histological examination of biopsy and postoperative material is a very important stage in the correct diagnosis and further treatment of the patient in our era of personalized medicine. Morphological diagnostics helps to establish the correct diagnosis, determine and correct further tactics of therapeutic or surgical treatment of the disease, and identify the prognosis of the course of the disease. In addition, the modern branch of pathological anatomy includes a wide range of additional studies, such as immunohistochemical, molecular genetic, the conduct of which requires the provided biological material to carefully follow standard operating procedures when working with samples. The produced histological preparations must be of extremely high quality and provide an opportunity to accurately assess all important changes presented in the biological material, since not only the microscopic visual assessment of the sample and its morphological changes are important, but also the molecular genetic structure of the tissue. Therefore, any factors that may affect the quality of the histological preparation should be controlled by developing and adhering to standard operating procedures for working with laboratory equipment, chemical solutions, performing work in the correct sequence and with strict timing, detailed study of instructions and training of personnel. Depending on the type and severity, histological artifacts can reduce the diagnostic value of biological material and even lead to partial or complete loss of the diagnostic value of the sample, which can lead to inaccuracies in establishing the diagnosis and, above all, the need to repeatedly expose the patient to risk during the material collection procedure. The relevance of this literature review is due to the multi-stage production of histological slides and the high responsibility of this work due to its significance for the subsequent therapeutical ("therapeutic")and diagnostic process. Often, the collection of biological material for pathomorphological examination from a patient carries certain health risks, since the collection procedure may include narcosis, analgesia and invasive surgical procedures. Our work analyzed the data of many authors of articles, training materials, protocols on the most frequent causes of histological artifacts and methods for their avoidance. The classification of the most common artifacts includes: prefixation artifacts, artifacts of fixation, histoprocessing, embedding, microtomy, staining. Prefixation artifacts occur most often at the preanalytical stage of biological sample collection due to manipulations with it by clinical department employees. Fixation artifacts are the result of an incorrectly selected fixation solution, its concentration and timing. Histoprocessing artifacts include a very wide range of problems that arise due to the incorrect sequence, specificity of reagents, timing, which are necessary at the stage of histological recording of a biological sample. Embedding artifacts occur with incorrect orientation of the sample, when choosing a poor-quality embedding medium and careless manipulations during this process. Microtomy artifacts are the result of using poor-quality microtomy blades, improper microtomy procedure, contaminated aqueous medium of wet microtome, contamination of microtome with microorganisms. Staining artifacts occur when timing and sequence of staining of the specimen are not followed during manual or automatic staining, as well as the use of poor-quality, dirty dyes and chemical solutions. Coating artifacts are usually the result of air entering under the coverslip and the use of too thin and poor-quality mounting medium. Internal algorithms of the histology laboratory should include assessment of the quality of the prepared histological preparations, mechanisms for controlling the occurrence of artifacts and their prevention.
Тhe evolution of the brain, particularly the cerebellum as a key component of the central nervous system, represents a critical focus in modern research across neuroscience, anthropology, psychology, and medicine. Special attention is given to the cerebellum’s role in shaping cognitive, emotional, and social functions, as well as its unique morphofunctional characteristics that have significantly transformed throughout Homo sapiens evolution. These evolutionary changes in the cerebellum enabled the emergence of new adaptive capacities, including optimization of social behavior, cognitive control, motor coordination, and sensory integration. Morphological studies have revealed the cerebellum's increasingly complex structure and functions, providing insight into the development of high-level cognition and behavior. Notably, investigations into HARs (human accelerated regions) suggest a strong genetic influence on cerebellar evolution, highlighting regulatory elements specific to Homo sapiens. The contemporary morphofunctional structure of the cerebellum demonstrates its intricate organization, consisting of multiple lobules and layers, each performing distinct functions. This organization allows the cerebellum to integrate sensorimotor signals, coordinate movement, maintain balance, and participate in non-motor functions such as speech, memory, social cognition, and emotions. Functional asymmetry and interactions with other brain regions are also crucial to understanding neuropsychological processes. Damage to the cerebellum manifests in a wide range of symptoms, from motor discoordination to emotional instability and social dysfunctions. In this context, studying cerebellar evolution holds not only academic but also practical value for diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. A substantial portion of this study focuses on comparative analysis between the brains of Homo erectus—an important evolutionary link—and modern humans. Changes that occurred during brain globularization affected parietal and cerebellar protrusions, associated with advanced cognitive abilities such as abstract thinking, language, planning, and adaptation to changing environments. These characteristics differentiate Homo sapiens from Neanderthals and earlier hominins. The globular brain shape, which developed between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago, became a defining feature of modern human intellect. Moreover, the increased volume of the cerebellum and its numerous connections with other brain areas contributed to its functional complexity—from fine motor control to social bonding and communication. These aspects played a key role in the emergence of humans as social beings capable of self-awareness, abstraction, creativity, and cultural development. Thus, the cerebellum functions not only as a motor hub but also as a critical center for information integration, enabling cognitive complexity, social interaction, and emotional expression in Homo sapiens, and is essential for understanding the evolutionary roots of the human mind.
