Актуальнiсть. Формування густоти стояння рослин є визначальним чинником ефективного використання потенціалу при вирощуванні ріпаку озимого в умовах кліматичних ризиків і обмежених ресурсів. Вивчення її залежності від способу сівби, норми висіву та агрофону обґрунтовує адаптивний підхід до підвищення продуктивності посівів. Мета дослiджень – дослідження впливу способу сівби, норми висіву та рівня мінерального живлення, а також їхньої взаємодії на формування густоти стояння рослин ріпаку озимого, з подальшим обґрунтуванням оптимальних технологічних параметрів для забезпечення стабільної структури посівів та підвищення ефективності агроценозу. Матеріали та методи. У дослідах використовували два генотипи ріпаку озимого – сорт Антарія і гібрид Ексагон. Вивчали два способи сівби (звичайний рядковий (15 см) та широкорядний (45 см)), чотири норми висів 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 та 1,0 млн. схожих насінин/га,у, три варіанти агрофону: контроль (без добрив), внесення мінерального живлення (N₁₂₀P₆₀K₉₀) і добрива (N₁₂₀P₆₀K₉₀) в поєднанні з регулятором росту Карамба. Польові (фенологічні спостереження, обліки густоти на різних фазах розвитку), лабораторні (визначення схожості, польової схожості, показників збереження після зими), математичні та статистичні (дисперсійний, регресійний та графоаналітичний аналіз). Результати. Встановлено, що густота стояння рослин ріпаку значною мірою залежить від поєднання технологічних факторів. Гібрид Ексагон більш чутливий до агрофону, порівняно з сортом Антарія, що проявлялося в більш високих показниках збереження рослин і адаптивності до змін технологічних умов. Побудована модель множинної регресії показала статистично достовірну залежність густоти від норми висіву, агрофону та їх взаємодії, що дозволяє прогнозувати оптимальні параметри густоти перед збиранням. Висновки. Встановлено, що найбільш стабільна й ефективна густота рослин формується за умови поєднання широкорядної сівби з нормою висіву 0,8–1,0 млн насінин/га та використанням добрив у поєднанні з регулятором росту. Результати мають практичне значення для впровадження і можуть бути використані для вдосконалення норм висіву й системи удобрення з урахуванням біологічних особливостей сорту чи гібрида.
Topicality. Maize is one of the leading cereal crops globally and in Ukraine, playing a crucial role in food security, feed production, and the processing industry. At the same time, modern cultivation technologies involve production intensification, which often leads to soil depletion and a deficiency of available micronutrient forms. In this context, the application of micronutrient fertilisers becomes particularly relevant, as they play an essential role in plant physiological and biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis, and enzymatic activity. Deficiency of elements such as zinc, boron, manganese, and others can significantly limit the realisation of the genetic potential of maize hybrids, reduce yield, and deteriorate grain quality. Therefore, studying the specific effects of micronutrient fertilisation on maize productivity and grain quality is a relevant research direction and is of great importance for improving the efficiency of grain production. Purpose. To determine the peculiarities of maize productivity formation depending on hybrid and fertilisation. Materials and Methods. Experimental studies were conducted at the Panfyly Research Station of the National Scientific Center “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS” located in Boryspil district of Kyiv region during 2023–2025. The soil of the experimental plot is typical low-humus light loamy chernozem. The climate of the region is moderately continental. The study investigated maize hybrids Amelior (FAO 240) and MAS 25 F (FAO 250). In accordance with the experimental design, the control trial involved the application of diamofoska (200 kg/ha) during ploughing + urea (200 kg/ha) during pre-sowing cultivation. Additionally, YaraVita Zintrac was applied at a rate of 1.0 l/ha at the 5–6 leaf stage, and Gramitrel was used for foliar feeding at a rate of 2 l/ha at the 4–8 leaf stage. Results. On average, over the three years of the study, the maximum yield (9.8 t/ha) was obtained by applying diamofoska (200 kg/ha) for plowing + urea (200 kg/ha) in pre-sowing treatment as background with foliar feeding YaraVita Zintrac. The protein, starch, and fat content indicators reached their maximum value for the same variant and were 9.6%; 72.3% and 5.5%, respectively. Conclusions. We found that the application of fertilisers as part of the cultivation technology (diamophoska (200 kg/ha) under ploughing + urea (200 kg/ha) during pre-sowing cultivation and additional feeding in the 5–6 leaf stage with YaraVita Zintrac (9.8 t/ha)) has the greatest impact on maize grain yield. The quality parameters of maize grain, namely: protein, starch and fat content, also depended on the application of fertilisers and foliar feeding of maize crops. Key words: maize, fertilisers, feeding, yield, grain quality, protein, starch, and fat content.
