This study aimed to compare functional mobility and dynamic balance under single-task and dual-task conditions in patients after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and revision TKA, and to examine dual-task cost as an indicator of motor performance deterioration under cognitive load. In this cross-sectional comparative study, 80 patients aged 55 years or older who had undergone primary TKA (n=40) or revision TKA (n=40) at least 12 months previously were evaluated. Functional mobility and dynamic balance were assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Four Square Step Test (FSST) under single-task and dual-task conditions. Under dual-task conditions, participants simultaneously counted backward aloud by twos from a randomly selected number below 100. The revision TKA group showed worse unadjusted performance in single-task TUG (13.37±3.93 vs 11.64±2.13 s, p=0.017) and dual-task FSST (17.57±5.55 vs 14.86±3.94 s, p=0.014). After adjustment for age and sex, dual-tasking significantly worsened performance in both TUG and FSST (both p
This study aimed to examine the associations between pain severity and physical, psychosocial, and health literacy-related factors in individuals with shoulder pathologies. Seventy individuals with physician-diagnosed shoulder pathologies were included in this cross-sectional study. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale at rest, during activity, and at night. Hand grip strength, kinesiophobia, upper extremity disability, health-related quality of life, digital health literacy, and perceived exercise benefits/barriers were evaluated using validated tools. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between pain scores and clinical variables. Pain severity was negatively correlated with hand grip strength, health-related quality of life, digital health literacy, and exercise-related perceptions, and positively correlated with upper extremity disability and kinesiophobia scores. Rest pain showed the strongest correlation with hand grip strength (r=-0.754), followed by upper extremity disability (r=0.690) and physical quality of life (r=-0.677). Activity pain was moderately associated with hand grip strength (r=-0.659), upper extremity disability (r=0.526), and exercise-related perceptions (r=-0.501). Night pain demonstrated the strongest associations with hand grip strength (r=-0.773), physical quality of life (r=-0.730), and upper extremity disability (r=0.718) (all p
This study examined whether adding respiratory muscle training (RMT) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provides additional benefits for respiratory muscle strength, intermittent running performance, and agility in male soccer players. Twenty-six players were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 8), a HIIT group (n = 9), or an RMT+HIIT group (n = 9). The intervention lasted 8 weeks. All groups maintained their usual weekly schedule of five soccer training sessions and one competitive match. The control group received no additional intervention; the HIIT group completed two weekly running-based HIIT sessions; and the RMT+HIIT group completed the same HIIT protocol plus supervised RMT three times per week at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure. Respiratory muscle strength, Yo-Yo IR1 performance (total distance, repeated shuttle runs, and derived estimated VO₂max), and Illinois Agility Test time were assessed before and after the intervention. Significant time × group interactions were observed for all outcomes. Baseline-adjusted analyses showed greater improvements in MIP, MEP, and Yo-Yo IR1-derived outcomes in RMT+HIIT than in both control and HIIT. Both HIIT and RMT+HIIT improved Illinois Agility Test performance compared with control, with no difference between the intervention groups. These findings indicate an additional benefit of RMT when added to HIIT for respiratory muscle strength and intermittent running performance. Practically, low-volume RMT may be added to HIIT-based soccer conditioning when these outcomes are training priorities.