An important step in the surgical treatment of bone fractures, which can directly affect the rate and results of reparative regeneration, is the choice of fixation method, taking into account the biomechanical properties of both the bone and the fixation material. The aim of the study was to determine the morphological and radiological features of the regeneration of rat tibia fracture using a carbon-carbon composite material. The tibia of 12 white mature male laboratory rats of the Wistar line was studied. The animals were modeled with a simple incomplete fracture of the tibia of the posterior left limb. All rats were divided into 2 groups of six in each. The first group (control) - which did not undergo any fixation after modeling the fracture. The second group consisted of experimental animals that underwent intramedullary fixation with a carbon-carbon composite material after fracture modeling. Sections made according to standard histological methods were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for examination microscopy. X-ray examination was performed using an X-MIND Unity apparatus (Italy). The study found that in animals with modeled incomplete simple transverse diaphysis fracture of the tibia and intramedullary fixation with implants made of composite.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and a global problem that is becoming increasingly serious. Worldwide, about 50 million people live with dementia, and, according to forecasts, by 2050 this number will increase to 135-152 million. Description of different schemes of administration of trimethyltin and scopolamine for induction of morphological signs of Alzheimer 's-like dementia and characterization of molecular changes in these types of experimental dementias. More than 55 literature sources on the topic of this scientific work were analyzed. Review and experimental scientific articles from the Google Academy and PubMed databases were used for the analysis. Scopolamine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that inhibits/blocks cholinergic transmission of acetylcholine by competitively antagonizing muscarinic receptors. In this type of experimental dementia, dysregulation of the cholinergic system has been reported with decreased levels of acetylcholine and decreased levels of other neurotransmitters that, in addition to acetylcholine, are involved in memory and learning (glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine). Scopolamine promotes synaptic dysfunction and leads to oxidative damage to hippocampal tissue with decreased levels of endogenous antioxidant mediators. In rats with scopolamine-induced dementia, higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and glial cell activation are observed. Trimethyltin (trimethyltin chloride) belongs to the family of organotin compounds with a neurotoxic effect, causing degeneration of neurons of the CNS in humans and rodents. The pathogenic effects of trimethyltin are common to most neurodegenerative disorders: impaired synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, intracellular calcium overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, which generally leads to both necrotic and apoptotic death of brain cells. The administration of scopolamine and trimethyltin to experimental animals initiates the appearance of Alzheimer-like morphological features in the brain. The molecular mechanisms of both models are similar and include dysregulation of the cholinergic system of the brain, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammatory changes in the brain, impaired neurogenesis and activation of apoptosis, etc. Modeling Alzheimer's disease using scopolamine or trimethyltin is effective, technically simple and can be recommended for assessing the effectiveness of new treatments for Alzheimer's disease at the preclinical stage.