Topicality. Production of high-quality grain requires modern innovative approaches in winter wheat cultivation technology, particularly involving the application of biologicals. Purpose. To study the effect of the integrated use of the biological fertiliser Humifriend (1.0 l/ha) and the plant growth biostimulant Azotofit (0.5 l/t) for seed treatment and crop spraying (0.5 l/ha) during the third stage of organogenesis, against backgrounds with no fertiliser application and a mineral fertiliser application (N45P30K30), on the yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field, quantitative-weight, mathematical-statistical. The research was conducted in the temporary field trials at the Khmelnytskyi State Agricultural Research Station of the Feed Research and Agriculture Institute of Podillia of NAAS in 2024–2025. Results. The effect of the integrated use of the biological fertiliser Humifriend (1.0 kg/ha) and the plant growth biostimulant Azotofit for seed treatment (0.5 l/t) and crop spraying (0.5 l/ha) on increasing the productive stem density from 531 to 584 pcs/m² (without fertilisers) and from 585 to 629 pcs/m² (with the application of N45P30K30) was established. The number of grains per spike increased from 20.6 to 21.3 in the control and from 22.4 to 24.0 on the background of N45P30K30; the grain weight per spike increased from 0.85 to 0.92 g and from 0.92 to 1.02 g, respectively, as well as an increase in yield of 0.76 and 0.94 t/ha, gluten content by 1.2 and 1.5 %, and grain vitreousness by 10 and 7 %. Conclusions. The integrated use of the biological fertiliser Humifriend (1.0 kg/ha) and the plant growth biostimulant Azotofit for seed treatment (0.5 l/t) and crop spraying (0.5 l/ha) in the studied agrocenoses contributed to the formation of winter wheat yields with a significant increase in the productive stem density by 10 % in the variant without fertilisers and by 8 % with the application of N45P30K30, as well as an increase in the grain weight per spike by 8 % and 11 %, which provided a yield increase of 19 % and 20 %, respectively. Key words: fertilisation, biological fertiliser, plant growth biostimulant, yield, grain quality.
Topicality. The efficiency of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine depends on balanced mineral nutrition and plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Therefore, the evaluation of multicomponent preparations as components of integrated cultivation technology is of particular relevance. Purpose. To evaluate the influence of multicomponent preparations on grain yield of winter wheat varieties Mudrist Odeska and Kaledon under different mineral fertilisation backgrounds (average for 2024–2025). Methods. In the field trial, the results of ten variants were compared, including a control, mineral fertilisation (P10, N45P45K45, and N30 feeding on frozen-thawed soil) and multicomponent preparations (VitaStar, Antistress, Polyamide, Defense; NEO, Stimulin, UNI). Grain yield was determined with gravimetric method and recalculated to standard moisture content of grain (14 %); data were processed by ANOVA with LSD05. Results. The Mudrist Odeska variety produced the highest yield (3.93 t/ha) in variant no. 10 (N45P45K45 (primary tillage) + VitaStar (pre-sowing treatment) + Antistress (autumn application) + N30 (on frozen-thawed soil) + Polyamide (spring application)), which is 1.88 t/ha (91.7 %) higher than the control; the Kaledon variety – 4.16 t/ha (+2.19 t/ha; 111.2 %). Also highly effective were the variants with a complete mineral background without additional preparations (Mudrist Odessa – 3.90 t/ha), and the P10 + N30 variants with/without the addition of preparations (Mudrist Odessa – 3.65–3.68 t/ha; Kaledon – 3.88– 3.98 t/ha). In variants with preparations but without sufficient mineral fertilisation, no significant increase in yield was observed, and in some cases a decrease in productivity was noted compared to the control. Conclusions. Multicomponent preparations are most effective as a component of integrated fertilisation and anti-stress support, but they cannot substitute for basic mineral nutrition under drought-prone Steppe conditions. Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, multicomponent preparations, mineral fertilisers, grain yield, Northern Steppe.
Topicality. The prevalence of fungi of the genus Fusarium Link in agrophytocenoses is a global phenomenonEfforts by geneticists and plant breeders should be directed towards developing wheat varieties resistant to fusarium head blight, as it is well known that agrotechnical and chemical control methods are insufficient to manage the disease. Purpose. To determine the degree of transgression in F2 populations of common winter wheat in terms of immunological properties against Fusarium head blight and the productivity traits of the main ear under natural and artificial infection conditions caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium Link, and based on mycological analysis of the grain. Materials and Methods. General scientific methods – analysis; laboratory methods – determination of disease resistance (by exposing seeds to an inoculum of fungi of the genus Fusarium Link); field methods – phenological, visual and biometric; statistical methods – processing of experimental data. Results. On agarised culture media, a low level of infection of common winter wheat seeds by pathogens of the genus Fusarium Link was observed (ranging from 1.7 % to 8.5 %). Based on the nature of the disjoining patterns in the F2 populations, forms with infection levels ranging from 0% to 51.42 % were identified. Against a natural pathogen background, the most valuable were 65.7 % of the populations with positive transgression ranging from 1.38 to 39.60 %. Against an artificial background, a decrease in the number of populations with positive transgression was observed; these were found in 54.3 % of cases, ranging from 1.20 to 51.42 %. Mycological analysis of the grain re-vealed a variation ranging from 1.20 % to 17.50 % of positive transgressive forms, providing a basis for the selection of resistant genotypes, and supporting the research conducted against both natural and artificial pathogen backgrounds. Conclusions. Wheat grain was colonized by the following species of Fusarium: F. culmorum (8.5 %), F. graminearum (6.1 %), F. sporotrichiella (5.8 %), F. moniliforme (3.1 %) and F. oxysporum (1.7%). Crossbreeding sources of resistance to fungi of the genus Fusarium L. BILINMEVEN-49 × Natalka, MV 20-88 × Smuhlianka, Donskoyi Prostor × Slavna, Myronivska Rannostyhla × CATALON and (Mikon × ALMA) × Lehenda Myronivska had a positive effect on the inheritance of resistance to Fusarium head blight, and the hybrid combinations developed with their participation can potentially be used as donors for this trait in further plant breeding. Based on main ear productivity (based on the results of three trials), the following valuable hybrid populations were identified: (BILINMEVEN-49 × Natalka) × Podolianka, (BILINMEVEN-49 × Natalka) ↔ MIP Vyshyvanka, Avrora MYR ↔ (MYR Rannostyhla × CATALON) and MIP Kniazhna ↔ (Donskoyi Prostor × Slavna). Key words: plant breeding, varieties, sources of resistance, populations, background, Fusarium head blight, number of grains, grain weight, main ear length.
