Introduction: This study investigated the effect of a brain hemispheres-compatible teaching strategy on developing information processing skills among eighth-grade mathematics students. The approach aims to engage both left-hemisphere functions (logical reasoning, sequential processing) and right-hemisphere functions (spatial reasoning, holistic thinking) to enhance mathematical learning during the critical developmental period of early adolescence. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups at Avro School (2022-2023): an experimental group (30 students) taught using the brain hemispheres strategy and a control group (29 students) taught using traditional instruction. Assessment utilized a validated 25-item test measuring four information processing skills: summarization, application, pattern recognition, and interpretation. The experimental intervention followed six phases: preparation, engagement, learning design, acquisition, memory formation, and functional integration. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences favoring the experimental group (t=5.988, p<0.05) with a very large effect size (η²=0.38). The experimental group showed significant improvement across all four information processing skills with effect sizes ranging from 1.19 to 2.19. Conclusion: The brain hemispheres-compatible teaching strategy proved highly effective in developing students’ mathematical information processing skills by creating organized mental frameworks that facilitate knowledge integration and cognitive development.
Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial period for the development of mental health. Enhancing mental health literacy can reduce stigma and support early intervention and treatment. This study aims to examine the mental health status and mental health literacy among middle and late adolescents in a rural area of Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 81 high school students from Mojokerto District participated in the study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale – Youth version (DASS-Y) was used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Mental health literacy was measured using the Adolescent Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (AMHL). The validity of the AMHL was tested on 30 students using Pearson correlation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the prevalence of mental health conditions and levels of mental health literacy. Inferential statistics were applied to explore associations between mental health status, literacy, and sociodemographic variables. Results: The results showed that 53% of students experienced symptoms of mental health problems. While most students demonstrated moderate to satisfactory mental health literacy, significant gaps remain. Enhancing literacy may help reduce stigma and improve knowledge and attitudes toward mental health. Sociodemographic factors and mental health literacy showed limited influence on mental health status. However, sex was significantly associated with both mental health literacy and mental health status (p = 0.016 and p = 0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Mental health during adolescence significantly influences adult well-being. Improving adolescent mental health literacy is crucial for early recognition, stigma reduction, and better access to mental health care.
Introduction: Early-onset dementia (EOD), defined as dementia occurring before the age of 65, leads to progressive cognitive and functional decline that disrupts patients’ productivity, family roles, and social well-being. With limited pharmacological efficacy, non-pharmacological approaches are increasingly recognized as essential to improve patients’ quality of life. Methods: This report describes a 59-year-old female presenting with severe cognitive impairment and daily functional decline. Clinical evaluation involved psychiatric interviews, physical examinations, and standardized cognitive assessments, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and Barthel Index. Written consent was obtained from the family. Results: The patient displayed severe memory loss, disorientation, and inability to perform basic activities. Cognitive testing confirmed MMSE: 0, CDR: 18, and Barthel Index: 40, indicating severe dementia with high dependence. No prior psychiatric or neurological illness was reported. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive rehabilitation, stimulation, and training, were identified as effective in maintaining residual abilities, delaying progression, and improving well-being. Conclusion: EOD requires early recognition and comprehensive management due to its profound personal and social impact. Although curative options are unavailable, non-pharmacological therapies offer meaningful benefits by enhancing cognitive function, supporting independence, and improving quality of life for patients and families.
Introduction: Adequate sleep is crucial for adolescent health because sleep deprivation can induce moodiness and frustration. Personality, encompassing introversion and extraversion, influences behavior and interaction patterns. Emotional intelligence pertains to the recognition and management of one’s own emotions and those of others. Methods: This study explored the relationships among sleep quality, personality type, and emotional intelligence among 5th and 7th semester students at the Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University Surabaya, from 2024--2025. Using a descriptive analytic design and cross-sectional approach, 196 respondents were selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Personality Type Questionnaire, and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, which are distributed online. No personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring the full anonymity of the respondents. Results: Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between sleep quality and personality type (r = 0.235, p = 0.0005), between sleep quality and emotional intelligence (r = 0.212, p = 0.0005), and between personality type and emotional intelligence (r = 0.1476, p = 0.0005). Poor sleep quality was associated with lower emotional intelligence, indicating that sleep affects emotional awareness. Similarly, personality type was correlated with variations in emotional intelligence. Conclusion: This study revealed significant correlations between sleep quality, personality type, and emotional intelligence among medical students, suggesting that these factors play a key role in their emotional wellness.
