The use of air fresheners has been reported to cause some unpleasant health effects, especially on the respiratory tract. This study evaluated the levels of surfactant-D, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in Albino rats exposed to selected air fresheners in both acute and chronic exposures. Forty-two (42) albino rats were divided into seven groups of six rats each (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Group 1 rats were not exposed to any air freshener and served as the negative control group. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to three different air fresheners (A, B and C) respectively for 30 days, while groups 5, 6 and 7 were exposed to the three air fresheners for 60 days. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study, and blood collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples were collected into plain bottles for the analysis of surfactant-D, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha using ELISA technique. The results showed that the levels of these parameters in the rats exposed at both the acute and chronic exposures were significantly higher than the levels in the negative control group. It is concluded that the negative effects of air fresheners occur in both acute and chronic exposures respectively.
The effect of pesticides on the levels of different serum antioxidants and oxidants have been reported in farm workers exposed to pesticides. However, there is limited research on the effect of pesticide exposure on the serum levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) in pesticide-exposed farm workers in South-western Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic pesticide exposure on the oxidative stress indices which are the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) with a view to adding to the growth of the body of knowledge. A total of 70 adults consisting of 40 farm workers with prolonged pesticide exposure and 30 apparently healthy non-farm workers were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide were determined using Spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using the Student's t test and Pearson Coefficient correlation, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The serum level of serum TPP was significantly higher in farm workers [92.35±36.67µM vs 61.09±42.87µM] compared with the controls and the serum level of TAC was slightly raised in farm workers compared with the controls. An insignificant positive correlation was also observed between serum level of TAC and TPP in the farm workers [1028±590µM]. There was a significant positive correlation observed between duration of pesticide exposure and the level of TAC and insignificant positive correlation between duration of exposure and TPP. It could be concluded from this study that farm workers exposed to pesticides have altered serum levels of TAC and TPP and are prone to inducing oxidative stress.
Lead (Pb) exposure is a persistent global health concern, particularly in developing countries, causing multi-organ toxicity through oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of cytokines, including elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and suppressed interleukin-10 (IL-10), represents a key mechanism of lead-induced immunotoxicity. Natural agents with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, such as Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper), may offer protective benefits. This study evaluated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of A. melegueta on lead-induced TNF-α and IL-10 dysregulation in Wistar rats, compared with standard chelation therapy (EDTA). Thirty-five adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups, including normal control, lead-exposed untreated, lead-exposed treated with low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of A. melegueta, and EDTA-treated group. Lead acetate (100 mg/kg) was administered by gastric gavage for 14 days, followed by 14 and 5 days of treatment for extract and standard chelator respectively. Serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured via ELISA. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed using student t-test (p < 0.05). Lead exposure significantly elevated TNF-α and suppressed IL-10, indicating pronounced inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Treatment with A. melegueta extract, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly reduced TNF-α and restored IL-10 levels, comparable to calcium disodium EDTA treatment.
Andrographis paniculata is a widely used medicinal plant in traditional medicine, for its anti-inflammatory and several therapeutic properties. However, its potential hepatotoxic effects remain insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the impact of graded doses of A. paniculata ethanolic leaf extract on inflammatory markers, immunological indices and liver histology in Wistar rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 7): a control group receiving no treatment, a low-dose group administered 10 mg/kg, and a high-dose group administered 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract orally for 14 days. Full blood count parameters were used to compute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation indices (SII, SIRI). Liver samples were examined histologically using H&E staining. A significant reduction in NLR (p = 0.0403) and significant increase in PLR occurred in the low-dose group, suggesting an immune-modulatory effect, whereas MLR, SII, and SIRI showed no significant changes across groups. Red cell distribution width (RDW) significantly decreased in both treated groups compared to controls (p = 0.0097). Despite minimal haematological disruption, dose-dependent hepatic alterations including hepatocyte vacuolation, sinusoidal dilation, and pyknotic nuclei, were observed in treated groups, more pronounced at higher dose. Although A. paniculata extract demonstrated mild immunomodulatory effects, its administration induced observable hepatic tissue damage even at low dose within short-term exposure. Haematological inflammatory markers alone may not reliably predict early hepatic injury following herbal extract consumption. Concurrent histopathological assessment is essential when evaluating safety of medicinal plants.