This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up (HOP-Up) questionnaire in households with children aged 2–6 years in Türkiye. This methodological study included 100 parents of preschool-aged children (mean child age: 4.51 ± 1.74 years; 46% girl). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficients. The Turkish version of the HOP-Up questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.882). Corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.263 to 0.707, and the removal of any item did not increase the reliability coefficient. The KMO measure was calculated as 0.779, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was statistically significant (χ²=884.717, df =153, p
This cross-sectional study examined whether the severity of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was associated with alterations in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration and core stabilization capacity. Sixty-five women diagnosed with SUI (mean age: 43.52 ± 7.01 years) participated in the study. Symptom severity was assessed using the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI). Core stabilization was evaluated by Sahrmann’s 5-level core stabilization test, and serum IGF-1 concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to ISI scores, 27 women (41.5%) were classified as mild and 38 (58.5%) as moderate. Serum IGF-1 levels did not differ significantly between the severity groups (p = 0.873). In contrast, core stabilization levels varied significantly across symptom severity categories (p < 0.001), with poorer performance observed in participants with more severe symptoms. These group findings remained consistent after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), parity, duration of incontinence, and menopausal status. ISI score was negatively related to core stabilization level (rho = −0.732, p < 0.001), whereas no significant relationship was observed with serum IGF-1 concentration (rho = −0.009, p = 0.941). These findings suggest that serum IGF-1 did not clearly differentiate ISI severity groups in this sample, whereas core stabilization level may provide more relevant information regarding SUI-related functional impairment. These findings highlight the functional relevance of core stabilization in women with SUI.
To systematically evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and to provide evidence to support the use of exercise prescription in the management of diabetes-related thrombotic risk. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise or lifestyle interventions incorporating an exercise component on plasma fibrinogen levels. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Effect sizes were expressed as Cohen’s d with 95% confidence intervals and pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted According to intervention type and intervention duration. Publication bias and the robustness of the findings were examined using Egger’s regression test and sensitivity analyses involving the exclusion of individual studies. Eight randomized controlled trials involving 2,371 participants were included. The pooled analysis indicated that exercise interventions were associated with improvements plasma fibrinogen levels (Cohen’s d=0.38, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.67, I² = 75.2%). Subgroup analysis by intervention type showed a larger beneficial effect for exercise-only interventions, whereas the effect of combined exercise and dietary interventions was smaller; the between-subgroup difference was statistically significant (P16 weeks) was close to the null. These findings suggest that shorter-term structured exercise programs may be associated with larger observed effect estimates. Exercise interventions may improve plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, with exercise-only and shorter-duration interventions showing comparatively larger effects. However, given the limited number of included studies, substantial between-study heterogeneity, and variation in intervention protocols, these findings should be confirmed in further high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials.
This study aimed to compare the psychophysiological and technical responses in young basketball players on a half-court during single (S) and double (D) hoop of 3-a-side small-sided games (SSG). Twelve amateur male basketball players (age: 16.6 ± 0.5 years; height: 177.6 ± 4.0 cm; body mass: 61.7 ± 2.4 kg; body mass index: 19.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) played of 3-a-side SSG with S or D hoop at 2-day intervals in a within-participant repeated-measures design. These games consisted of 4 min, 4 bouts of 3-a-side with 2 min rest periods. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE), internal training load (ITL), and the physical enjoyment scores (PES) were determined at the end of each game. Heart rate (HR) and total distance (TD) responses were continuously recorded during 3-a-side SSG with S or D hoop. 3-a-side SSG with D hoop induced higher RPE, ITL, PES, HR, and TD responses (p ≤ 0.05, d values from 1.47 to 5.29 [from large to very large effect size]) compared to 3-a-side SSG with S hoop. Furthermore, 3-a-side SSG with D hoops also induced higher technical responses such as unsuccessful shoot (USS), successful pass (SP), unsuccessful pass (USP), total pass (TP) and lost ball (LB) (p ≤ 0.05, d values ranging from 0.61 to 1.33 [moderate to large effect size]) compared to 3-a-side SSG with S hoop. The results of this study show that 3-a-side SSG with D hoop has an enhancing effect not only on psychophysiological responses but also on technical actions. Coaches can utilize these results in their training plans to enhance both the physiological and technical development of young basketball players.