Introductions: Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs after childbirth, with symptoms lasting more than six months. The prevalence rate of postpartum depression globally is 17.22%. The cases of postpartum depression in Asia are quite high, ranging from 9.29% to 60.93%. The frequency of this disorder in Indonesia is between 11% and 30%. Postpartum depressive disorder can affect the health of the mother, child, and husband. This influence can cause behavioral and emotional problems and even death. This study was conducted to determine the description of postpartum depression in the Sungai Durian Health Center area. Methods: This study was descriptive, with a cross-sectional approach followed by 104 research respondents. Respondents completed an informed consent sheet, personal identity, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the univariate analysis method in Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: This study shows that postpartum mothers who do not tend to experience symptoms of postpartum depression (EPDS score <10) amounted to 66.35%, and postpartum mothers with a tendency to experience symptoms of postpartum depression (EPDS score ≥10) amounted to 33.65%. The results showed that mothers who tended to experience symptoms of postpartum depression were mostly in the age range of 20-35 years, had a high school education, had a family income less than 2,600,000/regency minimum wage, were housewives, were married, were multiparous, had a vaginal delivery, and were getting social support. Conclusion: Postpartum mothers in the Sungai Durian Health Center area do not tend to experience symptoms of postpartum depression.
Introduction: Burn-related pain significantly impacts patients both physiologically and psychologically. Pain and associated psychosocial issues, such as anxiety and fear, can intensify the patient’s suffering. Effective pain management for burn patients includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Methods: A patient diagnosed with severe burns (24% total body surface area, deep dermal/full-thickness) was treated in the intensive care unit of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, undergoing debridement on the chest and left arm. The patient reported severe pain (VAS 7) and anxiety (HAM-A 26). Anxiety, particularly related to anticipation of treatment, appeared to exacerbate pain perception. The therapist assessed the patient’s understanding, beliefs, and expectations about their condition. Hypnotherapy was administered over five days, including pre-induction (assessing expectations), induction, relaxation, deepening, analgesic suggestion, and termination phases. Results: Following five sessions of hypnotherapy, the patient’s pain score decreased from VAS 7 to 2, and anxiety level reduced from HAM-A 26 (severe) to 16 (mild). The patient also received intravenous metamizole (3×150 mg), ceftazidime (2×300 mg), oral fluoxetine (1×20 mg), and clobazam (1×5 mg) during hospitalization. Conclusion: Hypnotherapy proved to be an effective non-pharmacological intervention in reducing pain and anxiety in a burn patient. It can be integrated alongside conventional treatment in various clinical settings, offering a complementary approach for managing anxiety-related burn pain.
Introductions: Many things could affect mental health, especially for adolescents as they are at the age susceptible to many things. One of the things that could affect mental health is parenting styles. Objective: To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent mental health. Methods: The method used in this research was observational analytics with a cross-sectional design. The instruments used for this study were Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short (PAQ-S) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). A total of 197 samples were taken from a school in Surabaya. The hypothesis was tested using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney on SPSS. Results: Of 197 respondents, 81.2%, 18.3%, and 0.5% were categorized into the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles respectively. It has been found that only 3% of 197 have good mental health. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that parenting styles affect adolescent mental health with a p-value of less than 0.05. Meanwhile, the Mann-Whitney test showed a difference between the effect of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles with a p-value of less than 0.05. In contrast, authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles were found to have no significant difference in the outcome with the permissive category with a p-value higher than 0.05. Conclusion: The prevalence of mental health disorders in adolescents at School X Surabaya was found to be 97% and is affected by different types of parenting styles. Authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles produced significantly different outcomes, while the permissive doesn't show as much due to a limited sample.
Introductions: Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects a person’s daily quality of life. Various factors such as sociodemographic factors, onset, and duration of illness can be related to the quality of life in schizophrenia. The parameter for measuring quality of life in schizophrenia patients is the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP Scale). This study is aim to analyze the association between sociodemographic factors, onset, and duration of illness in outpatient chronic schizophrenia patients in the stabilization phase with their personal and social performances. Methods: This study is an observational analytical research with a cross-sectional study design. The sample of this study was outpatient chronic schizophrenia stabilization phase in a mental hospital of North Sumatra Province, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ildrem Medan Mental Hospital and selected using the purposive sampling method, where after calculating using the multivariate analysis predictive concept method, the number of samples needed was 80 samples. The data used is primary data obtained directly from respondents. The analysis used is univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis with chi-square. Results: There is a significant relationship between the level of personal and social function with education level (p=0.002), marital status (p=0.001), and employment (p=0.002) in outpatient chronic schizophrenia stabilization phase. Conclusion: The results of multivariate analysis showed that the most significant variables with personal and social function in outpatient chronic schizophrenia stabilization phase were marital status (OR=4.395), employment (OR=4.220), and education level (OR= 0.220) in order of the variables with the greatest strength of influence.
