Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive striatal and cortical neuronal loss, resulting in severe motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits for which no disease-modifying therapy currently exists. Flavonoids, abundant polyphenolic phytochemicals, are increasingly recognized for their potent neuroprotective properties, specifically acting as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and modulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Objective: This systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize and critically evaluate contemporary preclinical evidence regarding the efficacy of flavonoids in animal models of HD. Methods: A comprehensive search was executed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases (2015–2025) using specific keyword combinations. Studies investigating flavonoid effects in HD animal models with full-text availability were included, whereas publications older than ten years and review studies were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Twelve eligible animal studies were identified, demonstrating methodological quality ranging from good to very good. Results: Consistent findings indicated that flavonoid administration significantly enhanced motor coordination and cognitive performance, attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and preserved neuronal integrity. These protective outcomes were mediated through the modulation of multiple molecular pathways, encompassing antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory signaling cascades, and apoptosis-related mechanisms. Conclusion: While current preclinical evidence is promising, underscoring the critical roles of flavonoids as multifaceted neuroprotective agents, further rigorously designed clinical trials are imperative to validate these findings and establish the therapeutic potential and clinical applicability of flavonoids for patients suffering from Huntington’s disease.
Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is recognized as a rich botanical source of secondary metabolites that exhibit notable antioxidant properties. Objective: The present investigation sought to examine how variations in disintegrant type and proportion—specifically pregelatinized starch and Explotab—influenced the physical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of tablets prepared from basil leaf ethanol extract. Methods: Three distinct formulations were developed based on differing pregelatinized starch-to-Explotab ratios: Formula I (0:1), Formula II (1:1), and Formula III (1:0). All prepared tablets underwent comprehensive physical evaluation and stability assessment, while antioxidant potential was quantified through the DPPH radical scavenging method. The formulation optimization process employed the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) methodology executed via Design-Expert® version 13 software. Results: Experimental findings demonstrated that the ratio variation between pregelatinized starch and Explotab exerted measurable effects on both granule and tablet physical attributes. Specifically, pregelatinized starch was found to predominantly elevate bulk density, weight uniformity, and disintegration time, whereas Explotab exhibited a stronger regulatory influence over moisture content, flow rate, Carr’s index, and tablet friability. The optimal formulation was identified as containing 6.72% pregelatinized starch combined with 1.27% Explotab. Notably, all three formulations demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values spanning from 33.78 to 39.52 ppm. One-way ANOVA statistical evaluation revealed no significant interformulation differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The collective data supports the conclusion that a strategic combination of pregelatinized starch and Explotab yields basil extract tablets with satisfactory physical quality alongside preserved antioxidant efficacy.
Background: Skin cancer is a worldwide disease caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB rays. Interest in discovering new natural ingredients with photoprotective activity has increased research to find plants containing high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Objective: This research aimed to assess the in vitro photoprotective activity of ASL (ethanol extract of Anredera scandens (L.) Moq. leaves) standardized based on the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods: Extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. Parameters used to determine quality are drying loss, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content. Photoprotective activity against UVB rays was determined by measuring SPF value using the Mansur spectrophotometric method, while activity against UVA rays was tested using the trans-resveratrol degradation model. Results: Results indicate that ASL extract fulfilled quality requirements based on total flavonoid content (9.983 ± 0.090%) and total phenolic content (13.098 ± 0.611%). The SPF value was increased proportional to the increase in concentration. The sample showed an SPF value of 5.96 when tested at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. SPF value reached 27.9 at 1,000 µg/mL. The UVA photoprotection assay indicated that the ASL extract provided limited protection against trans-resveratrol degradation, with a reduction of 18.90%, which was lower than the positive control but still significantly better than the negative control. Conclusion: ASL extract can be developed as a candidate for a natural-based photoprotective active ingredient, used as a single agent or supportive component for sunscreen products.