Today, the structure of the medulla remains an important open question in immunomorphology: the morphological equivalents of the three main functional groups of lymphocytes of innate immunity have not yet been identified. The lack of clear morphological markers of these lymphocytes complicates the study of their localization, differentiation and functional activity within the medulla tissues. This issue creates a significant gap in modern ideas about the immune microorganism of the heart. It has been proven that representatives of nonspecific immunity play a certain physiological role in the functions of the parietal pericardium: γδ-T lymphocytes and B1 lymphocytes. However, their topography, morphology and dynamics of the number in the experiment and in pathology remain poorly studied. The aim of the study was: to develop and optimize the method of preparing the medulla of rats in order to provide access to the medulla without tissue damage; determination of the morphological characteristics of the lymphoid component of the medulla in laboratory rats; assessment of the localization and structure of lymphoid elements in the fibrous leaf of the medulla; study of the functional features of the lymphoid apparatus of the medulla under normal conditions as a basis for further comparisons in experimental models of heart pathologies, which can be used as reference values in the study of experimental models of cardiovascular diseases. Research results. The following cellular composition was found in the medulla of white rats in the norm: macrophages, small lymphocytes, medium lymphocytes, broad-plasma lymphocytes, fibroblasts. The lymphoid tissue of the medulla is represented by diffuse lymphoid tissue and clusters of 5-8 lymphocytes forming clusters. The results obtained can serve as a morphological reference point for further experimental studies in the field of immunocardiology, in particular for the assessment of pathological changes in the medulla. Despite the presence of morphologically verified immunocompetent cells in the structure of the pericardium, the question of their functional activity, phenotypic diversity and role in maintaining immune balance both in physiological conditions and in pathology remains insufficiently studied.
This section of the article explores the evolutionary aspects of cerebellar and cerebral development in Homo sapiens, with a focus on their role in the emergence of complex cognitive, emotional, and social functions. Traditional views of the "triune brain," which divide it into reptilian, limbic, and neocortical parts, are increasingly criticized for overlooking the dynamic and interdependent nature of brain structures. Instead of a hierarchy of "old" and "new" regions, modern science presents the brain as a single integrated system, where the cerebellum performs functions that go far beyond motor control. The cerebellum is involved in processes of learning, emotional regulation, working memory, language, social cognition, and higher cognitive functions. Its lateral regions exhibit a complex organization of multi-level, multisynaptic connections with the associative areas of the cerebral cortex, including the prefrontal regions, which play a key role in planning, decision-making, self-reflection, and modeling social scenarios. This indicates the deep involvement of the cerebellum in shaping mental activity traditionally attributed exclusively to the neocortex. Evolutionarily, the cerebellum in Homo sapiens demonstrates remarkable anatomical and functional complexity. Studies have revealed its pronounced asymmetry, which is associated with the lateralization of cognitive functions such as language, memory, spatial reasoning, emotional reactivity, and the ability to make predictions. Differences between the cerebellar hemispheres can be seen as an adaptive mechanism for improving information processing efficiency—crucial for the development of flexible behavior and intellectual creativity. It is important to emphasize the connection between cerebellar development and mental health: dysfunction of this structure is associated with a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depression, and cognitive impairments. The cerebellum is involved not only in regulating behavioral responses but also in enabling social interaction. Its contribution to the development of language abilities, emotional expressiveness, strategic thinking, and abstract reasoning highlights its significance in the context of human intellectual evolution. Thus, the evolution of the cerebellum is a complex biological process that plays a decisive role in the cognitive expansion of humans. Its involvement in prediction, probabilistic thinking, empathy, and strategic planning makes it a central element in understanding human uniqueness. Further interdisciplinary research on the cerebellum has the potential to open new horizons in the study of consciousness, neuroplasticity, cultural evolution, and the mental health of modern society.