Introduction: Reflective function refers to the capacity to comprehend emotions, beliefs, and behaviors in oneself and others. Mental disorders are frequently associated with deficits in mentalizing capabilities. These deficits compromise an individual’s capacity for self-reflection and understanding of mental states, impeding one’s ability to regulate both mental states and interpersonal relationships. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) is a practical tool to measure reflective function, but it has not yet been adapted into Indonesian, a crucial step toward addressing the needs of local populations. This study aimed to develop an Indonesian version of the RFQ with robust validity and reliability. Methods: The English RFQ was translated into Indonesian using standard guidelines, including forward and backward translation by certified translators. Content and face validity were assessed through expert panel reviews to ensure cultural and linguistic relevance. Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability testing was conducted using Cronbach’s Alpha. A pilot study with 10 subjects was conducted to refine the instrument, followed by testing with a sample of 100 participants. Results: The final Indonesian RFQ consists of 11 items across two subscales: RFQu and RFQc. CFA indicated a good model fit (χ² = 1.16, p = 0.55, and RMSEA = 0.041). Reliability testing showed strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s Alpha values of 0.89 for RFQc and 0.87 for RFQu. Conclusion: The modified Indonesian RFQ demonstrated excellent validity and reliability, providing a robust tool for assessing reflective function in clinical and research settings.
Introduction: Anxiety is a condition characterized by apprehension and the persistent concern that something negative is about to occur, accompanied by physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. There are two main factors influencing anxiety: internal and external factors. However, other contributing factors include procrastination, self-efficacy, and self-control. Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A stratified random sampling technique was employed, yielding a sample size of 83 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using the chi-square correlation test. Results: The prevalence of high procrastination levels was observed in 37 respondents (44.6%). Low self-efficacy was reported in 49 respondents (59%), and low self-control in 41 respondents (49.4%). A total of 47 respondents (56.6%) experienced anxiety. There was a significant association between procrastination and anxiety, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Similarly, significant associations were found between self-efficacy and anxiety (p-value = 0.000, p < 0.05) and between self-control and anxiety (p-value = 0.000, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Significant associations were observed between procrastination, self-efficacy, and self-control with anxiety among students of the Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Islam Al-Azhar.
Introduction: Students during college face important phases in their lives, have greater responsibilities, and are required to improve their skills. Of the various types of skills, social skills have a large impact on mental health. This study aimed to determine the behavioral, emotional, and social skills among medical students in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods: This study is observational with a cross-sectional design. The participants were all students of the Faculty of Medicine in South Sumatra. Descriptive analysis was conducted by presenting the BESSI-45 score data in the median value. Results: The number of participants was 702 people, 74,9% female, 17-26 years old, 83,5% lived in South Sumatra, 3,4% had a history of mental disorder, and 4,3% had a history of mental disorders in their family. The largest median value of 73.33 is in the cooperation skills domain, followed by the median value of 71.11 in the self-management domain. The innovation skills and social engagement domains have the lowest median value of 62.22. It was found that 364 participants (51.9%) had scores below the median, while 338 participants (48.1%) had scores above the median. Conclusions: The study concluded that the majority of medical students in South Sumatra exhibit moderate levels of behavioral, emotional, and social skills, with the highest scores in cooperation and self-management domains. However, innovation skills and social engagement were identified as areas needing improvement. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to enhance the overall social and emotional well-being of medical students.
Introduction: This review examines the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions for individuals with functional dyspepsia by exploring how mindfulness practices—such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), yoga, and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)—may improve symptom relief, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life in patients suffering from this condition. By analyzing existing literature, this review highlights the promising role of mindfulness in offering a holistic approach to managing functional dyspepsia. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of related articles written in English was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with keywords including “Mindfulness”, “Meditation”, “Yoga”, and “Functional Dyspepsia”. Results: Studies have revealed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), yoga, and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) may reduce symptoms of functional dyspepsia and improve quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia. Conclusion: Despite the promising findings of the initial studies, further rigorous research is needed to fully understand and confirm the effectiveness of mindfulness techniques in managing functional dyspepsia.
