Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and impact on renal function of same-session bilateral ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in patients diagnosed with simultaneous bilateral ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: The data of 80 primary patients who underwent bilateral ureteroscopy for simultaneous bilateral ureteral stones between December 2015 and December 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Thin-tipped semirigid ureteroscope and a Holmium:YAG laser (1J/10Hz) were used in all procedures. Surgical success (stone-free) was defined as complete clearance or the presence of fragments <4 mm on imaging performed at the 4th postoperative week. Results: The mean age of the 80 patients included in the study was 43.6 ± 15.4 years, the mean total stone burden was 19.9 ± 5.3 mm, and the median operative time was 60.0 (IQR: 48.75–75.0)minutes. The median hospital stay was 2.0 (IQR: 2.0–4.0) days. The stone-free rate (SFR) after the first session was 88.75%, while the final SFR reached 96.25% after additional interventions. Serum creatinine levels showed a significant decrease from a preoperative median of 1.16 mg/dL to a postoperative level of 0.9 mg/dL (p < 0.001). The overall complication rate was 12.5% (n = 10), all of which were Clavien-Dindo Grade I-II (minor). No major complications such as ureteral perforation or avulsion were observed in our series. Conclusion: Same-session bilateral ureteroscopy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of simultaneous bilateral ureteral stones, offering high success rates, a low morbidity profile, and rapid improvement in renal function. With appropriate patient selection, bilateral ureteroscopy should be considered a standard approach in bilateral stone disease.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 317 patients who underwent RC and ileal loop diversion between February 2019 and May 2025. Patients were categorized into NAC+RC and RC-only groups. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were evaluated. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to match the groups in a 1:1 ratio using the nearest-neighbor matching algorithm in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), previous surgery history, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, preoperative T stage, hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC), incision length and urinary diversion technique. Results: Among the 317 patients, 60 (18.9%) received NAC+RC and 257 (81.1%) underwent RC alone. Preoperative T2 stage was more prevalent in the NAC group compared with the RConly group (85% vs. 68.5%, p=0.024). Preoperative hemoglobin (12.6 vs. 11.9 g/dL, p=0.006) and white blood cell levels (8886.9 vs. 7416.8/μL, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the RConly group. Postoperative complications were more frequent among RC-only patients (47.5% vs. 31.7%, p=0.027). After PSM, 57 matched pairs were obtained. The RC-only group demonstrated higher blood transfusion requirements (1 vs. 0 units, p = 0.048), longer hospitalization (17 vs. 15 days, p=0.015), and delayed return to oral intake (3 vs. 3 days, p=0.028) compared with the matched NAC+RC group. Although complications were more common in the RC-only group, the difference was not statistically significant (29% vs. 19%, p=0.058). Conclusion: NAC does not adversely affect perioperative morbidity following RC and may enhance specific postoperative recovery parameters. These findings support the safety and clinical value of NAC in appropriately selected patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Keywords: complication, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radical cystectomy, treatment
Objective: Buccal mucosa graft (BMG) urethroplasty is a well-established treatment option for complex anterior urethral strictures. However, factors affecting surgical outcomes remain under investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of stricture length and smoking on surgical success following dorsolateral onlay BMG urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 51 patients who underwent single-stage dorsolateral onlay BMG urethroplasty between 2021 and 2025. Patients with short strictures (<1.5 cm), urethral fistula or abscess, prior failed urethroplasty, or oral mucosal pathology were excluded. The primary outcome was surgical success, defined as the absence of obstructive symptoms and the need for further intervention. Statistical analysis included the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression. Results: The overall success rate was 74.5%. Patients in the success group had significantly shorter strictures compared to the failure group (median: 2.1 [2.0–2.8] cm vs. 5.0 [2.25–5.25] cm; p=0.002), and smoking prevalence was lower (21.1% vs. 69.2%; p=0.005). No significant differences were observed in age, comorbidities, stricture location, etiology, or preoperative Qmax. In the multivariate analysis, stricture length (OR: 0.461; 95% CI: 0.252–0.844; p=0.012) and smoking (OR: 5.572; 95% CI: 1.130–27.845; p=0.035) remained independent predictors of surgical failure. Conclusions: Stricture length and smoking are independent risk factors for failure following dorsolateral BMG urethroplasty. These factors should be addressed during preoperative counseling. Keywords: buccal mucosal graft, smoking, stricture length, urethral stricture, urethroplasty
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and to examine the relationship between LUTS, disability, and physical activity levels. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 female patients diagnosed with hip OA. LUTS were assessed using the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS) questionnaire. Hip OA–related disability was evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and physical activity levels were measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Participants were categorized as having low, moderate, or high physical activity levels according to IPAQ-SF scores. Results: The median total BFLUTS score was 12 [0, 24]. Filling symptoms were highly prevalent, including nocturia (75%), urgency (60%), and urinary frequency (52.5%). Urge incontinence was reported by 50% of participants. WOMAC total scores were positively correlated with incontinence (r = 0.592, p < 0.001), quality of life (r = 0.518, p = 0.001), and total BFLUTS scores (r = 0.435, p = 0.005). IPAQ-SF total scores were negatively correlated with incontinence (r = −0.378, p = 0.016) and total BFLUTS scores (r = −0.362, p = 0.022). Participants with low physical activity had significantly higher incontinence and total BFLUTS scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: LUTS are highly prevalent in women with hip OA and are associated with greater functional disability and lower physical activity levels. These findings underscore the importance of the systematic assessment and management of LUTS in this population.
Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of volumetric stone measurements including manually calculated stone volume and 3D software–derived volume on stone-free outcomes following mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL), and to assess their relationship with perioperative parameters and commonly used nephrolithometry scoring systems. Materials amd Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with patients who underwent primary mini-PCNL between January 2024 and January 2025. Preoperative non-contrast computed tomography scans were used to determine the longest stone diameter, surface area, manually calculated stone volume, and 3D software–derived stone volume. Patients were categorized into two groups according to postoperative imaging: stone-free (Group 1) and residual stone (Group 2). Demographic characteristics, stone features, operative parameters, stone complexity scores (GUY’s and STONE) and complication rates were compared between groups. Results: Of the 80 patients, 61.3% were stone-free postoperatively. Group 2 demonstrated significantly higher manually calculated stone volumes (p = 0.02) and S.T.O.N.E. scores (p = 0.005). Manually calculated and 3D-derived stone volumes both showed significant positive correlations with stone diameter, surface area, nephrolithometry scores, operative time, and laser usage parameters. ROC analysis identified a manually calculated stone volume threshold of 746.9 mm³ for predicting residual fragments (AUC = 0.656, p = 0.02). In the multivariate model, manual stone volume was significantly associated with stone-free status (OR 18.71, p = 0.042). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant association between stone volume and stone-free outcomes after mini-PCNL. While volumetric measurements may provide additional information beyond conventional parameters. Therefore, stone volume should be considered as a complementary parameter rather than a standalone predictor in clinical decision-making.
Inguinal bladder hernias are a rare condition, representing only 0.5-3% of inguinal hernia. The vast majority of the cases are diagnosed inadvertently intraoperatively. We report the case of a 71-year-old patient with a history of right inguinal hernia who showed symptoms of incarcerated inguinal hernia, but diagnosed with a strangulated bladder hernia intraoperatively. This case presents an interesting development of a bladder hernia that required two surgical procedures with partial resection due to late necrosis. Keywords: acute abdomen, bladder hernia, bladder necrosis, inguinal hernia
Objective: To investigate the association between serum testosterone levels and the severity of penile curvature and plaque size in men with Peyronie’s disease (PD). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 108 men diagnosed with Peyronie’s disease who presented to our urology outpatient clinic between January 2022 and July 2025. Patients with prior testosterone replacement therapy, pelvic surgery, intralesional treatment, or systemic conditions affecting testosterone metabolism were excluded. Demographic and clinical data—including disease duration, penile pain, erectile dysfunction (assessed by IIEF-5), and disease phase—were recorded. Penile curvature was assessed via self-photographs during natural or pharmacologically induced erections, and plaque size was measured ultrasonographically. Fasting morning serum samples were analyzed for total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and metabolic parameters. Results: Mean age was 59.6 ± 7.5 years, and mean disease duration was 22.7 ± 29.4 months. Mean horizontal and vertical curvatures were 12.1 ± 19° and 28.5 ± 19.8°, respectively. Mean plaque size was 8.9 ± 7 mm. No significant differences were observed between hypogonadal and eugonadal groups in curvature severity (p>0.05), plaque size (p=0.54), or disease phase. Hypogonadal men had significantly lower SHBG and estradiol levels and higher HbA1c and triglyceride values (all p<0.05). No correlations were found between testosterone levels and curvature degree or plaque dimensions. Conclusion: Serum testosterone levels are not associated with PD severity. Hypogonadism appears to be a comorbidity rather than a determinant of disease severity, suggesting routine testosterone evaluation may not be necessary in PD management. Keywords: Peyronie’s disease, penile curvature, penile plaque, testosterone levels
Objective : This narrative review evaluates current evidence regarding the impact of paternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use on male fertility parameters and neonatal outcomes. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases was conducted for studies published up to December 2025. Out of 132 screened records, 13 studies investigating common SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine) and newer agents (vortioxetine, vilazodone) were included in the narrative synthesis. Results: Evidence indicates that SSRIs may cause transient impairments in sperm motility, morphology, and DNA integrity, which are generally reversible following treatment discontinuation. Large-scale cohort studies demonstrate no significant association between paternal SSRI use and major congenital malformations, low Apgar scores, or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births. While a modest increase in preterm birth risk was noted, this is likely attributable to confounding by the underlying paternal psychiatric condition rather than direct pharmacological exposure. Similarly, associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are more likely explained by paternal psychiatric conditions rather than direct drug exposure. Conclusion: Paternal SSRI use does not appear to pose a significant risk to clinical fertility or offspring health. Given the transient nature of semen abnormalities, treatment should be tailored individually to balance psychiatric stability and reproductive goals.