Topicality. Modern wheat breeding in Ukraine is focused on reducing the time required to develop new varieties, improving their adaptability and the stability of their valuable economic traits. Given the increasing phytosanitary load and climate variability, the introduction of biotechnological methods to improve the efficiency of the breeding process is becoming particularly relevant. One such method is the production of doubled-haploids of wheat using in vitro anther culture, but it requires continuous refinement for greater efficiency. Purpose. To evaluate the efficiency of in vitro androgenesis in bread wheat using liquid and agar-solidified induction media for anther cultivation. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2025 using the isolated anther culture in vitro. The following parameters were determined: percentage of formed calli, percentage of green and albino regenerant plants relative to the number of cultured anthers, percentage of plants that survived after the stages of soil adaptation and vernalization. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results. In vitro androgenesis in anther culture was investigated in 26 bread winter wheat genotypes. The frequency of callus induction varied on both solid and liquid media, ranging from 0.23 to 41.7 % and from 0.22 to 15.0 % of the cultured anthers, respectively. The percentage of green plant regeneration in most genotypes did not exceed 1–1.5 % and ranged from 0.22 to 4.33 % on liquid medium 190-2, and from 0.04 to 17.33 % on agar-solidified medium. Albino plants developed in small numbers regardless of the culture media. Two-way analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant effect of genotype, medium type, and their interaction on the number of green regenerants (p < 0.001). After adaptation to ex vitro conditions and vernalization, 64 green plants were obtained and are currently being grown under controlled climate conditions. The adaptation rate of regenerants was significantly higher (69.6 ± 6.8% vs. 41.6 ± 5.6%) in plants derived on liquid medium. Conclusions. Genotype is the key determinant of androgenic response, while the culture medium modulates its expression. A significant interaction between genotype and medium highlights the need to tailor culture conditions for each genotype. Solid medium enhanced callus formation and green plant regeneration, whereas liquid medium improved the adaptive potential of regenerants. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., in vitro anther culture, regenerant, induction nutrient medium.
Topicality. Heterotic winter rye hybrids are multicomponent systems involving a CMS line, a sterility maintainer, and a fertility restorer. However, insufficient attention is often paid to the sterility maintainer, which is frequently regarded merely as an intermediate link in the development of heterotic hybrids. Purpose. To analyze the research conducted by the Laboratory of Winter Rye Breeding and Genetics at the Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS within breeding programs for developing maternal components of winter rye hybrids based on Pampa CMS. Materials and methods. The analysis covered the Laboratory's research from 1960 to 2025. The study objects were sterility maintainers developed through saturating cros-ses, the backcross method, repeated inbreeding, and the use of self-fertility genes for Pampa CMS. The total number of lines annually ranged from 242 accessions in 2020 to 568 accessions in 2007. The lines were evaluated for quantitative morphogenetic traits. Results. A significant increase in spike productivity was observed when obtaining hybrids with unrelated maintainers in combinations involving lines l.961358 B, l.90693 B, l.90691 B, and l.961157 B, which are currently used to develop A-lines. Self-fertility donors, cultivars Kharkivska 98 and Stoir, as well as approximately 150 lines, were developed. A collection of 15 sterility maintainers has been registered by the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine. A method for developing CMS genetic systems for both Kharkiv (R-type) and Pampa (P-type) sterility has been developed and is being continuously refined. Conclusions. To develop sterility maintainers, the following algorithm should be followed: introduction of Sf-genes into the breeding material; self-pollination and selection of fertile plants; progeny testing; screening for the absence of Rf-genes; and evaluation of combi- ning ability. For a sterility maintainer, the presence of self-fertility genes (Sf-genes) is desirable, while for a fertility restorer, the greatest advantage is the presence of both fertility restoration genes (Rf-genes) and self-fertility genes (Sf-genes). The results of maintaining ability can be analysed starting after the fourth year of saturating crosses. To prevent inbreeding depression, a mixed pollination should be used, combining self-pollination of individual plants with the production of sibs. The specific characteristics of self-pollinating genes should be utilised to obtain a sufficient quantity of seed. A high level of cross-pollination is expected following a previously high level of self-pollination. The use of an unrelated (alien) sterility maintainer allows for an increase in spike productivity parameters. Key words: rye, heterosis, CMS, sterility maintainer, self-fertility
Topicality. Bread winter wheat is one of the main food crops among cereals, occuping an important place in the grain production in Ukraine and worldwide. Changes in long-term average air temperature and precipitation during the current climatic period indicate increasing instability of moisture regimes and growing aridity of the country’s climate. Purpose. To study collection samples of bread winter wheat for adaptability under the Forest-Steppe conditions of Ukraine and, using cluster analysis, to identify the best genotypes characterized by consistently high yield levels. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine during 2022/23–2024/25. Twelve samples from the working collection of bread winter wheat were examined. The Podolianka variety was used as the standard. To assess the adaptability of winter wheat collection samples, the following statistical parameters were applied: arithmetic mean (X̅), range of variation (R), coefficient of variation (V), breeding value (Sc), homeostaticity (Hom), and regression coefficient (bi). Cluster analysis was performed based on adaptability parameters. Results. During the 2022/23–2024/25 growing seasons, meteorological conditions differed markedly in terms of temperature regime and moisture availability, both throughout the entire growing period and at specific stages of organogenesis of bread winter wheat. According to the hydrothermal coefficient, the growing conditions were classified as sufficiently moist in 2022/23, extremely dry – in 2023/24, and dry – in 2024/25. The relative environmental index for grain yield indicated generally favou-rable conditions for wheat growth and development in all years of the study; however, its lowest value (91 %) was recorded in 2023/24. The highest mean grain yield over the three-year period was observed in the following cultivars: Bodycek (7.08 t/ha), Pavlina (6.78 t/ha), T-51 (6.55 t/ha), Fotima (6.31 t/ha), and Zorepad Bilotserkivskyi (6.26 t/ha). Conclusions. Highly adaptive genotypes of bread winter wheat – Bodycek (bᵢ = 0.68), Turkoaz (bᵢ = 0.53), Zorepad Bilotserkivskyi (bᵢ = 0.68), and Fotima (bᵢ = 0.72), with a low response to changes in environmental conditions and ensuring a yield of 6.13–7.09 t/ha. These samples can be used in breeding programs as sources of valuable agronomic traits for developing new high-yielding varieties with enhanced adaptability. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., variety, hydrothermal coefficient, yield, environmental index, adaptability.
Topicality. Global warming, which has been ongoing for the past few decades, has significantly affected the Earth’s climate. In the opinion of scientists, against the backdrop of rising global temperatures, no significant decrease in total annual precipitation is expected; however, greater variability is possible across specific regions, seasons, and years. Therefore, further adaptation of crop cultivation models to weather conditions is necessary, along with the corresponding differentiation of agricultural practices, adjustment of sowing dates, selection of varieties, and etc. Purpose. To establish the influence of sowing dates of winter wheat on the yield formation depending on the meteorological conditions during the growing season under climate change, and to justify postponing sowing dates to a later time compared with those previously recommended. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on the fields of the Ternopil State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture in Carpathian region of NAAS during 1982–2025. Experiments involved sowing 6–8 varieties of winter wheat. Sowing was carried out on 5–7 different dates: 25 August, 5, 15 and 25 September, and 5, 15 and 25 October. The field trials were laid out and conducted in accordance with generally accepted research methods. Methods included field, laboratory and comparative-analytical approaches. Results. Over 43 years of research, the influence of winter wheat sowing dates on yield formation has been established, and their shift in response to climate change has been experimentally demonstrated. It was found that the highest winter wheat yields were achieved by plants that entered the winter dormancy phase during the period between the third leaf stage and the beginning of tillering. The study found that sowing between 1 and 20 October resulted in the highest winter wheat yields – 7.01–9.19 t/ha (2021–2025). Conclusions. During the period 1982–2025 agrometeorological conditions during the growing season of winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, combined with the varietal characteristics of the crop, contributed to the postponement of sowing dates to later periods, thereby ensuring that the yields of new domestically bred varieties for the period 2006–2020 within the range of 5.02–6.14 t/ha, and 7.01–9.19 t/ha in 2021–2025, which is 1.4–2.8 %, and 3.0–9.8 % higher, respectively, compared with crops sown in September in the corresponding years. Key words: agrometeorological characteristics, average daily temperature, vegetation, tillering, vernalisation, yield.
Topicality. Soybean cultivation is a timely and profitable business in Ukraine, driven by the growth of global agricultural production, the high nutritional value of the seeds, and their versatility. Therefore, research should focus on identifying the optimal nutritional conditions for soybean cultivation. Purpose. To determine the influence of optimal growing conditions and seed inoculation on the formation of yield attributes in soybean plants and crop yield. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted on typical low-humus chernozems (humus content 4.12 %), which were characterized by average phosphorus and potassium content and low nitrogen content, in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine during 2024–2025. The experiment was conducted using a three-factor design: factor A – variety, factor B – NPK, factor C – seed inoculation with the dry soybean inoculant RyzoStar (2 kg/t). The varieties Mentor and Avatar, which were studied in the experiment, belong to the early-maturing group. Fertilisation was carried out with N15P39K39; and the preparations Aidamin Complex (1 L/ha) and Dobrodii Comfort Universal (0.25 L/ha) were applied as top dressing during the 2–3 true-leaf stage. Results. The balanced application of macro- and micronutrients ensures the formation of optimal indicators of yield attributes. The composition of yields depended on the ap-plication of major nutrients (NPK), micronutrients (Aidamin (1 L/ha), Dobrodii Comfort (0.25 L/ha)), seed inoculation with RyzoStar (2 kg/t), the genetic characteristics of the variety, and the weather conditions during the year of the experiments. The Mentor variety had higher values for yield attributes. The number of pods per plant ranged from 18.3 to 19.6. The number of seeds per pod under the influence of the experimental treatments ranged from 2.2 to 2.7. The of 1,000-seed weight ranged from 169.1 to 172.7 g. Correlation analysis between the soybean yield attributes allowed us to identify relationships between the indicators under study. All experimental factors influenced soybean yield formation. For the Avatar variety, yield indicators ranged from 1.87 t/ha to 2.84 t/ha. In general, the Mentor variety had higher yields, which varied from 2.06 to 3.04 t/ha depending on the fertilisation and inoculation treatments. Conclusions. The Mentor variety achieved the highest yield due to cultivation in a variant involving inoculation with RyzoStar, application of N15P39K39, and foliar feeding with the complex preparation Dobrodii Comfort Universal (0.25 l/ha) at the stage of formation of the 2–3 true leaf – 3.04 t/ha. Analysis of the factors influencing crop yield showed that fertilisation was the most critical factor (35 %), whilst variety accounted for 24 %. Statistical processing of the data indicates a strong positive correlation between all yield attributes. Key words: Aidamin Complex, Dobrodii Comfort Universal, yield attributes, inoculation, correlation dependence, 1000-seed weight, RyzoStar, fertilisation, yield, Glycine max (L.) Merrill.