Introduction: Epilepsy is the most frequent neurological disorder worldwide. Epilepsy is a disease associated with stress and anxiety, not only as a result of the disease process but also as a cause of disease recurrence. Anxiety and depression also involve stress management and often overlap with epilepsy. Determine the relationship between anxiety and depression and the frequency of seizure awakening in epilepsy patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. Methods: observational using a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach and descriptive data processing. The purposive sampling method selected the 34 study subjects. Selected subjects meet the inclusion criteria and are willing to provide informed consent. The research was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital. A normality test was performed with the Spearman correlation test. Results: The analysis of the variables indicated a significant relationship between anxiety and the frequency of seizure awakenings, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05. A correlation coefficient value of 0.745 indicates a strong and positive relationship category. The relationship between depression and the frequency of seizure awakening was significant because the p-value was 0.000 < 0.05. The correlation coefficient value of 0.642 indicates moderate and positive relationship categories. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between anxiety and depression and the frequency of seizure awakening in epilepsy patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Anxiety and depression increase the incidence of seizure awakening in epilepsy patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial influence on various sides of global livelihoods. It is overbearing to recognize the relationship between short-term COVID-19 infections and ensuing emotional and behavioral symptoms. Nonetheless, the small number of research on long-term impacts of COVID-19 infections, coupled with deficient surveillance, raises concerns. This gap is particularly critical given the potential increase of depression and anxiety, with a 57% surge, and suicidal ideation, which has risen by 31%. Acknowledging the seriousness of the situation is utmost, necessitating combined efforts to address these issues effectively. Methods: This study implements an observational analytical approach engaging a prospective cohort design, without of experimental interventions. Utilizing the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to measure the risk of emotional and behavioral disorders linked to comorbidity status. Twenty-nine children were selected as study participants. Data analysis involved chi-square tests and logistic regression, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Outcomes indicate that the overall prevalence of difficulties associated with emotional and behavioral risks stands at 48.3%. Emotional symptoms constitute 27.6%, behavioral issues 31%, hyperactivity and peer-related concerns 48.3%, while prosocial behavior is merely 6.9%. The study reveals a notable impact of comorbidity status on the likelihood of emotional problems, recorded at 54.5% (p=0.028, and C=0.426). Conclusions: The presence of comorbidity status enhances the vulnerability to emotional and behavioral disorders among children post-COVID-19 infection. However, statistical significance is observed only in emotional problems. Keywords: Adolescent, Behavior and Emotional problems, Child, Comorbidity.
Introduction: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental condition often managed with stimulant medications such as methylphenidate. While pharmacotherapy remains effective for symptom controlgrowing attention has focused on the role of nutrition in modulating treatment outcomes and overall management of ADHD. However, concerns remain regarding long-term outcomes, adverse effects, and dependence on medication. In recent years, research has increasingly emphasized a more integrative perspective beyond pharmacotherapy, incorporating environmental and nutritional factors to a more comprehensive understanding, including the role of environmental factors, diet, and nutrition. Methods: This case report discusses a 20-year-old female college student with a history of ADHD who presented with behavioral disturbances and sleep deprivation. She had previously shown improvement in focus and academic performance with methylphenidate (CONCERTA), but experienced weight gain as a side effect, motivating her to study nutritional science. Nutritional factors and food–drug interactions appeared to influence both the expression of ADHD symptoms and the tolerability of pharmacotherapy. Discussion: This case highlights individual variability in response to methylphenidate, particularly concerning metabolic effects. The effectiveness and adverse reactions to ADHD medications may be influenced by dietary interactions, suggesting the importance of a personalized treatment approach. A well-balanced diet may enhance cognitive performance and improve pharmacologic tolerability, especially when it includes adequate intake of protein, unsaturated fats, and essential micronutrients. Conclusion: The management of ADHD should consider both pharmacological and nutritional factors. Integrating dietary support into treatment plans may enhance outcomes and reduce side effects, offering a more holistic and individualized model of care.
Introduction: This study explores the utilization of the emotional openness model through the inclusion stage as an innovative therapeutic approach to enhance emotional expression in children with disabilities. This therapeutic approach is designed to provide a platform for emotional expression and social interaction through the performance “I Love the Sea.” Methods: include participatory observation, interviews, and analysis to assess the impact of the stage therapy program on the emotional openness of the children. Results: indicate significant improvements in positive emotional expression, enhanced interpersonal communication skills, and increased self-confidence among the participants. The study demonstrates that the inclusion stage approach serves as a therapeutic medium, creating a space for children with disabilities to express themselves creatively and foster more open social relationships. Conclusion: the implementation of the emotional openness model through the inclusion stage offers an innovative and inclusive solution to strengthen the emotional aspects of children with disabilities, supporting active interaction and enhancing their social integration.