Objective: Urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation is an uncommon but highly aggressive variant of bladder cancer, often diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with poor outcomes. Colonic metastasis from bladder carcinoma is extremely rare, making this case noteworthy. Case presentation: A 68-year-old male presented with macroscopic hematuria and dysuria. Imaging revealed a bladder mass invading the perivesical tissue. Transurethral biopsy confirmed high-grade urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation. During preoperative evaluation, colonoscopy revealed an ulcerated mass in the ascending colon, confirmed as metastatic carcinoma with similar sarcomatoid features. The patient underwent radical cystectomy and right hemicolectomy. Despite surgery and planned chemotherapy, the patient died postoperatively due to clinical deterioration. Conclusions: This case underscores the aggressive nature of sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma and highlights the potential for rare metastatic patterns, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary management in atypical presentations.
Genital self-mutilation is a rare but serious urological surgical emergency; it is most often associated with psychosis, but it may also occur in the context of gender dysphoria in the absence of psychosis. A 23-year-old male, at age 20, amputated his penis and testes following online encouragement to pursue a female identity. Postoperatively, he experienced regret, distress, and requested reconstructive surgery to restore his male identity. His history included childhood bullying, obsessive–compulsive traits, and late-onset gender dysphoria, but no psychotic illness. This case highlights the interplay between gender dysphoria, psychosocial vulnerability, irreversible self-harm, and urgent urological management. It underscores detransition risk in rapid-onset gender dysphoria and the necessity of psychiatric evaluation, extended follow-up, and ethical consideration before irreversible genital surgery.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing transobturator tape (TOT) surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), focusing on the predictive value of Valsalva Leak Point Pressure (VLPP) and the presence of urge incontinence. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 117 patients from 561 who underwent TOT surgery between May 2017 and March 2024. We excluded patients with prior pelvic surgeries or neurogenic bladder, and included SUI with urethral hypermobility as an inclusion criterion. We performed urodynamic testing, including VLPP measurement, preoperatively. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated using stress tests, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire- Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and assessments of urge incontinence and cystocele presence. Results: Postoperative stress tests revealed 14.5% failure and 85.5% success rates. We observed significant differences in urinary incontinence (UI) amount based on VLPP values (p = 0.001), where lower VLPP was associated with higher postoperative UI rates. Urge incontinence had a significant impact on postoperative UI (p = 0.023), but it did not correlate with preoperative UI frequency. Postoperatively, ICIQ-SF scores and impact on daily life showed significant improvement (p <0.001). ROC analysis indicated that the impact on daily life was a significant predictor of surgical success (p = 0.035). Conclusion: TOT surgery may significantly improve urinary incontinence symptoms and have a positive impact on daily life. However, a VLPP of less than 90 cmH2O is associated with higher rates of postoperative UI, suggesting a potential intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). Post-surgical urge incontinence presents a significant challenge for individuals, likely due to detrusor muscle overactivity following the surgery. We need further research to refine predictive measures and improve surgical techniques. Keywords: stress urinary incontinence, transobturator tape, urge incontinence, valsalva leak point pressure
Objective: To assess the real-world efficacy of a guideline-based stepwise treatment approach in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome who do not respond to lifestyle modifications. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 75 female patients with a confirmed diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, each with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. None of the participants responded to initial conservative treatment or subsequently underwent a sequential therapeutic regimen. This regimen was initiated with oral pentosan polysulfate sodium, followed by intravesical sodium chondroitin sulfate and Onabotulinum toxin a injections. Treatment efficacy was assessed on the basis of the patient’s global impression of the change scale. Results: Long-term symptom management with oral pentosan polysulfate sodium was successfully achieved in 38.7% of patients. Among those who transitioned to intravesical sodium chondroitin sulfate, 63.1% reported experiencing “much” or “very much” improvement according to the patient global Impression of change scale. Onabotulinum toxin A significantly improved in 58.8% of the patients. The overall response rate across all treatment levels was 89.3%. Adverse effects are infrequent and generally mild. Conclusion: A stepwise treatment protocol tailored to individual patient responses has been demonstrated to be both effective and well tolerated in the management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. These findings advocate the incorporation of flexible, patient-centered therapeutic strategies in clinical practice and underscore the need for prospective studies employing validated outcome measures. Keywords: botulinum toxins, chondroitin sulfates, interstitial cystitis, urinary bladder diseases