This study aims to determine the minimum familiarization threshold (test-specific calibration) required to measure true performance capacity in the T-agility test and to mathematically demonstrate the systematic bias during this process. The high performance variability observed in the initial trials of agility tests stems from a cognitive and neuromotor calibration process where the athlete attempts to adapt to the test boundaries and rules, rather than from physical inadequacy. Thirty-four youth athletes with team-sport backgrounds (age: 16.12 ± 0.81 years) who were entirely naive to the standardized T-test protocol were included in the study. To optimally minimize the effects of fatigue, the athletes performed 9 consecutive successful T-test trials with 4-minute full recovery periods between each repetition. The obtained data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman analysis. The results indicated that the athletes' performance times improved significantly from the first trial (T1) to the sixth trial (T6). However, no statistically significant difference was detected among the T6, T7, T8, and T9 measurements, indicating that performance stabilized during this 4-trial plateau phase. A substantial systematic bias of 2.89 seconds was found between the participants' initial trial (T1) and their achieved peak score (Tpeak). Consequently, to allow athletes to reflect their true agility levels with optimally minimized fatigue and the novice reaction, we strongly recommend completing a calibration process of at least 5 repetitions at the beginning of the test. Based on these findings, the '5+3 Protocol'—which involves regarding the first 5 trials as familiarization to be excluded, and recording the peak score (best of the subsequent 3 measurement trials) to accurately reflect the athlete's true capacity is highly recommended for coaches and testing specialists to maximize measurement reliability.
This meta-analysis investigates the association between ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms and gymnastics performance by analyzing allele and genotype distribution frequencies. A total of 10 studies published between 2007 and 2023 were included, comprising 615 elite gymnasts and 3621 control individuals. The study focused on the distribution of ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms across different subgroups, including gender and gymnastics discipline. Significant differences in allele frequencies were found, particularly in the ACE gene, where the I allele frequency was higher in male gymnasts compared to controls (p=0.016). No significant differences were observed in other subgroups. ACTN3 polymorphisms, analyzed under allele-based, dominant, and recessive models, showed no significant associations, except for the RR genotype in male gymnasts (p=0.046). These findings suggest that ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms may play a role in gymnastics performance, particularly in male athletes, but further research, with a focus on gender-specific differences and larger sample sizes, is needed to confirm these associations. Additionally, the role of other genes related to flexibility, such as collagen synthesis genes, should be explored in future studies to better understand the genetic basis of performance in flexibility-dependent sports like gymnastics.
The study aimed to compare the acute effects of two different cuff types used in the blood flow restriction (BFR) method on subjective perception of comfort, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and performance (total repetitions). The study included 20 male athletes mean aged 20.55 ± 0.60 years, their mean height was 176.10 ± 6.17 cm, and their mean body weight was 76.50 ± 6.96 kg who had been licensed athletes for at least two years. Participants performed four sets of a multi-joint and single-joint exercise targeting (30% 1RM, failure reps) the lower extremity, using a pneumatic cuff and an elastic band, at different times. Participants completed a lower extremity muscle soreness scale 48-72 hours after using both cuffs. The number of successful repetitions performed during the exercise was recorded. Finally, a visual analog scale (VAS) was completed to compare the comfort levels of the cuffs. Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro Wilk test, which determined the data were normally distributed. A Paired T-test was used to compare cuff types. When the study findings were examined, significant differences were observed across all parameters. Subjective perception of comfort (p=0.001; d=1.91) and DOMS levels (p=0.001; d=1.94) were found to be higher with pneumatic cuffs compared to elastic bands, while the average repetition rate for squat (p=0.001; d=1.66) and leg extension (p=0.001; d=0.93) exercises was lower with pneumatic cuffs compared to elastic bands. Participants found elastic bands more comfortable in terms of comfort, while pneumatic cuffs were found to be more time-efficient compared to elastic bands in terms of repetition rate. Given that DOMS levels are related to muscle damage and this mechanism's connection to hypertrophy, this suggests that pneumatic cuffs may further stimulate the developmental mechanisms used in the BFR method. Consequently, considering the population and objectives for which the BFR method is applied, it is recommended that both cuff types be used as alternatives. For individuals experiencing significant discomfort, especially regarding comfort, the BFR method with elastic bands can be recommended, taking the necessary precautions.