The study assessed the satisfaction with laboratory services among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) attending the Virology Research Clinic at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife. Consenting clients who accessed laboratory services at the clinic were recruited into the study. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Clients' satisfaction with laboratory services was assessed using a structured (self or interviewer-administered) questionnaire. A structured (self or interviewer-administered) questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents upon exiting the facility. Data were coded while entry and analysis were done using EPI Info 7 and EPI Info Classic software, respectively. One hundred and fifty-seven clients were recruited. The age range of the clients was between 20 and 70 years. One hundred and sixteen (73.9%) were females, 134 (85.35%) were married, 73 (46.50%) had secondary education, and 148 (94.27%) lived in an urban area. Almost all the respondents (99%) were satisfied with ART monitoring services. Patients were satisfied with privacy and confidentiality (98.7%), personnel competency on blood collection (99.4%), cleanliness of the waiting area (100%), and turnaround time of laboratory investigations (99.4%). There was a high satisfaction rate among the respondents, but some respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the turnaround time for laboratory assays that were sent to other facilities because the services were not available in the Obafemi Awolowo University ART laboratory.
The surge in e-cigarette (vaporizer) use among adolescents has raised significant public health concerns, particularly regarding its comparative safety relative to conventional cigarette smoking. While e-cigarettes are often marketed as safer alternatives, emerging evidence indicates that both vaping and traditional smoking pose substantial health risks to adolescents. This review succinctly exploit the recent literature (2019–2025) on the health implications of adolescent vaping and smoking, focusing on respiratory, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Findings suggest that vaping is associated with respiratory ailments, potential cardiovascular effects, and neurodevelopmental issues, while also serving as a feasible pathway to traditional smoking. Conversely, conventional smoking continues to be linked with long-term health detriments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. While vaping is generally considered less harmful than combustible tobacco, neither vaping nor smoking is free from danger. The review underscores the necessity for targeted public health interventions and policies to mitigate the rising trend of nicotine use among adolescents better still a cautious approach which combine regulation of product distribution, institution and community prevention, thorough surveillance and cessation services.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common cause of miscarriage, growth retardation and congenital infections in pregnancy. This congenital infection can cause serious disease to the foetus such as blindness and deafness. This study determined the seropositivity of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. The total number of the subjects recruited for this study was 91 pregnant women and blood sample were taken from each subject. Demographic data was obtained using a pre-designed questionnaire. The samples were assayed for cytomegalovirus IgG antibody using ELISA kit. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test logistic regression at 0.05 significance level. Seventeen (79) samples out of the 91 tested positive, giving a prevalence of 86.8%. The positivity of cytomegalovirus was found to be higher among age group 26 – 30 with a prevalence of (35.4%) and the least CMV seroprevalence, of (5.1%) was found in the pregnant women in the age range 40– 45 years. This study established no significant relationship between seropositivity of CMV and history of blood transfusion and also handling of children with deformity. This study has provided evidence of CMV infection circulation among pregnant women in the study area and therefore should be considered important in the screening and management of pregnancy to avoid the lethal effects of the virus on the foetus.
Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) was originally recognized as a component of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Subsequent research uncovered several highly homologous apolipoprotein L proteins encoded by genes clustered at the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q12.1–13.1). Data suggests that ApoL1 may be associated with lipid and glucose metabolisms or may exert an antioxidative effect as a distinct HDL subspecies in certain dyslipidaemia subjects. The present study aimed to evaluate the circulating APOL1 in diabetes mellitus patients attending Aminu Kano teaching Hospital. Two hundred study participants were recruited out of which 100 were Type Diabetes mellitus patients and 100 were apparently healthy individuals. Fasting plasma glucose, Glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile and serum Apolipoprotein L1 were measured in the blood samples collected from each study participants. Student t- test and Pearson correlation were employed for mean comparison and correlation of the data collected respectively. Results shows significant difference in the BMI, FPG, HbA1c, Lipid Profile and APOL1 between the T2DM and the control group (p≤ 0.005). Pearson's correlation shows no significant association between APOL1 and T2DM markers (FPG and HbA1c) as well as lipid profile.