Background: We developed a tool for pharmacists to facilitate screening of medication-related hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), called HYPOGLYRISK. Although this instrument has been validated and proven reliable, the paper-based version was considered inefficient and prone to human error during routine screening. Objective: This study aimed to digitalize HYPOGLYRISK and evaluate its utility compared with the printed version. Methods: A mixed-method study design combining software development and a quasi-experimental trial was used. In the development stage, the application was created using Android Studio and validated through Black Box Testing and User Acceptance Testing (UAT). In the trial stage, 46 pharmacists participated and were divided into two groups using either the digital or paper-based HYPOGLYRISK to assess simulated ambulatory T2DM patients representing different hypoglycemia risk categories. The primary outcome was assessment time efficiency, while the secondary outcome was the potential for human error. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and relative risk analysis. Results: The digital HYPOGLYRISK demonstrated significantly shorter assessment time compared with the conventional version (p<0.05) and reduced the probability of scoring errors by 3.3 times (p<0.05). The digital application also provided additional advantages, including efficiency, scalability, ease of use, rapid data access, and simplified data management. Conclusion: These findings suggest that digital HYPOGLYRISK can enhance pharmacist-led hypoglycemia risk assessment among ambulatory patients with T2DM.
Background: Marine fungi are organisms capable of growth and spore production in the marine environment and establishing symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms. Because of their high biochemical diversity, marine fungi are considered a potential source for the discovery of new natural compounds with various biological activities. Objective: This study aims to conduct molecular identification and assess the bioactivity potential of the methanol extract obtained from endophytic fungi associated with the marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp. from the Amed Coastal Waters, Bali. Methods: Eight marine fungi were isolated in this study and identified through molecular biology protocol as Aspergillus tamarii SP-3-1-4, Aspergillus nomiae SP-3-2 (A), Penicillium citrinum SP-3-2-1, Aspergillus protuberus SP-3-2-3, Aspergillus sydowii SP-3-2-4, Aspergillus sydowii RM NS SP-3B, Aspergillus clavatonanicus RM NS SP-3-2 A, and Aspergillus nomiae RM NS SP-3-2 B. The fungi were subsequently fermented on rice media containing salt and/or without salt. In the final stage of fermentation, secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using methanol containing 10% water and n-hexane. The resulting methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and bioassays. Results: The phytochemical screening results of the methanol extracts showed that all extracts contained alkaloids. Among the tested extracts, the extract obtained from the fermentation of the fungus A. protuberus SP-3-2-3 on rice medium with the addition of salt showed the highest activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 3351 with an inhibition zone diameter of 7.99±0.20 mm. The fungus A. sydowii SP-3-2-4 cultured with and without salt in rice media exhibited the most potent antioxidant capacity, with IC50 values of 37.02±1.12 and 32.48±0.81 µg/mL. Conversely, A. nomiae SP-3-2 (A), fermented without salt, displayed the highest toxicity with an LC50 value of 0.88±0.69 µg/mL. Conclusion: Based on the pharmacological potential of extracts produced by the marine fungi associated with the sponge Pseudoceratina sp. found in the present study, identification of bioactive secondary metabolites and their mode of action is propitious for further investigation.
