Rad donosi komparativnu socijalno-psihološku analizu socijalne distance građana pet zemalja Zapadnog Balkana (Bosne i Hercegovine, Srbije, Crne Gore, Sjeverne Makedonije i Hrvatske) prema državljanima Rusije nakon eskalacije oružanog sukoba u Ukrajini. Na uporednom uzorku primijenjena je metodološki modifikovana Bogardusova skala kroz forced-choice dizajn dominantnog izbora, čime je instrument prilagođen nominalnom nivou mjerenja. Značajnost regionalnih razlika i intenzitet povezanosti provjereni su adekvatnom statističkom obradom podataka. Nalazi ukazuju na izraženu regionalnu polarizaciju i stabilne razlike u dominantnoj kognitivnoj kategorizaciji spoljne grupe u zavisnosti od konteksta matične države
This paper presents a comparative social-psychological analysis of social distance among citizens of five Western Balkan countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Croatia) toward citizens of Russia following the escalation of the armed conflict in Ukraine. Utilizing a comparative sample, a methodologically modified version of the Bogardus Social Distance Scale was administered using a forced-choice design of dominant preference, thereby adapting the measurement instrument to a nominal level. The significance of regional differences and the intensity of the association were verified through appropriate statistical data analysis. The findings indicate a pronounced regional polarization and stable differences in the dominant cognitive categorization of the outgroup, depending on the specific sociopolitical and historical context of the home country.Keywords: social distance, modified Bogardus scale, forced-choice design, Western Balkans, armed conflict in Ukraine, intergroup relations.
Contemporary digital environments have significantly transformed the developmental context of adolescence, influencing the processes of socialization, identity formation, emotional regulation, and interpersonal relationships among young people. The subject of this paper concerns the analysis of the impact of social media and the modern digital environment on the psychological health of adolescents, with particular emphasis on anxiety, depression, the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and cyberbullying as dominant psychosocial risks of the digital age. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role of the school system in the prevention of cyberbullying. The aim of this paper is to examine, through a review of relevant contemporary literature, the ways in which the digital environment affects the fulfillment of basic psychological needs and the resulting psychological outcomes. Methodologically, the paper is based on a review analysis of scientific sources from the fields of psychology and digital studies. The findings indicate that the use of social media is potentially associated with reduced psychological well-being, thereby confirming the importance of internal motivational mechanisms in understanding adolescents’ digital behavior.
This study investigates the substitution possibilities between energy and non-energy inputs in Nigeria's manufacturing sector from 1981 to 2023. Utilizing a transcendental logarithmic (translog) cost function estimated via iterated Seemingly Unrelated Regression (iSUR), we compute both Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution to analyze factor relationships. Results reveal significant substitution possibilities: capital and energy are substitutes with a Morishima elasticity (MES) averaging 3.66, while energy and labor show substitutability with an MES of 2.32. Conversely, capital and labor emerge as complements (MES = -1.94), suggesting that technological upgrading in this context requires simultaneous investments in human capital. These findings have crucial implications for energy and industrial policy, particularly in the context of energy price reforms and carbon taxation. We demonstrate that the Morishima elasticity provides more policy-relevant information than conventional Allen elasticities by capturing changes in input ratios rather than partial adjustments.
Savremeno obrazovanje zahtijeva primjenu inovativnih didaktičkih pristupa koji odgovaraju potrebama učenika u digitalnom okruženju. Multimedijalna nastava predstavlja važan segment modernizacije nastavnog procesa jer omogućava integraciju različitih medijskih sadržaja u cilju unapređenja učenja. Cilj ovog rada je analiza uloge i značaja multimedijalne nastave u savremenom obrazovanju, sa posebnim osvrtom na njenu primjenu u razrednoj nastavi. Predmet istraživanja odnosi se na multimedijalnu nastavu kao savremeni didaktički pristup, dok su zadaci usmjereni na analizu njenih karakteristika, poređenje sa tradicionalnom nastavom i utvrđivanje njenog uticaja na motivaciju i uspješnost učenika. Metodološki okvir zasniva se na analizi stručne literature, komparativnoj i deskriptivnoj metodi. Rezultati ukazuju da primjena multimedijalnih sadržaja doprinosi boljem razumijevanju nastavnih sadržaja, većoj motivaciji učenika i razvoju digitalnih kompetencija. Zaključuje se da savremena škola treba da integriše tradicionalne i savremene metode rada kako bi odgovorila na potrebe učenika i zahtjeve društva.