The study aim was to compare lower extremity muscle strength measurements obtained during the quadriceps set exercise in healthy individuals. Twenty-four healthy individuals (23.1±2.1 years, 13 females) were recruited. Lower extremity muscle strength measurements were obtained using a hand-held dynamometer during the quadriceps set exercise and using an isokinetic dynamometer with isometric testing at 30° of knee flexion and at 60°/s concentrically. Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation and Bland and Altman analyses, while within-session reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Also, standard error of measurement (SEM%), minimal detectable change (MDC95) and minimal important change (MIC95) at the 95% confidence interval were assessed. Hand-held dynamometer measurements during the quadriceps set exercise were strongly correlated with isometric measurements at 30° of knee flexion (r=0.598, p=0.002) and concentric measurements at 60°/s (r=0.535, p=0.007) on the isokinetic dynamometer. The hand-held dynamometer demonstrated a good within-session reliability (ICC=0.88, 95%CI:0.80–0.94), while the isometric measurements at 30° of knee flexion (ICC=0.91, 95%CI:0.85–0.95) and the isokinetic measurements at 60°/s (ICC=0.92, 95%CI:0.86–0.96) demonstrated an excellent within-session reliability. Across all measurements, SEM% values ranged between 9–11%. The MDC95 was calculated as 5.97 (95%CI:3.5–8.5) for the hand-held dynamometer, 34.25 (95%CI:16.9–51.8) for the isometric measurements at 30° of knee flexion, and 40.0 (95%CI:20.8–59.3) for the isokinetic measurements at 60°/s. The MIC95 values corresponded to an approximate change of 14% for the hand-held dynamometer and 19% for the isokinetic dynamometer relative to the mean muscle strength values of healthy participants. These findings indicate that the use of the hand-held dynamometer as a measurement method in the quadriceps set exercise position is valid and reliable, and it may serve as a viable alternative to isokinetic testing, particularly in the early postoperative phase when isokinetic strength assessment is often considered unsafe.
This study aimed to examine headache severity, head posture, cervical muscle endurance, cervical dysfunction, and quality of life in females with and without migraine, and to determine the relationships among these parameters in individuals with migraine. Seventy-one females participated in this study. Headache intensity with Visual Analog Scale, headache severity with Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), head posture with universal goniometer, cervical muscle endurance with deep neck flexor endurance and deep neck extensor endurance tests, cervical dysfunction with Bournemouth Questionnaire (BQ) and general health status with Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) were assessed. The Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate differences between groups. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation tests examined relationships among scores. In individuals with migraines, compared to healthy controls, headache intensity, headache severity, and cervical dysfunction were greater, cervical extensor endurance was lower, and quality of life was poorer (p< 0.05). A notable correlation was found between section 1 of the NHP and the BQ (r = 0.441); section 2 of the NHP and headache intensity (r = 0.506); section 2 of the NHP and HIT-6 (r = 0.479); and section 2 of the NHP and the BQ (r = 0.542). Additionally, there was a very good correlation between HIT-6 and headache intensity (r = 0.651); and BQ and HIT-6 (r = 0.651). Understanding these relationships highlights the importance of addressing both headache symptoms and cervical dysfunction in a comprehensive treatment approach.
Volleyball, a widely practiced overhead sport, is strongly associated with a high incidence of shoulder injuries, often resulting from functional and muscular deficits. This study investigated the relationship between isometric strength of the shoulder rotators and upper limb functional performance in young male volleyball athletes. A cross-sectional, retrospective, and comparative design was employed; involving 33 athletes aged 13-19 years from two teams in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Functional performance was measured with the Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) and the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Muscle strength was assessed through isometric peak torque of internal and external rotators of both limbs using a manual dynamometer. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted, with significance set at p < 0.05. Isometric peak torque of shoulder rotators in both dominant and nondominant limbs demonstrated significant positive correlations (r=0.49-0.70; p<0.05) with performance in both functional tests. These findings suggest that the capacity to generate shoulder strength is a critical determinant of superior functional performance, as evidenced by the consistent positive associations between rotator strength and functional test outcomes.