Background: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of mortality in women and demands multi-target strategies that can address pathway redundancy and resistance. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the bioactive constituents of Jaras Gambo Toman extract and evaluate its potential anti-breast cancer activity through an integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approach. Methods: Jaras Gambo (processed gambier sap mass; Uncaria gambir Roxb.) collected in Babat Toman, South Sumatra, was macerated in ethanol, and the macerate was then filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude extract. Its constituents were profiled by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Network pharmacology (target prediction, pathway enrichment, and drug-likeness/toxicity screening) was integrated with structure-based molecular docking to prioritize active constituents and predict their interactions with breast cancer–related proteins. Results: The results of the analysis show therapeutic potential through the significant binding affinity between the bioactive components of the extract and proteins in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, particularly AKT1, TP53, BCL2, TNF, and EGFR. Molecular interactions are suggested by favorable binding affinity parameters accompanied by the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds at the active sites of key residues. The involvement of several signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, may represent key mechanistic pathways of bioactive compounds in targeting disease proteins. Further characterization showed that there are eight main active components, including chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, morin hydrate, naringenin, quercetin, eriodictyol, ribofuranoside, and scopoletin, which showed docking profiles comparable to erlotinib across selected targets. Conclusion: These results suggest the potential of Jaras Gambo Toman extract as a potential source of multi-target bioactive compounds for further breast cancer research.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing prevalence worldwide, including in Indonesia. Standard therapeutic approaches for T2DM are commonly associated with adverse effects, which has led to increasing interest in the use of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Eucheuma cottonii, an abundant red seaweed species in Indonesian waters, holds considerable potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent for T2DM due to its bioactive compound content. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of E. cottonii as a therapeutic agent through a literature review. Methods: This study is a literature review. Relevant literature was collected from several databases using specific keywords, and a total of 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Results: Evidence suggested that E. cottonii comprises numerous bioactive substances compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, sulfated polysaccharides, and carrageenan, which demonstrate antidiabetic activity through multiple mechanisms. These compounds inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, lower blood glucose levels, and enhance insulin secretion via dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. The antioxidant activity of E. cottonii is demonstrated by elevated levels of endogenous enzymes (SOD, GPx, GSH) and reduced ROS and MDA, while its anti-inflammatory effects were reflected in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes (COX-2, LOX-5). Moreover, E. cottonii functions as a prebiotic, modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the population of Bifidobacterium spp., and improving the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, thereby contributing to better glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Based on these bioactivities, E. cottonii demonstrates strong potential for development as a multifunctional nutraceutical for the prevention and management of T2DM through antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota–modulating mechanisms.
Background: Low solubility in water is a major obstacle for Meloxicam (MLX) and has implications for its limited bioavailability. Nanocrystallization techniques show potential for improving drug solubility, but nanoparticles tend to aggregate, suggesting the use of a combination of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and Decyl Glucoside (DG) as stabilizers to overcome this problem. Objective: This study aims to develop and characterize meloxicam nanocrystals (MLX-NC) with a combination of HPMC and DG in an effort to improve solubility. MLX-NC was synthesized using ultrasonication and dried by lyophilization. Methods: The resulting formulation exhibited excellent physical stability over 28 days, as evidenced by consistent particle size (~11 nm) and polydispersity index (<0.3). Physical evaluation and characterization were performed, including particle size analysis (DLS), zeta potential, particle morphology (SEM), thermal analysis (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and saturated solubility testing. Results: The MLX-NC formulation showed a more than 200-fold increase in solubility compared to pure MLX, from 0.005 mg/mL to 1.064 mg/mL. XRD and DSC analyses confirmed that the nanocrystallization process converted the crystalline phase of MLX into an amorphous phase. These results indicate that induced amorphization can significantly improve solubility. Conclusion: The solubility of MLX can be significantly improved using ultrasonication combined with HPMC and DG. This approach has the potential to overcome the solubility limitations of BCS Class II drugs.
Background: PPIs are highly effective for treating gastrointestinal disorders, including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Furthermore, for the prophylaxis of NSAIDs and to mitigate gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving glucocorticoids, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulants, particularly in the elderly population. The prescribing of PPIs among elderly patients remains a widespread issue that can lead to inappropriate use, hospital admission, or discharge. Additionally, the inappropriate use of PPIs can lead to possible drug-drug interactions. Objective: This narrative review aims to comprehensively assess inappropriateness associated with PPIs use in the elderly population and drug-drug interactions. Methods: Studies published from 2014 to 2024 were identified through a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results: Long-term dangers such as infections and nutritional deficits are increased by inappropriate usage, which is defined by unwarranted commencement and lengthy duration. Simultaneously, PPIs present significant DDI hazards through modulating the absorption of pH-dependent medications and blocking cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C19. These risks are made worse by the prevalence of polypharmacy and aging-related deterioration of renal and hepatic function. Conclusion: In clinical practice, these findings call for systematic drug reviews and organized deprescribing programs to detect and manage high-risk combos. Implementing PPI stewardship programs in hospital and community settings is highly advised at the policy and systems level to enhance pharmaceutical safety in this susceptible population and to encourage evidence-based, guideline-concordant prescription.