Based on the experience of teaching human anatomy at domestic and foreign universities (Cuba, Ethiopia, Afghanistan), the staff of the Department of Human Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of ZSMPhU note that the articular system is a complex section not only for students, but also for teaching. This is due to a number of reasons, the main of which is the difficulty of understanding the classification of bony joints and some imperfection of anatomical terminology. This is especially true of the bony joints and, above all, related to the poorly understood Latin, Ukrainian and English names. Even more misunderstandings in anatomical literature with biomechanical terms. For example, most authors believe that only the three joints are multi -axial, but also in two -way joints, except for the two main axes, as in the three, there are many intermediate axes, which makes it possible to circumduction. That is why the article, based on modern data on Articular system and taking into account the latest anatomical terminology, attempts to systematize and classify Joints. The purpose of the study was based on the analysis of different editions of international anatomical terminology, modern domestic and foreign anatomical literature to develop the classification of bone compounds, taking into account their anatomical and biomechanical characteristics. Methods and Materials: The search and selection of scientific literature for systematic review was conducted by the authors independently in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane in keywords in full texts of articles in English and Ukrainian according to the results of research with the level of evidence I - III. In the analysis of international anatomical terminologies, as well as modern anatomical Ukrainian and foreign literature, it is established that there is no clear classification of connections. Every five years, the International Nomenclature Committee changes the name of some structures; some cancels, and then returns to the previous ones, which makes some confusion in their understanding. In domestic textbooks and atlases from Human Anatomy, the classification of bone connections is used, which was developed in the middle of the last century, but it does not correspond to modern views. It should be noted that in most textbooks and terminology, FIPAT is distinguished by the shape of the joint surfaces: hinge, pivot, bicondylar, saddle, ellipsoid joint, plane and spheroidal (ball and socket) joints, but functional division into uniaxial and multiaxial, joints involved in isokinetic movements and variable kinematics. Given the anatomical and biomechanical (functional) features of joints, modern approaches to the use of anatomical nomenclature, the views of domestic and foreign authors, the classification of joints was developed and proposed for consideration. In the process of analysis of Ukrainian and international anatomical terminology and nomenclature, as well as domestic and foreign textbooks, no clear anatomical classification of bone connections was found. Furthermore, the analysis highlights a specific mismatch between the anatomical terminology and the organization of the joints. It should be noted that modern domestic views on the classification of bony joints are significantly different from foreign ones.
VII UKRAINIAN-POLISH CONGRESS“Innovative Technologies in Otorhinolaryngology”April 25–26, 2025
XVIII SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCEwith international participation “Special issues of diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the ENT,craniofacial region and the visual organ”April 25, 2025
the historical development of science is impossible without taking into account the connections with all the previous experience of mankind. All medical sciences, including anatomy, have their own history, that is, the entire path of development and improvement. We used problem-oriented analysis of historical information sources, archival materials. A description of the famous bibliographic data of the outstanding doctor, anatomist, philosopher Claudius Galen is presented. The main periods of his life are described. Early Pergamon is the path of the young Galen from the philosophical school of Aristotle to the beginning of a thorough study of medicine, studying with Greek physicians, writing his first philosophical treatise "On Medical Experience." Then a long-term study journey, where he learns anatomy, gets acquainted with natural science, pharmacy. The middle Pergamon period is the doctor of the gladiator school, where he acquires experience in the treatment of fractures and serious injuries with the most positive results, continues to study anatomy, conducts his first physiological studies. The Roman period – the doctor of the most hopeless patients, conducts autopsies and studies, already has many students and followers, lectures on anatomy, demonstrates vivisection. Years of the Plague of Galen epidemic – a description of his observations and symptoms of the disease and methods of its treatment in the treatise "Medical Art"; home doctor of emperors. Writing famous treatises "On the appointment of parts of the human body" ("De usu partium corporis humani"), "On anatomy" ("De anatomia"). Late Pergamon period - work on numerous works on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, therapy, hygiene, dietetics. Galen's research activities are highlighted; his role as a practitioner of his time, as well as a scientist and philosopher, is determined; the main directions of medicine and philosophy, which Galen outlined in his numerous treatises, are given. The achievements in medical science, philosophy and false reasoning of Galen are described. For young scientists and doctors, an example of a personality is given that can inspire and stimulate one's own achievements, contrary to the difficult circumstances that exist at any time of our life and always the difficult way of knowing oneself and nature.