The victory of Crvena Zvezda (widely known internationally as FC Red Star) in the 1990/91 European Cup represents an unparalleled and landmark achievement in the history of Yugoslav and Eastern European sport. This victory was not merely an athletic accomplishment; it carried profound socio-political and cultural implications for Serbia and the broader Yugoslav federation. In a moment when rising nationalist currents inflamed hostilities among the region’s peoples, Zvezda’s triumph represented one of the rare instances in which diverse communities found a fleeting point of unity. The analysis employs a qualitative research design based on secondary sources (newspapers, books, academic publications) and relies on an interdisciplinary framework that combines sociological, political, and cultural analysis. Findings indicate that studies of sport in conflict-affected societies can deepen understanding of identity formation and social cohesion. Through qualitative content and critical discourse analysis, the study traces the socio-political context and historical-cultural dynamics that shaped Zvezda’s 1991 European Cup victory. Integrating historical-cultural and socio-political perspectives, the paper argues that this victory functioned not only as a sporting achievement but also as a political and symbolic event. The research explores how these dimensions influenced Yugoslav society, the trajectory of the club, its supporters, and broader public reactions, clarifying the enduring impact of football on collective identity and social cohesion in the Balkans. Its legacy continues to influence perceptions of national identity and collective memory in the region, emphasising football’s role as a medium for both social cohesion and historical reflection. Focused on 1990/1991 and based on secondary sources, the study elevates Zvezda’s European triumph to a defining symbol of collective identity at the threshold of Yugoslavia’s dissolution - a legacy still echoing through the Balkans’ social and cultural consciousness.
Tento článok sa zaoberá návrhom a funkčným overením upínacieho prípravku určeného na dokončovaciu operáciu zubných implantátov vyrobených pomocou technológie aditívnej výroby. Vzhľadom na špecifické mechanické vlastnosti aditívne vyrábaných komponentov a požiadavky na rozmerovú presnosť je nevyhnutné zabezpečiť stabilnú fixáciu obrobku počas obrábania. Navrhované riešenie využíva šesťbodový upínací systém, ktorý zabezpečuje rozloženie upínacích síl. Funkčnosť prípravku bola overená pomocou pevnostnej analýzy vykonanej v simulačnom prostredí SimScale za definovaných okrajových podmienok zodpovedajúcich zaťaženiam počas frézovania. Výsledky analýzy ukázali, že maximálna hodnota ekvivalentného napätia podľa von Misesovho kritéria dosahuje 279,1 MPa a je lokalizovaná v kontaktných plochách medzi prípravkom a implantátmi. Rozloženie napätia je na všetkých implantátoch rovnaké, čo potvrdzuje rozloženie zaťaženia. Na základe výsledkov bol stanovený konštrukčný súčiniteľ bezpečnosti, ktorý dosahuje hodnotu 2,87, čo potvrdzuje, že navrhnutý prípravok spĺňa požiadavky z hľadiska mechanického zaťaženia a zabezpečuje stabilitu systému počas obrábania.
The management of healthcare institutions can be based on the introduction of relatively less used skills, such as the introduction of strong communication influences at the level of the patient-health institution connection, health institution-state authorities, patient-pension funds and others. In the entire system of such communication, the application of using the IT support system as a security mechanism is increasingly coming to the fore. In essence, communication and the results of such actions affect a large number of participants in the work of health institutions. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of good communication in the business of health institutions, while at the same time using full or partial support of the IT system to support such activities. We discovered that it is important to continuously improve communication at all business levels within the scope of the operation of health institutions, as well as that it is necessary to design a usable IT system support system, because in this way it is possible to improve the overall results of the operation of health institutions.
The global energy landscape is undergoing significant transformation due to oil price volatility and the shift toward renewable energy sources. This study examines the economic implications of oil price fluctuations on energy markets, renewable energy investments, and global policies.Employing econometric models (Vector Autoregression) and case studies, we analyze the interplay between oil price volatility, energy security, and energy transition pace. Findings indicate that oil price shocks exert short-term negative effects on renewable investments but show increasing decoupling in the long term, driven by policy support and technological advancements. The paper offers policy recommendations to mitigate volatility risks and accelerate sustainable energy transitions.