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between joint hypermobility and the functional reach test in young adults in terms of balance and functional performance. A total of 123 young adult individuals, including 98 females and 25 males (mean age: 20 ± 1 years), participated in the study. The demographic characteristics of the participants were recorded; joint hypermobility level was assessed using the BHJMI, while balance and functionality were evaluated with the Functional Reach Test (FRT), which measures the reaching distances to the right, left, and forward directions in both sitting and standing positions. The physical activity level was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short From (IPAQ-SF). A moderate positive correlation was found between the hypermobility score and forward reach in the standing position (r = 0.390; p < 0.001). In addition, forward reach distance in the standing position showed a statistically significant difference according to mobility levels (p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was found in forward, right, and left reach measurements performed in the sitting position (p > 0.05). These results emphasize that positional balance requirements should be taken into account when designing exercise and rehabilitation programs for hypermobile individuals.
This case report presents the outcomes of a balance-oriented occupational therapy intervention in an older adult diagnosed with L5-S1 nerve compression. The participant displayed marked limitations in terms of mobility, balance, and cognitive functioning, which had a detrimental effect on daily living activities and overall occupational performance. A comprehensive intervention programme was developed, incorporating task-oriented activities, cognitive stimulation techniques, and balance-focused exercises. These exercises were tailored to the patient's specific needs. The functional outcomes of the participant were assessed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measurement, the Timed Up and Go Test, the Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, the Tandem Stance Test, and the Fall Efficacy Scale. The cognitive status of the participant was evaluated using the Standardized Mini-Mental Test. The post-intervention results demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in occupational performance, satisfaction, balance scores, and cognitive functioning. The findings emphasise the efficacy of a holistic and customised balance-oriented occupational therapy approach in promoting functional independence and cognitive capacity in older adults afflicted with nerve compression syndromes.
Wingate-type repeated sprint intervals (SITWingate) rely on the attainment of high peak power output (PPO) and the maintenance of average power output (AvPO) as mechanical acute responses that are critical for eliciting aerobic and anaerobic adaptations. In recreationally active participants, the starting cadence of a single WAnT has been shown to influence mechanical power indices. However, the effect of different starting cadences on mechanical power indices during a SITWingate protocol remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether different starting cadences in SITWingate alter mechanical power outputs. Eight recreationally active men (age: 21.1 ± 2.1 years; height: 179 ± 6.4 cm; body mass: 69.8 ± 7.1 kg) volunteered to participate. Participants completed two SIT protocols with different starting cadences (SIT80rpm and SIT120rpm) in sessions separated by ≥72 hours. Each protocol consisted of three 30-s all-out cycling bouts against a standardized load corresponding to 7.5% of body mass, interspersed with 4-min passive recovery. For each bout, PPO and AvPO were obtained. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no significant main effect of starting cadence on PPO (F(1,7) = 0.11, p = 0.755, ηp² = 0.015), and AvPO (F(1,7) = 0.11, p = 0.753, ηp² = 0.015). Moreover, when the means of the three sprints were compared, no differences between protocols were detected for PPO (p = 0.755) and AvPO (p = 0.753). In conclusion, starting cadences (SIT80rpm vs. SIT120rpm) had no statistically significant effect on SITWingate performance indices among recreationally active men.
The aim of this study is to investigate whether Life Kinetic training - an educational program that stimulates the neuronal learning process, restructures neural networks, reduces neural symptoms, and improves concentration and visual system performance - has an effect on the development of certain neurotrophic factors in basketball players. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the impact of Life Kinetic training as a tool for enhancing athletic performance across various sports disciplines. A total of 30 male athletes, aged between 15 and 18, voluntarily participated in the research, divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Participants' height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. To identify neurotrophic factors, Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Nerve Growth Facor (NGF), Neurotrophin – 3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin – 4 (NT-4) levels were analyzed. All tests were administered as pre-tests and post-tests. The data were statistically evaluated using SPSS 25.0 software. The Paired Sample T-test was utilized to determine intra-group changes between pre-test and post-test measurements, while the Independent Sample T-test was used to compare variables between the experimental and control groups. Results were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Statistical evaluation revealed a significant difference in BDNF and NGF parameters between the groups. Although no significant difference was found between groups for NT-3 and NT-4 parameters, the experimental group showed greater improvement in pre-test and post-test values compared to the control group. In conclusion, it can be stated that Life Kinetic training applied for duration of 2 months (8 weeks) has a positive effect on the development of neurotrophic factors in basketball players.