Topicality. Weed infestation in crop fields is a critical challenge. An integrated weed control system in agrophytocenoses involves reducing weed infestation through scientifically based crop rotation and primary soil tillage system. Purpose. To analyse the species composition of weeds and their proportions in terms of dominance, subdominance and occurrence within a stationary grain-fallow-row-crop rotation, depending on the methods of primary soil tillage and fertilisation systems in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Weed infestation was assessed by means of transect surveys of crop fields within a stationary nine-field grain-fallow-row-crop ro-tation. Results. In accordance with a survey of crop rotation fields conducted between 2016 and 2020, 73 species of weeds and 13 species of weed-like plants (field crops) were identified. The highest abundance was recorded for early and late spring weeds (39 species or 45 %), followed by winter, autumn and biennial weeds (29 species or 34 %) and perennial weeds (18 species or 21 %). Under moldboard ploughing, the highest number of weeds was found on the crop rotation (control, no fertilisers) and organic-mineral (aftereffect of 30 t/ha manure + N30-60P30-60K30-60) backgrounds – 68 species each. The main species in all variants of study were: Setaria glauсa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis. Among all the weeds present in the crop rotation, S. glauсa had the largest share in the control (51 %). This species, together with C. arvense and C. arvensis, occurred more in the control than in other variants of agricultural practices. E. crus-galli was most prevalent on the organic-mineral background (ploughing, and aftereffect of 30 t/ha of manure + N15-30P15-30K15-30), while C. album, A. retroflexus, S. nigrum and A. artemisiifolia were most common on the organo-mineral enhanced background (chiselling, and aftereffect of 30 t/ha of manure + N30-60P30-60K30-60). Conclusions. Under conditions of the region, the combination of different methods of primary soil tillage and fertilisation system has a significant impact on the share of dominance, subdominance, and occurrence of weed species in the stationary nine-field grain-fallow-row crop rotation. Key words: crop rotation, weeds, agronomic practices, monitoring
Topicality. Selection of cold-resistant maize genotypes is a relevant area of modern research, as it allows preventing crop losses associated with damage to seedlings and uneven seedling emergence due to the action of low temperatures in the early stages of vegetation. Purpose. To assess the cold tolerance of maize hybrids belonging to different heterosis models, to investigate the effect of genotype on the manifestation of the trait and to identify heterosis models characterized by a high level of cold tolerance. Materials and Methods. Eleven maize hybrids were used as the material for the study. The cold tolerance was assessed using a laboratory method involving the determination of seed germination and root length at a low temperature (+8 °C). Results. A significant variation was observed among maize hybrids in terms of seed germination at low temperature (+8 °C) (14.7–93.3 %), compared with laboratory germination rates (at +26 °C) of 95.0–100.0 %. The length of the radicle formed under cold stress conditions was in the range of 1.1–14.6 mm, depending on the genotype. The effect of the hybrid genotype on laboratory germination was 65.8 %, on germination at low temperature – 90.0 %, on radicle length – 96.5 %. Conclusions. The cold tolerance of eleven maize hybrids was assessed, and the effect of genotype on this indicator was established. Four highly cold-resistant, four cold-resistant and three non-cold-resistant hybrids were identified from the total number of samples. Hybrids (DK4168M × DK365SVZM) × DKD3074MV, (DK1693M × DK3068) × DK2323MV, (DK9527S × DK2532ZSZM) × DK744SVZM and DK3263ZSZM×DKD3074MV are defined as highly cold-resistant, (DK4441M×DK4401)×DKD3074MV, (DK365MxDK7744)×DKD3074MV, (DK7443M× DK8816)×DK2323MV and (DK7443M×DK7400)×DK2180 – as cold-resistant and (DK7443M × DK7436) × DK2323MV, (DK7455M × DK7443SVZM) × DK2323MV and (DK296S×DK2980)×DK9178 – as non-cold-resistant. The highest indicators of cold tolerance were more often observed in hybrids of heterosis models Iodent×Lancaster, Mix×Lancaster, Mix×Iodent, Mix×BSSS. Key words: Zea mays L., hybrids, heterosis models, cold tolerance, resistance to stress abiotic factors, seed germination.