Darovita djeca su posebna djeca i takođe se ukazala potreba za poklanjanjem veće pažnje ovakvoj djeci, djeci sa iznadprosječnim koeficijentom inteligencije. Do sada se stalno najviše radilo sa tzv. prosječnim učenikom, kome je skoro bila prilagošena nastava u potpunosti, a darovita djeca su se zapostavljala u nastavnom procesu. Svakako je vrijeme da se dogode promjene i u ovoj oblasti. Potrebno je izraditi nove programe učenja za darovitu djecu, uključiti ih u razne nove vidove učenja kao što je to inovativna nastava i individualni program rada, te praćenje njihovog razvoja. Nastavni proces za darovitu djecu treba da bude izazov i mjesto gdje oni mogu da dalje razvijaju svoje sposobnosti i unaprijede svoje znanje. Na nivou škola bilo bi potrebno oformiti timove koji bi radili na pružanju pomoći i podrške ovoj djeci, te njihovom daljem promovisanju i napredovanju. Takođe bi mogli da pohađaju razne kampove za darovitu djecu gdje bi se i družili sa vršnjacima sličnih oblasti, ali i različitih kako bi naučili i nešto novo. Znamo da vrlo često još na početku pokazuju posebna interesovanja i sklonosti za određene predmete i područja njihovog učenja i razvoja. Veliki broj djece je talentovan i darovit, ali se to nažalost vrlo kasno otkrije, ili se ne otkrije uopšte. Da bi sve bilo kako treba takođe je potrebno sarađivati i sa roditeljima takve djece, te ih uključiti u posebne timove, ali i promovisati u lokalnoj zajednici, pa i šire. Darovita djeca su izuzetna u mnogim sferama i oblastima, te ih shodno tome moramo pripremati za cjeloživotno učenje.
Savremeni obrazovni sistemi naglašavaju potrebu za primjenom nastavnih pristupa koji podstiču aktivno učenje i razvoj kompetencija učenika. Problemska nastava predstavlja jedan od ključnih didaktičkih modela koji omogućava učenicima da kroz rješavanje problema razvijaju kritičko mišljenje i samostalnost (Hmelo-Silver, 2013). U kombinaciji sa interaktivnim učenjem, koje se zasniva na saradnji i komunikaciji među učenicima, ovaj pristup doprinosi kvalitetnijem usvajanju znanja (Johnson i Johnson, 2017). Problem ovog rada odnosi se na nedovoljno sistematičnu primjenu problemske nastave u savremenoj školskoj praksi. Cilj rada je analizirati mogućnosti primjene problemske nastave kroz interaktivni pristup u razrednoj nastavi. Metodološki okvir zasniva se na analizi stručne literature i deskriptivnoj metodi, uz prikaz metodičkog primjera. Rezultati ukazuju da kombinacija problemske i interaktivne nastave doprinosi razvoju saradnje, motivacije i aktivnog učenja učenika (OECD, 2019).
Suicid predstavlja značajan problem u savremenom društvu, često opterećen brojnim predrasudama koje doprinose stigmatizaciji i otežavaju preventivne aktivnosti. Iako se smatra da su psihijatri i psiholozi ključni u prevenciji, uloga zdravstvenih radnika u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti je vrlo važna, s obzirom na njihovu dostupnost i prvi kontakt sa pacijentima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitivanje stavova, uverenja i nivoa informisanosti zdravstvenih radnika (medicinskih sestara, lekara opšte prakse i specijalista) o suicidu, kao i identifikovanje obrazovnih i profesionalnih razlika koje utiču na formiranje ovih stavova. Istraživanje je sprovedeno tokom maja 2023. godine u dva doma zdravlja u Vojvodini i u njemu je učestvovalo 216 zdravstvenih radnika. Primenjen je upitnik, konstruisan na osnovu IKAB modela, koji obuhvata tri celine: društvena uverenja o suicidu, činjenične tvrdnje i lične stavove. Rezultati ukazuju da među ispitanicima postoje brojne predrasude u vezi sa suicidalnim ponašanjem, ali i da su medicinske sestre pokazale najmanji stepen netačnih uverenja. Značajne razlike u stavovima primećene su u odnosu na profesionalni status, pri čemu lekari opšte prakse češće izražavaju rigidnije stavove. Ukupna informisanost o suicidu bila je nezadovoljavajuća, posebno u segmentu činjeničnih znanja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su ukazali na neophodnost dodatne edukacije zdravstvenih radnika, bez obzira na profesionalni profil, kako bi se umanjile predrasude i poboljšala efikasnost u prepoznavanju i reagovanju na suicidalne rizike. Ovi nalazi mogu da pomognu u kreiranju edukativnih i preventivnih programa usmerenih na smanjenje stigme i unapređenje podrške osobama u suicidnoj krizi.