“TISSUE REACTIONS IN THE NORM, EXPERIMENT AND CLINIC – 2025”All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference with international participationdedicated to the 95th anniversary of Professor Andriy KolomiitsevMay 29–30, 2025
HORIZONS OF DIGITAL MEDICINEInternational Scientific and Practical ConferenceMarch 21–22, 2025
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has made a huge leap in development over the past 50 years. It has become a routine, and in a significant number of cases, a mandatory diagnostic method in medicine, and is also the most valuable and highly informative method of scientific research. Today, IHC often requires simply detecting a particular marker, which is insufficient; gradation of its expression also becomes necessary. The purpose of the work is to present methods for objectively determining the results of IHC reactions to assess their differences in groups of objects being compared. Materials - the search for primary sources of literature was performed using the information systems Scopus, Medline, PubMed Central, Google Secular. To assess the relative proportion of the cell array expressing a certain marker, we used the Crowe AR, Yue W. (2019) protocol with the freely available ImageJ software for deconvolution and downstream analysis. This allowed us to determine with a high level of reproducibility the specific level of membrane and/or cytoplasmic expression of a number of markers in regenerative neuromas in rats. However, the disadvantage of this method was the extremely limited ability to determine the intensity of expression of the markers under study. To compare the direct assessment of the intensity of expression of the IGH reaction in different objects, a method was proposed for determining the specific density of staining that occurs when performing the IGH reaction under the conditions of standardization of its parameters. To do this, we determine the optical density of selected objects on a digital image of a histological preparation using the Imag J program (Wayne Rasband NIH, USA). A list of conditions for conducting an IGH study has been determined, which standardize it and allow comparing the results in different groups. 1. The thickness of the sections should be standardized as much as possible. This is achieved by high-quality compaction of the material in paraffin and the use of a high-quality microtome. 2. The IGH reaction for subsequent comparison of results should be carried out with the same antibody (from one portion obtained). 3. The conditions for the IGH reaction should be standardized in terms of incubation time and temperature. We achieved this by simultaneously processing sections of several experimental groups by incubation with primary and secondary antibodies in a thermostat at 24°C (the temperature in the laboratory was 20-22°C) for 10-20 minutes, or at 4°C in a refrigerator for 16-24 hours. The second option showed better results. 4. Before performing the IGH reaction, it is advisable to titrate the primary antibody and determine its dilution, which will determine the optimal color intensity (first of all, it should not be excessive). 5. Microphotographs of preparations should be carried out under standardized lighting, exposure and resolution of the digital camera. Automatic photo mode is unacceptable. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry and digital technologies have made a tremendous contribution to the development of medicine and biology. Their combination over the past 30 years has provided an unprecedentedly valuable tool for researchers. However, it requires compliance with a number of technological conditions that are necessary to obtain reliable and reproducible results.
cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease that disrupts the exocrine secretion of the human body. Its occurrence is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene. Despite the relentless progress in the development of effective treatments for the disease over the past 40 years, mortality from cystic fibrosis is largely due to chronic colonization of patients' bodies by certain types of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). The Burkholderia genus remains largely unexplored, as only last year 130 species of β-proteobacteria were discovered. More than 22 species are capable of provoking complications of cystic fibrosis and can cause the "B. cepacia syndrome" even in patients who do not have cystic fibrosis but have immunodeficiency states. Over 40 sources were reviewed, taken from scientific databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the American Society for Microbiology. It was analyzed and established that the Burkholderia cepacia complex plays a significant role in complicating cystic fibrosis as an independent genetically determined disease. This is evidenced by a decrease in one-year survival by more than 10% in patients after lung transplantation, as well as the fact that contamination of cystic fibrosis patients' bodies with Burkholderia cenocepacia is a contraindication for lung transplantation. It has been established that the risk of contamination by this group of bacteria is very high, as the described microorganisms have an extremely wide distribution worldwide. Certain medical equipment and therapeutic agents remain contaminated as well. The high virulence and antibiotic resistance of this family of bacteria pose a socially dangerous factor. The obtained data serve as an excellent basis for the development of various therapeutic methods, namely: antibiotic therapy with new drugs, effective combinations of antibacterial agents, the use of bacteriophages, and the creation of vaccines against BCC. The prospect for further research remains the issue of treating complications caused by BCC.