This study evaluated the role of granulomatous changes in presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending the Infectious Disease Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Using standard laboratory and histopathological methods, patients with suspected tuberculosis were assessed for the presence and pattern of granuloma formation. The findings demonstrated a strong association between granulomatous inflammation and presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis, highlighting its diagnostic relevance. Granulomatous changes were shown to be a key pathological feature that may aid early detection and improve clinical decision-making. The study underscores the importance of incorporating granuloma assessment into routine tuberculosis diagnostic protocols.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pregnancy is a serious health issue associated with spontaneous miscarriage, preterm labour and also accounts for 30% maternal mortality in the third trimester. This study was carried out to determine the anti-HEV prevalence, HEV vertical transmission and possible pregnancy complications among the antenatal attendees attending the two tertiary facilities in Ekiti State. This longitudinal cohort study involved 300 antenatal attendees recruited over a period of 15 months. Plasma samples were initially screened for anti-HEV antibodies using rapid enzyme immunoassay followed by ELISA assay as the gold standard. Seropositive mothers were followed up till delivery. Pregnancy complications and vertical transmission were reported. Descriptive statistics was used to obtain frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation using SPSS software version 21 software for data analyses. Correlation between viral prevalence age was also tested and a p-value of < 05 was considered statistically significant. Performance characteristics of the rapid immunochromatographic technique was evaluated. The HEV seroprevalence of 2.0% was recorded among the antenatal attendees with vertical transmission rate of 16.7%. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of rapid kit for both HEV-IgM and HEV-IgG antibodies were 100%, the specificity was 90% for HEV-IgG and 99.7% for HEV-IgM. Study also showed that 25.67%, 14% and 6.0% of the participants respectively had abortion, preterm deliveries and postpartum complications. HEV infection still remains a significant public health burden in view of its contribution to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality especially in the third trimester. Vertical transmission of HEV is still a challenge and inculcation of routine screening for HEV antibodies into antenatal care protocol will help to identify at risk mothers and reduce pregnancy complications.
Histoplasma capsulatum remains a significant global health burden because of its non-specific clinical presentation, which complicates diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the complete spectrum of the tissue changes caused by histoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, granulomatous inflammation dominates, whereas in immunocompromised patients, diffuse histiocytic infiltrates may occur. Histopathology provides a rapid means of identifying infection; however, these small, narrow-based budding yeasts are not easily visualised with H&E staining. For this reason, pathologists often use special stains, including GMS and PAS. The real challenge arises from organisms that mimic each other, such as Leishmania spp. and Blastomyces dermatitidis, as well as from technical issues involving sample errors and over-reliance on H&E stains alone. More standard techniques are required to obtain a correct diagnosis. Techniques such as immunohistochemistry and molecular studies on FFPE tissue significantly add value, although access to these tools is not available in every laboratory. This article discusses the step-by-step approach to a definitive diagnosis, which requires recognising the microscopic patterns first, ordering appropriate confirmatory tests, and finally using those results to guide therapy in the correct direction.