U ovom radu se metodima pravne dogmatike i korišćenjem teorijskih saznanja procesnog i antidiskriminacionog prava objašnjava postupak i ocjenjuje argumentacija Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (ESLJP) u predmetu broj 43651/22, Slaven Kovačević (aplikant) protiv Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH). U ovom predmetu, aplikant je prvo ostvario još jednu ekspresnu pobjedu u isticanju povrede opšte zabrane diskriminacije iz člana 1. Protokola 12 (P12) uz Evropsku konvenciju o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama (EK) u uživanju prava da glasa na izborima za kandidate po svom političkom uvjerenju na osnovu člana 3. P1. Međutim, poslije osporavanja ove pobjede doživio je neočekivan procesni poraz u postupku pred Velikim vijećem ESLJP, u kome je ocijenjeno da aplikant nije žrtva diskriminacije i da je čak zloupotrijebio pravo na aplikaciju. U radu se takođe ukazuje na eventualne implikacije konkretne presude na dalji razvoj P12 i antidiskriminacionog prava. Detaljan uvid u radnje i rezonovanje svih procesnih subjekata otkriva indicije o nesavjesnom korišćenju procesnih ovlašćenja strana u postupku i pristrasnosti procesnih subjekata, te o neuređenosti i nepoštovanju pravnog okvira zastupanja BiH pred ESLJP. Procesni poraz aplikanta pred Velikim vijećem ukazuje na odustajanje ESLJP od dosadašnjeg proaktivnog pristupa u primjeni P 12 i na suzdržanost od daljeg miješanja u probleme konsocijativnog uređenja BiH. Međutim, taj novi pristup ne priliči instituciji Savjeta Evrope, čija je misija, između ostalog, suzbijanje diskriminacije, a nedosljedna argumentacija izvjesno ne doprinosi konceptualnom razvoju antidiskriminacionog prava i obeshrabruje države da ratifikuju inače nedovoljno prihvaćeni P 12.
Learning is a value for every student, for every school, for parents, teachers and for society as a whole. Numerous studies show that educational effects can be achieved in traditional (frontal) teaching, but the results of experimental research in most cases show that under the influence of innovations and modern strategies, methods and procedures, educational achievements are more easily achieved, which can be viewed comprehensively in the context of research outcomes related to both education and upbringing. The application of new approaches in learning leads to the development of students' creative thinking, the teaching process becomes more creative. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of achievement of students solving mathematical problems from Numerical Expressions by applying problems by levels of complexity, problem solving of problems and the traditional way of solving problems.
Cold pressing of flaxseed produces high-quality oil along with a nutritionally rich by-product—flaxseed cake. While the cold-pressing process is valued for its minimal processing and preservation of oil quality, it is also characterized by low resource utilization efficiency and significant by-product generation. Specifically, the production of 1 kg of flaxseed oil results in approximately 2 kg of residual cake. Given its high protein content (approximately 35–40%), flaxseed cake holds considerable potential as a source of bioactive peptides and other value-added compounds In this study, flaxseed cake obtained from cold pressing was milled and sieved to a particle size below 0.6 mm. Its chemical composition (protein, oil, fiber) was analyzed. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with Trypsin for 2 h. An E/S ratio was 5 %, and the temperature used for hydrolysis was 37 °C. The antioxidant capacity of the non-hydrolyzed sample and hydrolysate was determined. Protein content was 37 %, oil was about 21 %, and fiber was approximately 28 %. The results showed a degree of hydrolysis of about 5 % and a significant increase in antioxidant activity. By determining the concentration of flaxseed powder required to inhibit 50 % of the DPPH free radicals, it was observed that this concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the non-hydrolyzed sample (11.0 mg/mL) compared to the hydrolysate (9.1 mg/mL).
This study explores the use of natural plant extracts as a sustainable method to enhance the quality and safety of long-life sausages by incorporating them into natural edible casings. Ethanol (E) and aqueous (A) extracts of blackthorn (BT) and red cherry (RC), as well as their ethanol and water-based solutions, were prepared and analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The analyses included the quantification of total phenols, non-flavonoids, flavonoids, flavonols, and anthocyanins, along with antioxidant activity assessments using FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica) and mold Penicillium expansum via agar dilution methods to determine MIC and MBC/MFC. Results showed that ethanol extracts had higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ones (p<0.05), with the ethanol extract of blackthorn (EBT) containing the highest levels of phenolics (54.11 mg GAE/g d.e.) and exhibiting the strongest antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Casings treated with EBTE (ethanol BT extract dissolved in ethanol) demonstrated significant antibacterial properties, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. This study confirms that plant-extract-enriched natural casings can protect against oxidation and microbial spoilage, thereby enhancing the overall quality and safety of dry-cured sausages.