Multi-drug resistant tuberkulosis (MDR-TB) menyebabkan angka kesembuhan menjadi menurun. Secara global, angka kejadian MDR-TB pada tahun 2015-2020 relatif stabil namun terjadi peningkatan pada tahun 2021. Pada tahun 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan terdapat 437.000 kasus MDR-TB di dunia dan jumlah tersebut mengalami peningkatan menjadi 450.000 kasus pada tahun 2021. Adanya berbagai macam rejimen terapi yang direkomendasikan WHO maka perlu dilakukan sebuah kajian literatur yang memberikan gambaran tentang efektivitas terapi dan efek samping penggunaan obat pada kasus MDR-TB. Kajian ini akan memberikan keterbaruan informasi dan dapat dijadikan referensi untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengelola efek samping secara dini. Kajian literatur ini bersifat narrative review (kajian naratif) dengan mengumpulkan dan menelaah informasi dari berbagai artikel internasional tentang efektivitas dan efek samping pada penatalaksanaan MDR-TB. Pencarian artikel menggunakan database PubMed, PlosOne, dan ScienceDirect sejak Januari 2014 hingga Juni 2024. Sebanyak enam artikel relevan dari total 609 artikel yang disintesis. Secara deskriptif, efektivitas terapi MDR-TB menggunakan berbagai rejimen terapi dengan obat-obat yang direkomendasikan WHO menunjukkan angka kesembuhan yang tinggi (cured>50%). Angka kejadian efek samping pada terapi MDR-TB lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan efektivitas terapi. Namun, pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Rumah sakit di Wuhan Jinyintan-China pada periode Juli 2019-Desember 2020, menunjukkan adanya efek samping yang timbul pada semua subjek penelitian. Efek samping tersebut antara lain: mual dan muntah akibat penggunaan protionamide, gatifloksasin, dan etambutol; hiperurisemia akibat penggunaan pirazinamid, dan hiperpigmentasi akibat klofazimin. Pemilihan rejimen terapi disarankan berdasarkan pada hasil pemeriksaan kultur, kondisi pasien, serta ketersediaan obat di masing-masing negara.
Plant-based mosquito control offers a promising alternative to reduce the health and environmental risks associated with chemical insecticides. Citrus hystrix DC. (kaffir lime), a member of the Citrus genus, produces essential oils rich in bioactive compounds such as limonene, citronellal, and terpinolene, which are known for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. This study focused on extracting essential oil from kaffir lime fruit, identifying its chemical constituents using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluating the repellent efficacy of its spray formulation against Aedes aegypti. Essential oil was obtained through steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS to determine its chemical profile. Repellent activity was assessed experimentally using 100 adult mosquitoes divided into five treatment groups, with spray formulations prepared at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc tests. GC-MS analysis revealed 90 compounds, with five major constituents: D-limonene (14.57%), limonene (13.92%), citronellal (6.66%), terpinolene (6.47%), and α-terpineol (5.74%). Repellent testing demonstrated that the 15% concentration provided the highest protection against mosquito landings. These findings confirm the potential of kaffir lime essential oil as an effective natural mosquito repellent and provide a scientific basis for developing eco-friendly, plant-derived vector control products. This research contributes to reducing dependence on synthetic insecticides and supports sustainable strategies for vector management that prioritize human health and environmental safety.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can lead to various forms of skin damage, necessitating effective protective measures. One commonly employed approach is the use of sunscreen formulations capable of absorbing or reflecting UV rays before they penetrate deeper layers of the skin. The extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L. flowers contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which exhibit potential as natural sunscreen agents. This study aimed to formulate a gel-based sunscreen containing Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract and to evaluate its Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and physicochemical characteristics. The formulations were prepared with three extract concentrations: F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (20%), using a gel base composed of Carbopol 940 (0.5%), triethanolamine (0.5%), glycerin (10%), methylparaben (0.2%), and purified water. Physical evaluations included pH, viscosity, and spreadability tests. The results showed that all formulations met the standard criteria for gel preparations, with pH values ranging from 4.25 to 4.66, viscosities from 22.70 to 38.46 Pa·s, and spreadability between 5.04 and 5.21 cm. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (290-400 nm), revealing an increase in SPF with higher extract concentrations: negative control (1.395), F1 (1.795), F2 (2.506), and F3 (5.041). These findings suggest that Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract holds promise as a safe and environmentally friendly active ingredient for natural sunscreen development.