Topicality. Systematic study of collection material contributes to the identification of samples with valuable traits and characteristics for effective use in practical breeding. Global breeding experience shows that developing new plant varieties that meet the demands of modern production requires the use of genetically distinct forms. Therefore, the use of genetic diversity of species is an important principle in the development of new high-yielding crop varieties. Purpose. Comprehensively study and identify sources of collection samples of durum wheat based on valuable agronomic traits, and include them in the breeding process to develop new high-yielding varieties. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted during 2021–2025 at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine. The study included 115 collection samples of various ecological and geographical origins. Laboratory and field methods, as well as mathematical and statistical methods, were used. Results. For breeding purposes, the following collection samples are of practical interest due to their valuable economic traits and characteristics: Meica, Leukurum 17–04, Leukurum 17–46, Nadiusha, Remarka (UKR), CBC 509, ALTAR 84/BINTEPE 85/3/STOT// AL-TAR, CBC509, CHILE/6/ECO84/4AJAIA (MEX), Ambral, Flodur (W8607) (GBR), Meridiano (ITA) and Milana (KAZ) of various ecological and geographical origins. They are recommended as parental components for crossbreeding in programmes aimed at developing varieties with high yield potential and drought tolerance. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, sources of collection samples of durum spring wheat were identified according to valuable economic characteristics, which contribute to the efficiency of breeding work for developing high-yielding varieties that meet the demands of modern production. High-yielding genotypes of various ecological and geographical origins have been identified for involvement in scientific and breeding programmes as source material, based on plant productivity traits (spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike) and plant height (medium-grown, short-grown, semi-dwarf), as well as drought tolerance (moderately tolerant and highly tolerant). Thus, sources of valuable breeding material have been identified within the collection samples, forming the basis for the development of competitive new-generation durum wheat varieties. Key words: Triticum durum Desf., collection samples, yield, productivity, drought tolerance.
Topicality. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with fungicides and microfertilisers is a crucial step in achieving healthy, uniform seedlings, as well as influencing the early stages of plant development and preventing infection of seedlings by diseases and pests, which ultimately affects crop yield. This method is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly means of protecting crops. The market offers a wide range of products for pre-sowing seed treatment, but the mechanism of their interaction and effect on seed germination, seedling development, and the vegetative and reproductive systems of plants has not yet been fully studied. Purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different types of fungicides for seed treatment and microfertilisers on sowing quality and yield of bread winter wheat. Materials and Methods. The follo-wing varieties of bread winter wheat were studied: MIP Aelita, MIP Valensiia, MIP Vidznaka, and MIP Fortuna. The effect of the fungicides Greenfort Star, Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS, Cruiser 350 FS, and their combinations with the 5 Element microfertiliser on sowing quality and grain yield was investigated. Results. Treatment of seeds with fungicides and their combination with the 5 Element microfertiliser increased seed germination rate by 0.2–11.7 % and germination energy by 0.2–8.2 %, laboratory germination by 0.2–2.8 %, and field germination by 1.3–9.3 % compared with the control variant. The highest seed germination energy for the MIP Valensiia and MIP Aelita varieties was observed in the variants treated with the Cruiser 350 FS; for the MIP Vidznaka variety – with Greenfort Star; and for the MIP Fortuna variety – with Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS. Higher laboratory germination rates for MIP Aelita variety were obtained in the Cruiser 350 FS treatment variants and its combination with the 5 Element microfertiliser; for the MIP Vidznaka variety – Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS with the 5 Element microfertiliser; and for the MIP Valensiia – Greenfort Star in combination with the microfertiliser and Cruiser 350 FS, and the MIP Fortuna variety – Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS. Higher field germination rates were achieved following the combined application of Cruiser 350 FS and 5 Element microfertiliser. For the MIP Vidznaka and MIP Valensiia varieties, high yields were also observed with treatment using Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS in combination with the 5 Element. Depending on the seed treatment variants, the increase in yield for the varieties ranged from 0.15 to 0.48 t/ha compared to the controls. A greater increase in bread winter wheat grain yield was achieved by seed treatment with the Yunta Quattro insecticide-fungicide in combination with a microfertiliser. The highest yield (6.62 t/ha) was obtained in this variant for the MIP Fortuna variety. Conclusions. We found that seed treatment with the fungicides and microfertiliser under study improved almost all sowing qualities of bread winter wheat and resulted in higher yields. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., pre-sowing seed treatment, chemical preparations, complex microfertiliser, seed quality indicators, yield level.
Topicality. During the harvesting and post-harvest processing of maize hybrids, a range of technical and technological parameters are established which have a significant impact on the seed quality. The key factors affecting seed quality include the conditions and composition of the maize grain bulk harvested by the combine harvester, seed moisture content, the percentage of damaged grains, and the presence of grain impurity. Post-harvest processing methods and procedures, primar-ily seed drying, should be carried out considering these factors. Purpose. To identify the specific features of seed quality formation in maize hybrids during harvesting and post-harvest processing, and to identify their drying methods. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using maize hybrids developed by the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. Technical and technological indicators were studied in accordance with the methodological guidelines of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS; seed quality was determined in compliance with DSTU 4138-2002, as well as additional methods of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. Mathematical and statistical processing of the raw data was carried out using EXCEL spreadsheets. Results. The technical and technological indicators (parameters) were investigated, in particular the composition of the maize ear pile with a harvesting moisture content of 23–35 %; the percentages of ears, leaf-stem mass and shelled grain within the pile were determined. The influence of individual factors (harvest moisture content, type and degree of seed injury, and self-shedding impurities) on the sowing quality and yield characteristics of the seed was established. Various drying methods (natural, ventilated, and thermal) were characterised, and the effectiveness of these methods was determined. Conclusions. The post-harvest processing technology for maize hybrids depends on the composition of the ear pile with a harvest moisture content of 23–35 %. Thermal drying of ears is recommended at a grain moisture content of 26–30 %, which increases field germination by 7 % and yield by 0.69 t/ha (8.4 %) compared to natural slow drying or ventilation. Key words: maize, ear, harvesting, drying methods, seed quality.