Introductions: Children with autism are a group of people with a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities and/or developmental disabilities, marked by the presence of abnormalities in social interaction, communication, and limited and repetitive behavior. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have more sleep disturbances that correlate with the severity of autism symptoms, such as aggression. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between sleep disturbances and aggression in children with autism at the Child Psychiatry Daycare Unit of Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital Surabaya. Methods: The research design used in this study is cross-sectional with a quantitative approach. Sampling was done using the total sampling method, resulting in 40 respondents. Sleep disturbance variables were measured using the Children’s Sleep Habit Questionnaire Abbreviated (CSHQ-A), and aggression variables were measured using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test. Results: The results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.841 with a significant p-value of < α 5% (0.05). Data analysis indicates that sleep disturbances in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder are strongly and linearly related to the level of aggression displayed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the more severe the sleep disturbances experienced by autistic children, the more severe the aggression displayed by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Introduction: Medical students with personality disorders (PDs) often have to present a resilient facade to navigate the intense pressures of their academic and clinical training. These disorders can negatively influence their emotional well-being, academic success, and professional development. This review explores the prevalence, impact, and diagnostic methodologies of PDs among medical students. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies from PubMed and Scopus following primary keywords “personality disorder” and “medical student,” investigating the possible effects and manifestation of personality disorders in medical students. Results: Medical students had a higher prevalence of PDs (30.2%) compared to the general population (6.1%). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is the most prevalent type (21.8%). The impact of PDs, exacerbated by the high stress of medical education, can lead to the increasing rate of depression, burnout, and anxiety, which further impact both academic success and career progression. Early intervention, including the use of standardized diagnostic tools such as the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11, can help to identify as well as enhance students’ overall well-being and performance. Conclusion: Medical students with PDs face significant challenges that impact their academic performance, emotional stability, and professional relationships. PDs require more extensive targeted mental health support and systemic changes in medical education. While there is no cure for PDs, therapy focusing on symptom management and emotional regulation can improve resilience and success. Addressing stigma and strengthening mental health services, curriculum integration, and peer support networks are essential for better outcomes.
Introduction: First-generation antipsychotics could reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but also impair cognitive function. Cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia could be a significant burden experienced both by the patients and caregivers. Thus the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia should be addressed properly. The purpose of writing this article is to increase awareness in administering antipsychotics to elderly patients with schizophrenia, especially in the cognitive aspect and how to overcome possible cognitive decline. Case: An outpatient female schizophrenic patient who was on first-generation antipsychotic treatment complained of forgetfulness. The complaint started 5 years after she received her treatment. While she could still perform her activities of daily living independently, her instrumental activities of daily living were impaired. Her food got burnt while she was cooking, and she also took her medicine excessively because she forgot about it. Both of those events could be very dangerous for her. Discussion: Antipsychotics are the first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of schizophrenia but could also cause cognitive impairment. Management of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia could be performed both non-pharmacologically, by giving cognitive remediation therapy or physical exercise, and pharmacologically, by giving cholinergic agents such as donepezil. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia should be managed as well as psychotic symptoms.
Introduction: During the 2020 period, the number of positive COVID-19 cases in Indonesia experienced a surge. It was reported in a study that 5.7% of healthcare workers needed sleep medication since COVID-19. This research is aimed at analyzing the relationship between substance use as a coping mechanism and sleep quality among healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Methods: This study was conducted from March to August 2021 on general practitioners in the emergency room of hospitals who worked as clinicians in the pandemic era in Surabaya. Purposive sampling technique was used. Coping strategies related to substance use were evaluated using the Brief Cope Inventory (BCI), while sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and insomnia severity was measured using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Data analysis was done using the Spearman correlation test (p < 0.1). Results: There was a relationship between substance use as a coping mechanism and sleep quality (α = 0.1) based on the ISI questionnaire (p = 0.096, r = 0.181), but using the PSQI (p = 0.568, r = 0.062), substance use did not significantly affect sleep quality. Many factors influence sleep quality, one of which is mental health conditions related to coping mechanisms. Substance use can cause various sleep disturbances. Conclusion: There is a relationship between substance use as a coping mechanism and sleep quality, but due to the minimal sample size, it may not sufficiently represent the population.