Diabetes melitus merupakan gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai oleh peningkatan kadar glukosa darah akibat defisiensi insulin atau resistensi terhadap insulin. Penggunaan obat antidiabetik oral dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping dan biaya yang tinggi, sehingga diperlukan alternatif yang lebih aman. Pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai obat herbal menjadi salah satu pilihan karena memiliki efek samping relatif lebih sedikit. Daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) dan daun rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan dosis optimal kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji (EEDJB) dan daun rambutan (EEDR) dalam pengendalian kadar glukosa darah pada tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi streptozotocin. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi, dilanjutkan standarisasi dan uji Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) untuk identifikasi senyawa aktif. Sebanyak 32 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi delapan kelompok perlakuan: kontrol sehat, kontrol negatif (CMC-Na 0,5%), kontrol positif (glimepirid 0,036 mg/kgBB), ekstrak tunggal daun jambu biji (50 mg/kgBB), ekstrak tunggal daun rambutan (70 mg/kgBB), serta tiga kombinasi ekstrak (50%:50%, 75%:25%, dan 25%:75%). Induksi diabetes dilakukan dengan streptozotocin intraperitoneal. Kadar glukosa darah diukur setiap tujuh hari selama 21 hari menggunakan glukometer. Analisis statistik menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan uji Post Hoc Games-Howell. Hasil menunjukkan ekstrak memenuhi persyaratan standarisasi dan mengandung flavonoid. Penurunan kadar glukosa tertinggi diperoleh pada kombinasi 25%:75% (EEDJB:EEDR) sebesar 72%, dengan perbedaan signifikan dibandingkan kontrol negatif. Kombinasi ekstrak daun jambu biji dan rambutan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kandidat antidiabetik berbahan alam.
Cemcem leaves (Spondias pinnata) are rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant potential. However, their traditional beverage form lacks stability, necessitating tablet formulation to improve stability and dosing convenience. This study evaluated the effect of varying concentrations of maltodextrin (binder) and Primojel® (disintegrant) on the physical quality and antioxidant activity of cemcem leaf extract tablets. Prior to formulation, extraction temperature optimization was performed using ultrasonic-assisted maceration at 30°C and 45°C, each for 3 minutes per cycle over three cycles. Three tablet formulations were prepared using optimized extract with different maltodextrin–Primojel® ratios: F1 (3%-8%), F2 (6.5%-5%), and F3 (10%-2%). Granule evaluation included moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, and compressibility index. Tablets were assessed on days 1, 14, and 28 under room temperature storage for organoleptic properties, weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Friedman test at a 95% confidence level. Extraction at 30°C yielded superior antioxidant activity, with lower IC₅₀ values and higher total flavonoid content and was therefore selected for formulation. All granules met physical quality standards; however, among tablet parameters, only disintegration time complied with pharmacopeial requirements. Formula F3, containing the highest maltodextrin concentration (10%) and lowest Primojel® concentration (2%), demonstrated the best physical stability from day 1 to day 28 (p > 0.05) and the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC₅₀ value (23.88 µg/mL; AAI 1.68). These findings confirm a causal relationship between excipient concentration and tablet performance, supporting F3 as a promising prototype for antioxidant supplement development.