Topicality. Modern maize production is characterised by increasing instability in agroclimatic conditions, manifested in rising temperatures, uneven rainfall distribution and an increase in the frequency of droughts. Therefore, assessing the interaction between genotype and environment in determining the morphobiological traits and productivity of early-maturing maize using multivariate analysis is a pressing scientific priority for the development of new breeding material. Purpose. To assess the influence of genotype and growing conditions on the formation and manifestation of morphobiological traits and the productivity of early-maturing inbred maize families synthesised on the basis of mixed germplasm, and to identify promising breeding material for the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine. Methods and MaterialsThe research involved the application of general scientific methods and systematic analysis of statistical data to identify patterns of trait variability. The methodology was based on a combination of a systematic approach to the assessment of biological systems using variation statistics to substantiate the reliability of the results obtained under contrasting weather conditions. The source forms for the research were families of seven hybrid combinations: DK2815×DK247MV, DK2815×DK315, DK2815×DK3152, DK2835×DK3152, DK2835×DK247MV, DK3152×DK247MV, DK3152×DK285/315. DK315SVZM line was the common genetic basis for these hybrids. Results. Significant variability in the traits studied was observed depending on genotype and the weather conditions of the year. The most favourable conditions for maize growth and development occurred in 2023, resulting in maximum values for most indicators. In 2024, elevated temperatures and a moisture deficit led to a shorter growing season and reduced plant productivity. In 2025, trait manifestation was relatively stable, allowing for the identification of crop genotypes with enhanced adaptability. Inbred families were identified that combined precociousness, optimal morphological parameters and a relatively high level of productivity in different years, depending on weather conditions. Conclusions. Promising genotypes were identified that combine precociousness, optimal plant architecture and stable yield under various growing conditions. The results obtained confirm the practical value of these genotypes as source material for heterosis-based breeding and the development of precocious maize hybrids adapted to the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Key words: maize, precociousness, inbred families, germplasm, plant height, ear insertion height, yield, adaptive potential.
Topicality. In recent years, Ukraine has ranked among the top ten countries in the world in terms of grain production and has become one of the key global exporters of cereal crops. Winter barley is one of the high-yielding grain crops, which occupies a significant place in the grain balance of Ukraine. This crop not only ensures stable grain yields but is also a vital resource for animal feed and industrial grain processing. To obtain consistently high yields of winter barley, it is essential to create optimal nutritional conditions, while paying considerable attention to the biological characteristics of crop development. Purpose. To investigate and evaluate specific aspects of the cultivation technology, in particular the effectiveness of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding with biologicals during the spring tillering and stem elongation stages for the cultivation of various winter barley varieties in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Educational, Scientific and Practical Center of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University during 2024–2025, with using winter barley varieties Dostoynyi (standard) and Valkiriia. Field trials were established and carried out according to generally accepted research methodologies. Methods applied: field, laboratory, and comparative analytical. Results. It was found that double foliar feeding with biological product Organic-balance (at a rate of 2.0 l/ha) in the spring tillering and stem elongation stages ensured the most intensive accumulation of fresh aboveground biomass and leaf area in winter barley varieties Dostoynyi (st.) and Valkiriia. At the milk ripeness stage, aboveground biomass reached 1288 g/m² (Dostoynyi) and 1285 g/m² (Valkiriia), while the maximum leaf area amounted to 40,050 and 41,120 m²/ha, respectively. The biological product Azotohelp also increased the studied parameters; however, its effectiveness was lower: leaf area ranged from 35,690–37,280 m²/ha with seed treatment and single foliar feeding, and from 36,080–38,170 m²/ha with double application, depending on the variety. Conclusions. Under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, double foliar feeding with biologicals stimulates the growth processes in winter barley, promotes more intensive accumulation of aboveground biomass, and increases leaf area regardless of varietal characteristics. The highest efficiency was achieved with the biological product Organic-balance applied at the tillering and stem elongation stages. Key words: winter barley, biologicals, seed treatment, foliar feeding, aboveground biomass, leaf area.