Smart Speed® is a device designed to evaluate and improve reaction time. The study aimed to demonstrate the concurrent validity of the Smart Speed® in assessing reaction time in a healthy young population. To evaluate the concurrent validity of Smart Speed®, correlations between Smart Speed®, BlazePod™, and the Nelson Foot Reaction Test were analyzed. A modified version of the Star Balance Test (mSBT) and One-Leg Balance Test (OLBT) were performed with Blazepod™ and Smart Speed®. All tests were performed bilaterally. Among the participants who met the inclusion criteria, 47 engaged in the Blazepod™ evaluation session, while 37 in the Smart Speed®. A significant moderate positive correlation was observed between the Smart Speed® mSBT outcomes and the Nelson Foot Reaction Test for both the dominant (r = 0.387, p = 0.018) and non-dominant sides (r = 0.386, p = 0.018). No correlation was found between the tests performed with the Smart Speed® and the BlazePod™. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence of concurrent validity for Smart Speed® in specific reaction-time-related tasks. However, improvements in the synchronization of its lights are still required. Once these adjustments are implemented, it has the potential to serve as an effective and objective tool for assessing and enhancing reaction time in rehabilitation.
The use of anatomy models is very common among students who are becoming healthcare professionals due to its ease of learning, and teaching in practical lessons. The purpose of this research was to determine upper extremity posture by photo-anthropometry during anatomy model use, compared with those in neutral standing and sitting postures. A total of 120 subjects (73 females and 47 males), aged 18 to 25 years from the Faculties of Medicine and Health Sciences, participated in this study. Students’ elbow flexion angle, wrist ulnar deviation angle, carrying angle, shoulder angle, axilla height angle, and olecranon angles were measured using a photographic method and the ImageJ software program in different positions. The obtained measurements were analyzed for correlations with gender, standing/sitting, with/without model, faculties, and BMI. Male students had lower elbow flexion angles during model use in standing and sitting positions and they had lower wrist ulnar deviation angles during model use in sitting position compared to female students. Medical students had higher wrist ulnar deviation angles in standing and neutral positions, and they had higher shoulder angles, axilla height angles, and olecranon angles in all positions compared to Health Sciences students. Students with higher BMI had lower wrist ulnar deviation angles and carrying angles in standing and neutral positions. Practical anatomy training with the model should be done in proper positions for preventing the development of postural scoliosis, carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel syndromes. The training environment should be designed in anatomy practice rooms to prevent incorrect posture.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine (CAF) consumption at different time-of-day, in relation to circadian rhythm, on selected performance parameters and hydration status in football players, as well as to assess gastrointestinal responses following CAF intake. The study included twelve trained male football players aged between 18-25 years. Within the experimental design, which employed a randomized, single-blind approach, the familiarization session was conducted on the first day, followed by three separate test days. Sixty minutes before the initiation of testing, the football players ingested CAF at a dose of 6 mg/kg⁻¹. The tests, measurements, and analyses were conducted at 10:00 a.m. on day 1, 14:00 p.m. on day 2, and 18:00 p.m. on day 3. Differences between variables were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. No significant difference was found in vertical jump, anaerobic power, change of direction (COD), 10 and 20m sprint, ball speed, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and visual analogue scale (VAS) between time-of-day after CAF intake (p>0.05). There were significant main effects for the 30m sprint between time-of-day after CAF intake (p0.05). There was a significant difference in the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) total between the time-of-day after CAF intake (p