The aim of this research is to examine the impact of consumers economic and educational status on the frequency of organic food purchases through all available distribution channels, with focus on online channels. The research was conducted via online questionnaire and based on sample of 358 respondents from the territory of Republic of Srpska. The results showed that 86% of respondents buy or occasionally buy organic food, while 14% respond they never purchase organic food. Using Kruskal-Wallis test, a positive and statistically significant relation was identified between the level of education and the frequency of organic food purchases, regardless of the distribution channel, while household income did not show a significant relation. When online organic food purchases were analyzed specifically, neither the level of education or household income had a statistically significant impact, although a slight trend was observed for education level, which may be relevant for future research.
Uvođenje generativnih jezičnih modela poput ChatGPT-a u obrazovni sistem donosi brojne benefite, ali i značajne izazove koji mogu negativno uticati na kvalitet obrazovanja. Analiza relevantne naučne literature na primjeru korištenja vještačke inteligencije u obrazovanju pokazuje da prekomjerna upotreba može dovesti do pasivnog pristupa učenju, smanjenja motivacije za samostalno razmišljanje i razvoja kognitivnih sposobnosti, te povećanja rizika od akademskog nepoštenja. Poseban izazov predstavlja i uticaj na kompetencije pa se kod studenata bilježi površno razumijevanje programiranja i algoritamskog razmišljanja usled oslanjanja na gotova rješenja. Rad ističe potrebu za razvijanjem jasnih pedagoških i etičkih okvira koji bi usmjeravali odgovornu i kritičku upotrebu alata vještačke inteligencije u obrazovanju. U tom smislu, preporučuje se integracija AI pismenosti u kurikulume, redizajn evaluacija na višim nivoima Blumove taksonomije, te osnaživanje nastavnika za vođenje učenika kroz aktivne misaone procese. Balansiran i promišljen pristup može omogućiti optimalno korištenje prednosti ChatGPT-a, uz očuvanje kvaliteta i integriteta obrazovnog procesa, posebno u oblasti informacionih tehnologija.
This paper aims to explore the structure and objectives of the Western Balkans Growth Plan as an incentive for the integration of the Western Balkans region into the EU single market. In november 2023, the European Commission prepared the Western Balkans Growth Plan, which should accelerate the implementation of reforms in the countries of the region and their integration into the European Union single market. The Growth Plan represents an effort by the European Union to influence the region towards deepening economic integration with the Union and accelerating economic growth, which are necessary prerequisites for the desired transformation of the countries of the region. The Western Balkans Growth Plan aims to: integrate partners from the Western Balkans into the EU single market, improve regional economic cooperation, deepen EU-related reforms, and increase pre-accession financing to accelerate the socio-economic convergence of the Western Balkans towards the EU. The research results of this paper have shown that the European Union in the Western Balkans region, from the first regional approach in 1997 to the proposed growth plan in 2023, has contributed to the development of the regional cooperation process and the economic development of the region itself. It is not just about increasing the wealth of the countries of the region and their citizens, but the point and ultimate goal is that these countries and these citizens should live together, create, cooperate and spend together in conditions of international competition. The expected economic effects of the Western Balkans Growth Plan will also ensure a positive perception of the European Union and the benefits of membership in this regional organization among the citizens of the region.
This study examined the effect of adding selected plant species on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Janj cheese. Twelve cheese samples were prepared in two batches, each including one control sample and five samples enriched with oregano (Origanum vulgare), basil (Ocimum basilicum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum). The first batch contained 0.50%, while the second batch had 1.00% concentrations of the plants. Total phenols, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid compounds were measured. Antioxidant activity was assessed through FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar dilution method against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two Candida albicans strains. The results revealed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in antioxidant activity in the plant-enriched cheese samples, emphasizing their potential as natural sources of antioxidants. However, none of the cheeses showed antimicrobial activity under the tested conditions. In conclusion, the incorporation of these selected plant species improves the biological and functional properties of Janj cheese, supporting its potential as a nutritionally enhanced product.