This study investigated the green synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Lannea subscorpioidea (Oliv.), a medicinal plant widely used in Northern Nigeria. Two precursor concentrations (0.1 M and 0.01 M Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) were utilized to examine the influence of synthesis parameters on nanoparticle structure and biological function. Characterization through UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD confirmed successful formation and concentration-dependent variation in particle features. The UV–Vis spectra of the 0.1 M sample exhibited two major absorption peaks at 272 nm (A = 9.99) and 335 nm (A = 7.50), while the 0.01 M sample showed weaker peaks at 254 nm (A = 2.50), 222 nm (A = 0.65), and 205 nm (A = 0.53), confirming nanoparticle formation and size-dependent optical behavior. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 2478, 2560, 1838, and 1086 cm⁻¹ for 0.1 M, and at 3979, 3752, 2028, and 480 cm⁻¹ for 0.01 M, corresponding to O–H, C=O, N–H, and Zn–O stretching vibrations. These indicate the involvement of hydroxyl, amide, and carbonyl groups from phytochemicals in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. SEM micrographs revealed rod-like nanostructures (average length 80–120 nm, diameter 25–40 nm) for the 0.1 M sample and aggregated spherical clusters (diameter 60–90 nm) for the 0.01 M sample, suggesting that precursor concentration governs nanoparticle morphology and aggregation. XRD analysis confirmed hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, with average crystallite sizes of 20–30 nm. Quantitative phase analysis showed ZnO phase purity of 81.5% with minor muscovite (18%) and chlorargyrite (1.7%) in the 0.1 M sample, and 39.5% ZnO, 56% quadratite, and 6% muscovite in the 0.01 M sample. Biological assays demonstrated potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and nephrocurative activities of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The 0.1 M ZnO NPs exhibited stronger inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (18.5 ± 0.4 mm) and Escherichia coli (17.2 ± 0.3 mm), higher antioxidant efficiency (DPPH IC₅₀ = 38.6 µg/mL), and greater organ protection, with significant restoration of ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea levels in CCl₄- and gentamicin-induced toxicity models. The 0.01 M nanoparticles showed moderate activity, attributed to larger size and lower crystallinity. Overall, the study establishes Lannea subscorpioidea as an efficient biogenic agent for synthesizing high-purity, bioactive ZnO nanoparticles. The 0.1 M precursor produced optimal nanostructures with enhanced physicochemical and biomedical properties, demonstrating potential applications in infection control, oxidative stress management, and organ protection. Further studies on toxicity, molecular mechanisms, and nanoformulation optimization are recommended to support clinical and industrial applications.
Chronic exposure to cement dust is an occupational hazard associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and haematological dysfunction. Cement dust contains silica and heavy metals, which can trigger immune activation, oxidative damage, and alterations in trace element homeostasis, particularly among workers in developing countries. This study assessed the impact of chronic cement dust exposure on haematological indices, inflammatory response, oxidative balance, and trace element status among industrial and non-industrial block molders in Benin City, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 205 participants: 80 industrial block molders, 80 non-industrial block molders, and 45 unexposed controls. Blood parameters measured included red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin, white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), total antioxidant status (TAS), calcium, and zinc levels, using automated analyzers and immunoassays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with significance set at p<0.05. Compared to controls, exposed workers exhibited significant reductions in RBC count and haemoglobin levels, indicating anaemia (p=0.001). Inflammatory markers ESR and IL-10 were significantly elevated in both exposed groups (p=0.001), suggesting persistent systemic inflammation. Total antioxidant status was reduced (p=0.001), reflecting oxidative stress. Trace element analysis showed zinc depletion and calcium elevation (p=0.001). The industrial block molders demonstrated more pronounced hematological and biochemical alterations than non-industrial molders. Chronic cement dust exposure impairs haematological function through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress and disrupts trace element balance. These findings highlight the need for occupational health interventions, including dust control, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and routine health monitoring of exposed workers.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium species, with a complex pathophysiology, influenced by both the host's immune defences and the parasite's species-specific evasion strategies. This complexity has posed a significant challenge to vaccine development, malaria control and elimination. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the host immune responses, the parasite's escape mechanisms, and how these two factors interact in the control of Plasmodium infection.
