Introduction. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of deictic elements – specifically personal, spatial, and temporal markers – in the speech of children diagnosed with delayed speech development. The primary objective of the study is to identify and systematically describe the characteristic patterns and specific challenges that children with delayed speech encounter when employing deictic means in natural communicative settings. The empirical foundation of the research consists of an extensive corpus of authentic English-language audio and video recordings from the CHILDES database, featuring communicative interactions of children aged 2.5 to 5.5 years. Results. The findings reveal a significant developmental delay in the acquisition of deictic competence among children with delayed speech compared to their typically developing peers. While they follow the same fundamental stages of mastering deixis, the process is markedly protracted and accompanied by a distinct set of persistent errors. The study identifies several high-frequency patterns of impairment, including the systematic omission of the first-person singular pronoun, difficulties with the correct case marking of personal pronouns, and an underdeveloped awareness of semantic contrasts within core oppositional pairs of spatial (e.g., here/there, this/that) and temporal deictics. Furthermore, notable challenges were documented in the accurate use of verb tense-aspect forms, which are closely linked to temporal deixis. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the pragmatic-linguistic profile associated with delayed speech development. Conclusion. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications, offering valuable applications for several fields, including ontolinguistics, pragmalinguistics, and, most importantly, correctional pedagogy, where they can inform the development of more targeted and effective diagnostic and intervention strategies.
Introduction. This article explores the functional characteristics of lexical-semantic groups in literary texts. The study is based on the anthropological approach, which is relevant in contemporary linguistics. The source of the material is Yevgeny Zamyatin’s dystopian novel. The focus was on the lexical-semantic group “Materials”. The objectives of the study were to determine the composition and structure of this group, identify the individual authorial components of meaning in the meanings of its components, and describe their systemic connections. Methods. The study utilizes component and contextual analysis, as well as a semantic-stylistic approach. Results. The functional characteristics of this group in the novel “We”. As a result, it was concluded that the lexical-semantic group “Materials” serves as a reflection of a significant fragment of the individual author’s picture of the world. The words that make up this group develop contextual meanings that are actualized under the influence of the immediate syntagmatic environment and are conditioned by the influence of a number of extralinguistic factors: the ideological views of the writer, the genre nature of the text, its ideological and artistic originality and compositional features. The functioning of the words of the group under consideration is connected with the antithetical construction of a dystopia, where two artistic realities are contrasted: the world of the One State and the society beyond its borders. This construction led to the formation of contextual antonyms, as well as specific synonymous series that combine adjectives with qualitative meanings. Conclusion. The study showed that the aesthetic function of a lexical-semantic group in a literary text is associated with the development of individual authorial components of meaning in the meanings of its constituent components, and is determined by the author’s communicative intent and the specific organization of the artistic world of the work.
Introduction. The article presents a contrastive study of the conceptualization of bodily experience in German and Russian languages using the verbs of crawling kriechen, krabbeln, krauchen, robben; ползти – ползать. The study was based on verb collocation profiles extracted from the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (DWDS) and the Russian National Corpus as well, as Google Trends data on search query dynamics and their regional distribution. The study’s results revealed significant differences in the lexicalization strategies for the concept of crawling in the compared languages. In German, bodily experience is lexicalized directly in the semantics of a specific verb: krabbeln already contains an indication of the “on all fours” position (especially when applied to children); robben unambiguously encodes the “lying on the stomach” position, the dominant of the synonymous series, the verb kriechen, has a stable association with the pose “auf Vieren”; krauchen is a dialectal variant. In Russian, the bodily experience of crawling is encoded primarily analytically, with the verb ползать (to crawl) serving as the primary carrier of this information. A conclusion is made about different culturally determined models of conceptualization of bodily experience: the German model is characterized by a subject-structured approach with lexicalization of the mode of movement in the semantics of the root morpheme, while the Russian model is characterized by a process-diffusion approach with analytical coding of posture within the framework of movement. It is established that the concept of crawling receives ambiguous objectification in the German and Russian languages, reflecting deep differences in the ways of categorizing experience, historically established models of interaction with space, and strategies for verbalizing corporeality in two non-closely related cultures.
Introduction. Until 1864, the Russian Empire lacked a clear system of regular medical care for the population. Therefore, the creation of territorial self-government (zemstvos) allowed for the formation of a vertical system of territorial medical institutions in the provinces: provincial hospitals, district hospitals, district hospitals in large villages, and feldsher’s stations. Results. By 1904, a large number of medical institutions of varying levels had opened in the Russian provinces, which, in turn, created a shortage of medical personnel. Thus, the zemstvos were faced with the challenge of expediting their training locally, which required strong and experienced professional mentors. In this regard, the practice of zemstvo hospitals is interesting, as they themselves acted as a kind of forge for the country’s medical personnel: doctors of varying levels of training, qualifications, and approaches to patients came to work there and, faced with challenges in their profession, fully immersed themselves in its implementation, developing effective measures to improve public health. The great physician, scientist, and saint V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky served in many places during his professional career, including Kursk province, where he received patients on site and at home, traveled to areas of epidemics, participated in zemstvo work to disseminate basic medical knowledge, supervised preventive and organizational work, performed more than 1,500 complex operations, summarized a number of surgical cases and published his first scientific articles. Conclusion. Сan reflect the entire multifaceted spectrum of issues encountered in the activities of zemstvo hospitals and trace the evolution of improving the quality of zemstvo medical care in the localities using the example of V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky.
Introduction. The study examines the biographies of Bolshevik revolutionaries from the 1920-ies–1930-ies as one of the persistent mechanisms for the mythologisation of Soviet power. It analyses their ideological features, methods of constructing causal explanations, and socio‑political functions against the backdrop of shifts in the domestic political course. The source base comprises biographical sketches, pamphlets, and published oral speeches about Ya.M. Sverdlov, M.V. Frunze, S.M. Kirov, and V.I. Lenin from the 1920-ies–1930-ies; theoretical works by Marxist authors (N.K. Krupskaya, A.D. Eikhengolts, F.V. Sulkovsky, and others); as well as textbooks on the history of the party, including “On the History of the Bolshevik Organisations in Transcaucasia” and “A Short Course on the History of the All‑Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)”. Additionally, unpublished materials from the Marx – Engels – Lenin Institute related to the preparation of a draft biography of V. I. Lenin are incorporated into the analysis. Methodologically, the study relies on comparative‑historical and source‑critical analysis, which allows tracing how official directives reconfigured biographical narratives and their interpretative frameworks. Results. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Soviet biographies were constructed as an instrument of political myth‑making. Their evolution reflects a shift in emphasis: from the image of the underground revolutionary in the 1920-ies to narratives of the struggle against “opportunists” and the mandatory linkage of a biography to the figures of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin in the 1930-ies. A characteristic ideological technique was the replacement of causal explanations with declarative statements: the hero’s success was derived not from their personal qualities, but from their affiliation with the Bolsheviks and mastery of Marxism‑Leninism. Conclusion. The significance of the study lies in clarifying the mechanisms of ideological influence through biographical writing and in analyzing the role of educational literature in consolidating canonical narratives. The article proposes a working definition of the “popular biography” as a specific propagandistic genre situated between memoirs and scholarly biography. The findings can be applied in research on Soviet historiography, political mythology, and the practices of shaping mass consciousness.
