once daily. Periodontal assessment showed that 5.5% had gingivitis and 10% had periodontitis. Although only 3% rated their oral health as poor, the overall quality of life score was low. The mean DMFT was 0.39 ± 0.03, with decayed, missing, and filled teeth contributing 55.1%, 30.8%, and 14.1%, respectively. Conclusions: This population, despite a high self-rated oral health status, experienced poor dental visits, suboptimal oral hygiene practices, and a low quality of life. Adjunct services, including auxiliary training and increased awareness campaigns, are recommended to promote early uptake of dental care.
Synovial chondromatosis is a condition affecting the synovium, leading to severe joint disability and dysfunction, with surgical management, either open or arthroscopic, being the primary treatment approach. We present a case of a 35-year-old male patient with a 12-month history of right knee pain and swelling who underwent arthroscopic excision of intra-articular loose bodies, combined with a limited open technique for extra-articular loose bodies and showed significant improvements immediately from postoperative day 1, including reduced knee joint volume and enhanced knee range of motion (0°-140°), with no recurrence noted at the 12-month follow-up. This case highlights the effectiveness of combining arthroscopy and mini-arthrotomy techniques for managing synovial chondromatosis, particularly in cases with large loose bodies, achieving favorable clinical and functional outcomes.