Infertility remains a very common global issue that is often associated with several factors such as hormonal, cervical, uterine, immunological or psychological influences. Aside from these factors, there are instances where infertility remains inexplicable. Therefore, further research is required to identify the underlying causes of unexplained infertility. This study assessed the nexus between blood groups and male infertility by evaluating the serum testosterone levels. The study utilized a cross-sectional study design. A total of 200 male within the ages of 18 to 40 years attending fertility clinic at the Federal Medical Centre Yenagoa, Family Care Hospital, Yenagoa, and Tobis Clinic and Consultant between the period of February 2023 and August 2024 were recruited for the study. The subjects consist of 120 known infertile male patients, and 60 apparently healthy fertile males, which served as the control group. Five milliliters of blood was collected following standard procedures and used for the determination of blood groups and testosterone levels using Slide Haem-agglutination technique and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique respectively. Special Package for Social Science version 23.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis, and p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The result revealed that the distribution of blood groups in the studied population was 61.7%, 21.7%, 11.7%, and 5.0% for blood groups O, B, A and AB respectively. The Rhesus blood group distribution in the infertile males was 95.0% and 5.0% for Rhesus D positive and negative respectively. The mean values of testosterone in blood group O males were slightly higher than group A, AB and B, but not statistically significant (p>0 . 05) . Furthermore, the mean values of testosterone levels in Rhesus D positive infertile males were insignificantly (p>0.05) higher than Rhesus D negative patients. The study indicated that the incidence of male infertility among individuals with blood group O is consistently higher as compared with other blood groups, suggesting a strong connection between blood group O and male infertility. However, no correlation was found between ABO and Rhesus blood groups and male infertility hormone. But the elevated testosterone levels observed in men with blood group O could represent a possible connection between blood groups and male infertility.
Pregnancy is a very delicate condition which makes women prone to so many pathological conditions. It has also been established that a major cause of pathology in pregnancy is lack of balanced diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the full blood count, copper and selenium levels of pregnant women. A total of 90 women participated in the study including 60 pregnant (subjects) and 30 age-matched non-pregnant women (controls). Subjects were recruited from Antenatal Clinic of Specialist Hospital Sokoto. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain some socio-demographic characteristics and blood samples were collected and examined for some haematological parameters (HCT, HGB, WBC, RBC and platelet count) using the auto-haematology analyzer (Mythic 22, CT, 2008, Orphee, Switzerland). Copper levels were assayed by Dibrom PAESA method (Centronic, Germany) while atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA 6300 Model, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to measure selenium. Data generated was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 statistical package. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical comparisons. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the pregnant subjects were compared with those of the non-pregnant controls. There was a statistically significant decrease in the HCT, HGB as well as a statistically significant increase in the WBC counts of the pregnant subjects compared with the controls. Also, there was a statistically significant increase on the copper and selenium level between the pregnant subjects compared to the non-pregnant controls. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between copper and WBC count (r=0.413 and p=0.00) and between selenium and WBC count (r=0.411 and p=0.00). There was also a statistically significant negative correlation between selenium and PLT (r=-0.449 and p=0.00). Findings of this study has shown that pregnancy is associated with a significant decrease in HCT and HGB as well as a significant increase in copper and selenium level (p<0.05). There is need to routinely monitor the full blood count, as well the serum copper and selenium levels during pregnancy. We advocate that pregnant women maintain a balanced diet, attend antennal clinics regularly and supplementation be provided for pregnant women who are deficient in these micronutrients.