Objective: This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of physiotherapist-supervised versus video-assisted pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) combined with tolterodine therapy in women with urge incontinence. Material and Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 120 women aged 18–60 years with urge incontinence were randomized into two groups. Both groups received tolterodine 4 mg/day. The Video group (n = 60) performed home-based Kegel exercises with instructional video support. The Supervised group (n = 60) attended twice-weekly physiotherapist-supervised sessions. Outcomes were assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) at baseline and 16 weeks. Adverse effects and treatment discontinuation were recorded. Results: A total of 102 patients completed the trial (Video: 52; Supervised: 50). Both groups showed significant improvement in ICIQ-SF scores (p < 0.001), with superior improvement in the Supervised group (p = 0.017). Adverse event rates were similar (p > 0.05), and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: PFMT combined with tolterodine improves urge incontinence symptoms. Supervised training yields greater benefit, though video-assisted PFMT remains a cost-effective and accessible alternative.
Objective: Thesis preparation constitutes an essential component of urology residency training in Türkiye and serves as an indicator of academic productivity. However, the actual academic impact of these theses depends on their conversion into peer-reviewed scientific publications. This study aimed to evaluate the academic outcomes of urology residency theses in Türkiye, including publication rates, indexing characteristics, and subspecialty distribution. Materials and Methods: This retrospective bibliometric study analyzed all urology residency theses completed between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, obtained from the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education of Türkiye. Each thesis was screened for subsequent publication in PubMed, Scopus, and TR-Index databases using author names, thesis titles, and relevant keywords. For published theses, the indexing status of the journals—Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), or TR-Index—was recorded. These were also categorized according to subspecialty area. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: A total of 399 urology theses were identified. Of these, 233 (58.4%) were published in peer-reviewed journals, while 166 (41.6%) remained unpublished. Among the published theses, 145 (36.3%) appeared in SCIE-indexed journals, 57 (14.3%) in ESCI, and 31 (7.8%) in TR-Index. The most frequent subspecialty areas were uro-oncology (36.1%), endourology (20.8%), and andrology (19.0%). An increasing trend toward publication in internationally indexed (SCIE/ESCI) journals was observed between 2015 and 2020. Conclusion: More than half of the urology residency theses in Türkiye were published, and approximately one-third appeared in high-impact indexed journals. These findings reflect improvement in academic publication outcomes within urology residency training. Strengthening mentorship and structured research guidance could further enhance publication success.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine how acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a rat model is affected by replacing human serum albumin (HSA). Material and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control, Ischemia, Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR), Placebo, Preoperative Albumin (A1), and Intraoperative Albumin (A2). The renal artery of the kidney was blocked using 3/0 silk sutures to induce ischemia, followed by one hour of reperfusion in certain groups. The A1 group received 20% HSA (2.5 g/kg intraperitoneally) 24 hours before surgery, while the A2 group received the same dose 30 minutes before reperfusion. Samples of kidney and blood tissue were gathered for immunohistochemical, histological, and biochemical assessments. Biochemical parameters included ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). Histological assessments measured cortical and medullary damage, while immunohistochemistry evaluated oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1), glutathione reductase (GSR), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Results: Biochemical analyses showed no significant differences in TOS, TAS, OSI, and IMA levels between groups. Histological evaluation revealed that the A2 group had reduced kidney damage, particularly in the medulla, compared to the ischemia and placebo groups. Immunohistochemical findings indicated minor differences in oxidative stress marker expression, though not statistically significant. Conclusion: Intraoperative HSA replacement has the potential to reduce ischemia-induced renal injury in rats, especially in medullary tissues. These findings suggest that HSA may be a promising therapeutic agent for managing ischemic kidney damage during partial nephrectomy. Further clinical studies are needed to validate its efficacy and safety in human applications.