міома матки є одним із найпоширеніших гінекологічних захворювань серед жінок репродуктивного віку. Дисбактеріоз кишечника також стає все більш вивченим аспектом медицини, оскільки його зв'язок з різноманітними порушеннями здоров'я, включаючи гінекологічні захворювання, набуває все більшого значення. Згідно з останніми дослідженнями, зміни в мікробіоті кишечника можуть мати важливу роль у патогенезі міоми матки. Взаємозв’язок між розвитком міоми та станом мікробіоти кишечника здійснюється через механізми регуляції естрогену, запальні реакції та зміни метаболізму мікроорганізмів. Зокрема, зміни складу кишкової флори, такі як зменшення різноманітності мікробіоти, можуть впливати на рівні естрогенів та сприяти розвитку міоми. Метою цієї роботи є вивчення взаємозв'язку між станом мікробіоти кишечника і розвитком міоми матки, а також можливостей корекції мікробіоти для зниження ризику розвитку цієї патології. Методи і матеріали: використано бібліографічний аналіз наукових джерел, контент-аналіз літератури, порівняльний підхід і синтетичний метод дослідження. Проведено семантичне групування даних щодо впливу кишкового мікробіому на розвиток міоми матки. Результати: виявлено, що основними компонентами мікробіоти кишечника є бактерії типів Firmicutes та Bacteroidetes, що складають майже 90% кишкової флори. У жінок із міомою матки спостерігається підвищена частка Proteobacteria і Firmicutes при одночасному зниженні Bacteroidetes. Зміни в складі мікробіоти можуть бути пов’язані з різними чинниками, такими як вік, харчування, застосування антибіотиків та генетичні особливості. Після операції з гістеректомії спостерігається зміна гормональних рівнів, що призводить до зниження рівнів естрадіолу і антимюллерового гормону та підвищення рівня фолікулостимулюючого гормону. Зниження рівня естрогену призводить до змін у складі мікробіоти кишечника. Також дослідження показують, що використання антибіотиків може негативно впливати на різноманітність мікробіоти і стимулювати розвиток патогенних бактерій, що підвищує ризик розвитку гінекологічних захворювань, включаючи міому матки. Важливою складовою для підтримки здорової кишкової флори є пробіотики, що сприяють збереженню балансу мікробіоти і зміцненню слизового бар'єру кишечника. Пребіотики, у свою чергу, покращують метаболізм глюкози та знижують апетит, що також може впливати на здоров'я жінок, зокрема на зменшення ризику розвитку міоми матки. Висновки: порушення кишкового мікробіому може бути одним із тригерних механізмів розвитку міоми матки через його вплив на рівень естрогенів і запальні процеси. Корекція мікробіоти через дієту, пробіотичну та пребіотичну терапію може стати перспективним підходом до профілактики та лікування цього захворювання. Це відкриває нові можливості для поліпшення репродуктивного здоров’я жінок і розробки нових терапевтичних стратегій.
the article outlines the characteristics of upper limb injuries in military personnel caused by gunshot and shrapnel wounds, fractures, neuropathies, and soft tissue injuries. Special attention is given to innovative rehabilitation approaches that promote the recovery of mobility, coordination, and limb functionality. The effectiveness of modern developments and methodologies in robotics and virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation, as presented in scientific literature from 2021 to 2024, is analyzed concerning various types of injuries and recovery periods. These technologies demonstrate high potential in physical therapy by ensuring controlled and repetitive movements to activate muscle memory, stimulating sensorimotor functions, and creating a motivational environment. The necessity for further research is substantiated to confirm their clinical significance and long-term effectiveness. The summarized comparative information will serve as a valuable tool for physical therapists in selecting the most optimal innovative means and methods, as well as in developing more effective individualized rehabilitation programs for military personnel with upper limb injuries.