The signature of occult hepatitis B virus is in its ability to escape detection by hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid kit which is the only kit certified across Nigerian health institutions. This phenomenon is a measure set back to haemotherapuetics with increased risk of transfusion with the hidden virus. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult HBV infection among blood donors. In this cross-sectional study, 250 well-screened HB-vaccinated and unvaccinated blood donors were enrolled at some selected secondary health facilities across the six Abuja District hospitals. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to obtain donor biodata and socio-demographic characteristics, CLIA, HB-5 panel check (Arial), HBV DNA analysis, and viral load was performed to ascertain the OBI. Serological confirmation using CLIA technique reveals 8 (3.2%), 11 (4.4%) HCV, 5 (2.0%) VDRL and 30 (12.0%) HBV detection among blood donors already certified free to donate with overall 54 (9.6%) positive blood unit out of 250 sample assayed. Virologic markers reveals 28 (11.2%) HBsAb, 1 (0.4%) HBeAg, 5 (2.0%) HBeAb and 5 (1.6%) HBcAb with 1 detectable viral of 37.0 (IU/ml) among HB-vaccinated blood donors. Similarly, a corresponding 51 (20.4%) HBsAb, 17 (6.8%) HBeAg, 27 (10.8%) HBeAb and 19 (7.6%) HBcAb with mean viral load of 129.8 ±11.3 (IU/ml) among HB-unvaccinated blood donors. Our finding reports the prevalence of occult HBV DNA of 5.2% with the highest in male blood donors with post-secondary school educational status at mean age of 39.5 ± 15.9 years of age. This result underscores the need to urgent intervention in the area of improving diagnostic sensitivity and to design new blood donor screening protocol to enhance transfusion safety.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer globally, with 3 million new cases and over 600,000 deaths in 2022. The clinical heterogeneity of breast cancer and challenges in early diagnosis necessitates advanced molecular biomarkers to guide personalized therapy. This research highlights the role of cancer biomarkers such as hormone receptors (HR), HER2, Ki-67, and PIK3CA mutations in molecular subtyping, prognostication, and targeted treatment. Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, triple-negative, and normal-like are among the subtypes of breast cancer that enhance better-targeted treatment plans leading to better outcomes. Additionally, biomarkers help identify resistance mechanisms, which is crucial for tailored treatments. Targeted treatments, including HER2 inhibitors, hormone-based therapies, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors, have improved survival rates in patients with specific molecular profiles. To improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment, future studies will concentrate on liquid biopsies, multi-omics technologies, and AI-driven biomarker discovery. However, challenges in access to biomarker-based diagnostics and treatments remain, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This review highlights how cancer biomarkers have revolutionized personalized oncology by providing insights into the course of cancer and opening the door to novel treatment approaches.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the rate-determining step in the pentose phosphate pathway. Its activity is a key determinant of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH-to-NADP+) ratio in the cytoplasm and thus contributes to the replenishment of the antioxidant glutathione system. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a common X-linked human enzyme defect of red blood cells. Individuals with this gene defect appear normal until exposed to oxidative stress which induces haemolysis but it is infrequently taken into consideration in health practices. There is a need for the routine screening of subjects on a much wider scale for G-6-PD deficiency in our environment, especially in malaria endemic areas, where quinine and its derivatives are used. This would allow for evidence-based management of subjects with G-6-PD deficiency as well as educate them so as to avoid food, drugs, and other agents that can potentially redispose them to haemolytic crisis or oxidative stress. Data were collected from Tailor and Francis, PubMed, Springer, Nature, Google Scholar, MDPI, BMC and some other related data. In this review details on the molecular mechanisms, pathophysiology, laboratory investigation and possible therapeutic approaches for Glucose - 6 - Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were discussed.
A group of metabolic risk factors known as the Metabolic Syndrome (MS) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type-2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). These include hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, excessive fasting plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity. The prevalence of MS and its constituent parts among adults in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, is the main emphasis of this study. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors among persons who appear to be in good health in the city of Ibadan. A random sample strategy was used to select 207 participants from 11 local government areas in Ibadan for this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric information and blood samples were gathered. The Joint Interim Statement criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. Regression analysis and chi-square testing were among the statistical tests that were performed. The results showed that 16.9% of people had MS. Akinyele LGA had the greatest prevalence (25.7%) of MS participants, with 57.1% of them being female. Significant differences between the MS and non-MS groups were seen in the study's measurements of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles. The results show that Ibadan has a considerable MS burden, especially among women. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and elevated fasting glucose have been identified as risk factors. These show how urgently targeted public health strategies that emphasize regular screening and lifestyle change are needed.