Objective: To evaluate the oncologic outcomes of high-risk (HR) and very high-risk (VHR) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy and assess the new European Association of Urology (EAU) risk stratification. Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 211 HR and VHR NMIBC patients treated with BCG therapy between January 2015 and January 2024. Risk stratification was performed using the EAU NMIBC risk calculator. Recurrence, progression, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed. Results: The cohort comprised 144 (68.2%) HR and 67 (31.8%) VHR patients. The VHR group had significantly more adverse pathological features (larger and multiple tumors, higher pT stage, CIS, variant histology, lymphovascular invasion, tumor necrosis). While there was no significant difference in overall recurrence (33.3% vs. 37.3%, p=0.572) or progression rates (10.4% vs. 9%, p=0.741) between HR and VHR groups, the 5-year RFS was significantly lower in the VHR (56% vs. 75%, p=0.003). The 5-year PFS was similar between the groups (86% vs 91%, p=0.311). Conclusion: In spite of the fact that the VHR group presented with more aggressive tumor characteristics, BCG therapy resulted in similar overall progression rates compared to the HR group. These findings suggest that the EAU risk stratification may overestimate the risk of progression in BCG-treated patients, particularly those classified as VHR, and that BCG remains a valuable treatment option even in this population.
Objective: To evaluate age-related differences in hormonal and semen parameter responses following varicocelectomy in adolescents and adults, and to explore whether early surgical intervention is justified in younger patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 82 patients who underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy and had complete pre- and postoperative hormone and semen profiles. Patients were divided into two age-based groups, group 1 (<21 years, n=30) and group 2 (>30 years, n=52). Hormonal parameters included serum FSH, LH, and total testosterone. Semen parameters included sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Outcomes were assessed 6-12 months postoperatively. Results: Both groups exhibited significant improvements in semen parameters postoperatively, with no significant differences in the degree of improvement between groups (p>0.05). In contrast, a significant increase in testosterone levels was observed only in group 2 (p=0.017), and this hormonal improvement was significantly greater than in group 1 (p=0.009). FSH levels were higher in group 2 preoperatively (p=0.006) and postoperatively (p=0.002), yet no significant intragroup changes in FSH or LH were detected. Conclusion: While varicocelectomy improves semen parameters in both adolescents and adults, meaningful hormonal recovery appears to be limited to older patients. These findings suggest that early surgical intervention may not be necessary for all adolescents and highlight the importance of individualized, hormone-informed treatment strategies. Prospective studies with longer follow-up are warranted to guide age-specific clinical decision-making.
Objectives: Accurate prediction of risks such as extracapsular spread, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement is critical for treatment planning and patient prognosis in prostate cancer. Traditional nomograms are widely used for this risk stratification. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI)-based Chabot’s have shown potential in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between AI chatbot (ChatGPT-4o) predictions and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram predictions in prostate cancer patients according to risk groups. Materials and Methods: 40 synthetic patient scenarios representing low, intermediate, high and locally advanced risk groups were created. These scenarios were entered into both ChatGPT-4o and MSKCC nomogram and predictions of “Organ-Confined Disease”, “Extracapsular Extension”, “Seminal Vesicle Invasion” and “Lymph Node Involvement” were obtained. The obtained data were analyzed using Spearman Correlation Coefficient. Results: In general, there was a significant positive correlation between ChatGPT-4o and MSKCC nomogram in all prediction topics (p < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between the predictions of “Organ-Confined Disease” (r = 0.521, p = 0.123), “Seminal Vesicle Invasion” (r = 0.382, p = 0.276) and “Lymph Node Involvement” (r = 0.218, p = 0.546) in the high-risk patient group. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between the estimates of “Organ-Confined Disease” (r = 0.522, p = 0.122) and “Extracapsular Extension” (r = 0.524, p = 0.120) in the locally advanced patient group. Conclusion: An overall high correlation between an AI-based chatbot (ChatGPT-4o) and the MSKCC nomogram was demonstrated for prostate cancer risk prediction. However, no significant correlation was observed especially in high-risk and locally advanced patient groups. These findings suggest that while AI chatbots are a potential tool for prostate cancer risk stratification, they require extensive validation and development studies before they can be put into clinical use, especially in more complex and advanced cases.
In the published PDF version of the A Rare Case of Bladder Tumor: Squamous Cell Papilloma, Figures 1, 2, and 3 were inadvertently omitted due to a publisher error. We apologize to our readers and the research community for this oversight. A corrected and complete version of the article, which includes the missing visuals, has been re-published with this erratum notice. The purpose of this correction is to maintain an accurate scientific record. Corrected version can be accessed via the following link: https://doi.org/10.33719/nju1630050