іmproving bacteriophage cultivation methods, optimizing nutrient media composition, and implementing modern production technologies will significantly increase the yield and quality of phage preparations. Enhancing production efficiency is a crucial step toward expanding the potential of modern phage therapy, raising the ability to combat antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, and stimulating the development of innovative biotechnological solutions. One of the key factors in improving the efficiency of phage production is the selection of optimal cultivation parameters. Changes in the chemical composition of the medium can either slow down or accelerate the growth rate of the bacterial culture, thereby indirectly affecting phage replication. To determine the impact of nutrient media type on bacteriophage reproduction, five different bacteriological media and nine bacteriophages active against nine species of clinically significant microorganisms were used. The effect of media composition was assessed based on the number and size of plaque formations. Optimal replication of all nine bacteriophages was observed on Nutrient Agar No 1, which contained peptic digest of animal tissue, meat extract, and yeast extract. Additionally, good phage reproduction was noted on Mueller-Hinton Agar and Nutrient Medium. The least suitable medium for phage cultivation was Tryptic Soy Agar, where bacteriophage replication was the lowest. Improving cultivation methods and optimizing the composition of nutrient media for bacteriophage reproduction are crucial steps toward enhancing the efficiency of their production and application in phage therapy.
this clinical case demonstrates the successful treatment of a patient with chlamydial-candidiasis mixed infection of the vagina and cervix. During the clinical and laboratory examination of the urogenital contents, a violation of the vaginal microbiocenosis was detected, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and Chlamydia trachomatis DNA were verified. Immunological examination showed an increased content of antichlamydial and anticandidiasis immunoglobulins M and G and a decrease in the content of lysozyme in cervical mucus. The patient was prescribed outpatient drug treatment. The complex of drugs included a macrolide antibiotic from the azalide group, an antifungal agent from the triazole group, an inducer of the synthesis of endogenous α- and γ-interferons, a local combined antiseptic preparation containing chlorhexidine bigluconate and dexpanthenol, and a probiotic containing lacto- and bifidobacteria. After the course of treatment, the patient's condition improved, the elimination of Candida fungi and Chlamydia trachomatis was observed, the vaginal microbiocenosis was normalized; the titers of both antichlamydial and anticandida immunoglobulins decreased by 2 times and the level of lysozyme in cervical mucus increased. During the year of observation, no relapses were detected. The uniqueness of the mixed infection of Candida albicans and Chlamydia trachomatis lies in the fact that the clinical symptoms are erased, since the properties of individual pathogenic organisms do not add up, and a fundamentally new pathogenetic mechanism of disease development arises. This significantly complicates diagnosis and treatment. That is why we have selected a combination of drugs that contribute to the destruction of both pathogens, normalize the vaginal microflora and restore local immunity of the vaginal mucosa and cervix, which provides a stable therapeutic effect and prevents possible relapses. Particular attention was paid to an individual approach to treatment, which included an assessment of concomitant diseases, the level of immune defense and the characteristics of the vaginal microbiocenosis in a particular patient. Thus, this case demonstrates the high effectiveness of complex therapy for chlamydial-candidiasis mixed infection, which is based on modern principles of etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment, takes into account the characteristics of the microbial composition and the state of local immunity. This approach allows achieving stable remission and improving the patient's quality of life. The success of our treatment lies in the fact that with the complete elimination of pathogens, especially in the chronic recurrent course of Chlamydia trachomatis, it became possible to prevent negative complications of this disease, namely the tubo-peritoneal factor of infertility, which allows the patient to realize her reproductive plans in the future.
this article describes a clinical case of severe tuberculosis meningoencephalitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in an HIV-infected patient who was treated in the infectious disease intensive care unit of the "St. Michael’s Clinical Hospital" in Kyiv. According to medical records, pulmonary tuberculosis was first diagnosed in 2018, with a recurrence in 2022 affecting the Th9-Th10 thoracic spine. The patient completed a full course of anti-tuberculosis therapy. Since 2019, he had been on antiretroviral therapy, with undetectable viral load and target CD4+ cell levels achieved. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of monitoring HIV-infected patients to prevent and control complications. The uniqueness of this case lies in the presence of cognitive impairment along with focal neurological symptoms, the development of respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia, and the rapid regression of clinical manifestations with positive laboratory dynamics following treatment initiation. Despite the patient’s good adherence to therapy, opportunistic infections can still worsen the course of the underlying disease if CD4+ lymphocyte count drop below 350 cells/mm³.