Topicality. Nowadays, maize breeding is focused on intensifying the process of developing new hybrids with improved valuable economic traits. One innovative method involves the production of double haploid maize lines, reducing the time required to obtain homozygous material from 6–7 years—as is typical with conventional inbreeding—to 1–2 growing seasons. However, certain elements of this method require improvement to enhance its effectiveness. Purpose. The study aims to evaluate maize double haploids of Lancaster plasm, related to the DK6356 ZSZM line, in terms of morphological traits, productivity and combining ability regarding grain yield, and the selection of promising double haploid lines for the development of short-season high-yielding maize hybrids suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the experimental field of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine in 2023–2025. Twenty double haploid maize lines were evaluated using the following criteria: duration of the period from seedling to silking stage, plant height, ear insertion height, and general combining ability in terms of grain yield based on 75 test crosses. The evaluation was carried out in the control and breeding nurseries according to generally accepted research protocols. Results. Significant variability in the morphological and biological characteristics of the diploid haploid maize lines was established. The following double haploids DK 23-57, DK 23-61, DK 23-65, DK 23-66, and DK 23-72 flowered on average 5–6 days earlier than the parental line DK6356 ZSZM. The DKD 23-57, DKD 23-58, DKD 23-59, and DKD 23-60 samples had plant heights 15 cm above the standard; while DK 23-65, DK 23-63, and DK 23-75 had ear insertion height of 60 cm or higher. The samples DK 23-60 and DK 23-61 stood out for their consistently high general combining ability. Hybrids developed using these double haploids exceeded the DB Khotyn standard in grain yield by 0.32–0.79 t/ha. Conclusions. Promising double haploid maize lines (DKD 23-60, DKD 23-61, DKD 23-57, DKD 23-59) with high combining ability in terms of grain yield should be involved in breeding programs to develop hybrids adapted to the arid conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Key words: maize, doubled haploid, hybrid, grain yield, combining ability, morphological traits.
Topicality. The formation of pea productivity largely depends on the phytosanitary condition of the agroecosystem determined by a complex of phytopathogens and phytophagous pests. Under current climate change conditions, including increasing air temperatures and uneven precipitation distribution, the risk of disease development and pest spread in pea crops increases, resulting in yield losses. Therefore, improvement of plant protection systems combining chemical and biological control methods is of particular importance. Purpose. To determine the influence of different plant protection systems on the phytosanitary condition of crops and the formation of pea productivity under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Field trials were conducted during 2024–2025 at the Private Agricultural Enterprise “Agrofirma Avanhard” (Mykolaiv region, Ukraine). The experiment was arranged according to a two-factor design with four replications using the split-plot method. During the study, field germination of plants, prevalence of root rot diseases, infestation level of crops by dominant phytophagous species, and the prevalence of epiphytic diseases were determined. Yield was assessed by grain weight from the accounting plot followed by recalculation to t/ha. Experimental data were statistically processed using analysis of variance. Results. It was established that plant protection systems significantly affected the phytosanitary condition of pea crops and yield formation. Field germination in treatments with biological protection systems ranged from 76.4 to 82.9%, while in the production control it reached 85.9%. The prevalence of root rot in the control treatment reached 25.5–27.3%, whereas the application of biological prepa-rations reduced it to 2.0–7.5%. Infestation of plants by dominant phytophagous species in biological systems was 3–5 times lower compared with the control. The use of inoculants and biological preparations contributed to yield formation at the level of 3.32–3.46 t/ha and ensured yield preservation of 0.57–0.64 t/ha. Conclusions. The integrated use of biological preparations and inoculants in the pea protection system improves the phytosanitary condition of the agroecosystem, reduces the prevalence of root rot diseases and pest abundance, and ensures a higher level of crop productivity under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Key words: field pea, plant protection systems, biological control, seed inoculation, root rot diseases, pea pests, yield.
Topicality. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a leading crop with high starch content (70–75 %), which determines its significant potential for bioethanol production. Given the unstable moisture conditions in the Steppe region of Ukraine, there is a pressing need to improve agricultural practices aimed at increasing yield and the starch and bioethanol output per unit area. Purpose. To develop the fundamental parameters of bio-adaptive maize cultivation technology and determine their impact on grain yield, starch and bioethanol output per unit area in the Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The primary research method is field trials, with supplementary methods including laboratory testing, calculation, and mathematical statistics (analysis of variance and correlation analysis). The research was conducted in the Steppe zone of Ukraine during the period of 2007–2017. Results. The influence of primary tillage systems, methods of crop residue utilization, fertilisation, predecessors, sowing dates, and plant density on the productivity of maize agrocenoses was established. Moldboard plowing to a depth of 25–27 cm ensured the highest grain yield (6.72–6.90 t/ha), starch output (4.76–4.81 t/ha), and bioethanol output (294–297 dal/ha), while shallow disk tillage and direct sowing reduced these indicators by 5–41 %. The predecessor significantly affected the crop's adaptability: the highest grain yield, starch, and bioethanol outputs were achieved after soybean, whereas coarse-fibered predecessors better compensated for tillage minimization. Early sowing dates (April 15), and optimal plant density (45,000–60,000 plants/ha) ensured the maximum realization of the production potential of maize hybrids Adevey, LG3350, LG3475. An organo-mineral fertilisation system supplemented with microbial preparations stabilised the starch and bioethanol output per unit area. The results confirm that optimizing technological factors improves the efficiency of grain maize cultivation and bioethanol production. Conclusions. Moldboard plowing and an organo-mineral fertilisation system provided the maximum yield, starch and bioethanol output. Tillage minimization reduced productivity by 5–41 %. Higher results were obtained with soybean as a predecessor, combined with early sowing and a plant density of 45,000–60,000 plants/ha. Maximum efficiency was achieved through a combination of an optimal predecessor, moldboard plowing, organo-mineral fertilisation, adaptive hybrid composition, and optimal sowing parameters. Key words: soil tillage, predecessors, organo-mineral fertilisation system, sowing dates, plant density, starch, alcohol.