Antibiotic resistance is an escalating global health concern, with Indonesia increasingly reporting resistance across various bacterial species. This trend contributes to rising morbidity and mortality and influences patterns of antibiotic use, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology is a widely accepted standard for evaluating antibiotic consumption and serves as a key indicator of antimicrobial stewardship effectiveness. This study aimed to: (i) identify the most consumed antibiotics based on DDD/1000 outpatient visits, (ii) compare consumption between 2023 and 2024, and (iii) determine the DU90% segment of antibiotic use at Banjarbaru Selatan Health Center. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design was conducted from January to May 2025, involving adult outpatients prescribed antibiotics during 2023–2024. Data analysis included DDD/1000 outpatient visit calculations and year-to-year comparisons using the Wilcoxon test. Amoxicillin consistently showed the highest consumption, with 272.94 DDD/1000 outpatient visits in 2023 and 274.26 in 2024. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in overall antibiotic use between the two years (p = 0.063). DU90% analysis identified Amoxicillin as the dominant antibiotic in 2023, while Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil led in 2024. Antibiotic consumption at Banjarbaru Selatan Health Center remained stable over the two years, with Amoxicillin as the predominant agent. These findings underscore the importance of routine monitoring using ATC/DDD and DU90% methodologies to inform targeted interventions and enhance antimicrobial resistance control strategies.
Tanaman obat semakin banyak digunakan sebagai terapi antibakteri karena mudah diakses dan terjangkau. Rimpang Kaempferia galanga L. (kencur) mengandung etil p-metoksisinamat (EPMS), senyawa aktif dengan aktivitas antijerawat. EPMS pada konsentrasi 1,2% dalam sediaan krim terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Staphylococcus aureus. Namun, krim kurang sesuai untuk kulit berminyak karena berpotensi memperburuk jerawat. Gel peel-off menjadi alternatif yang lebih tepat karena tidak berminyak, mendukung eksfoliasi, merangsang regenerasi sel, memperkecil pori, serta membersihkan dan melembapkan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan memformulasi gel peel-off antijerawat yang mengandung EPMS dengan stabilitas fisik baik, menggunakan basis polivinil alkohol (PVA) 10% dan 12%. EPMS diisolasi dari rimpang kencur dan dicampurkan ke dalam basis gel. Evaluasi meliputi organoleptik, viskositas, homogenitas, pH, waktu mengering, daya sebar, serta uji stabilitas dipercepat pada suhu 27 ± 2 °C dan 40 ± 2 °C selama 21 hari. Hasil menunjukkan EPMS dapat diformulasikan dalam gel peel-off dengan PVA 10% dan 12%. Gel memiliki warna putih kekuningan, bau madu, homogen, pH 5,21–5,35, waktu mengering 17–30 menit, daya sebar 55–68 mm, dan viskositas 4.900–16.000 cPs. Semua formula menunjukkan stabilitas fisik sesuai standar gel peel-off. Penelitian ini memberikan dasar ilmiah untuk pengembangan produk kosmetik berbahan alami yang aman khususnya bagi kulit berminyak dan tidak memperburuk kondisi jerawat.
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is a crucial dental intervention designed to maintain the vitality of the dental pulp, particularly in carious lesions or trauma. The evolution of biomaterials in VPT has significantly affected dental practices by providing less invasive alternatives that safeguard tooth vitality and functionality. Continued exploration of the properties and effects of these materials is crucial for enhancing treatment strategies and optimizing dental care outcomes. Bibliometric analysis allowed the assessment of trends in the biomaterials used for VPT. Data mining was performed using the Scopus database and Boolean expressions. Data extraction and analysis were conducted using VOSviewer version 1.6.20., VOSviewer thesaurus, and Microsoft Excel. A total of 856 documents were identified, and the United States had the largest number of documents and citations (110 documents, 6,938 citations). The top three sources were the Journal of Endodontics, International Journal of Endodontics, and Dental Materials Journal. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is still the dominant biomaterial used in VPT to this day. MTA can accelerate dentinogenesis in VPT. The prominence of “MTA” and “VPT” as keywords highlights research on prevalence, causes, prevention, and evaluation, emphasizing the need to investigate biomaterial-driven healing, regeneration, stem cell activity, and gene expression.
Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate 50mg injection is widely used in perinatology wards. These wards cater to newborns (0-28 days), low birth weight (<2.5 kg), or premature babies (<37 weeks), requiring special handling. The use of this injection requires a very small dose, so one vial of hydrocortisone injection can be used for more than one patient. Therefore, the remainder of this hydrocortisone injection is often stored for 24 hours in the refrigerator which will later be reused on other patients. This study aims to determine the in-use stability of hydrocortisone injection stored for 24 hours at 4oC and 25oC. This is certainly to improve patient safety. The data collection technique uses an observational method on hydrocortisone injection samples with 3 replications. In-use stability is assessed from the results of organoleptic tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, determination of drug levels using UV-VIS spectrophotometry and sterility tests. Testing was conducted on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 30. The results of the study showed that hydrocortisone injection preparations stored for 1 day at 4°C or 25°C in the perinatology ward were no longer physicochemically stable (concentration). Chemical degradation began on day 1, then microbial contamination occurred immediately after completion of compounding in the ward (day 0). This is because reconstitution was not carried out in a clean room in accordance with USP <797>. It can be concluded that hydrocortisone injection preparations prepared in this hospital are not recommended for administration to patients after 1 day of storage and must be compounded in a clean room.
This study investigated the effect of nano-chitosan mix with platelet rich plasma (PRP) to proliferation rate of pre-osteoblast cell with incubation time used in vitro culture system. The culture media of pre-osteoblast cell MC3T3-E1 used alpha-MEM, 2mm L-glutamine, 1mm sodium pyruvate, 10% FBS and 10% pen strep in 25cm2 flask bottle and incubated in an incubator with 5% CO2 at a temperature of 37oC until the cell was confluent 70-80% and planting in well-24 to give treatments. Treatment was divided into two groups, nano-chitosan+PRP and hydroxyapatite+PRP. The proliferation of pre-osteoblast cells saw with immunocytochemical staining and proliferation of cells were counted and investigated with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The normality of sample data was analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk. Comparison test used independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA (F-test). All data were analyzed with SPSS software. The experiment results showed that nano-chitosan+PRP can accelerate proliferation than hydroxyapatite+PRP of 0% and 10% concentrations. The independent sample t-test showed there were a significant difference (p=0.010<) from proliferation rate mean (0%) between treatment group nano-chitosan+PRP (1076.3±176.4au) and treatment group hydroxyapatite+PRP (659.5±272.7au) on five days incubation time, and proliferation mean (10%) between treatment group of nano-chitosan+PRP (710.3±109.7au) and hydroxyapatite+PRP (581.8±76.4au) on seven days incubation time. Based on proliferation mean (0%) and (10%), the treatment group of nano-chitosan+PRP with five- and seven-days incubation have higher mean than 0% and 10% on treatment group nano-chitosan and PRP and can accelerate bone healing with incubation time of five and seven days compared to treatment group of hydroxyapatite+PRP.
Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism of the body against injury or disease; however, excessive inflammation can lead to various chronic conditions. Prolonged use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with adverse effects, creating a need for safer natural alternatives. One such candidate is the citrus benalu leaf (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow), a parasitic plant rich in flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract from citrus benalu leaves in carrageenan-induced mice. A laboratory experimental design using a Randomized Pre- and Post-Test Control Group approach was employed with 25 mice divided into five groups: negative control (CMC-Na 0.5%), positive control (sodium diclofenac), and three treatment groups receiving citrus benalu leaf extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. The extract was administered orally 30 minutes after carrageenan induction, and paw edema was measured every 30 minutes for 180 minutes. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among groups, and LSD post hoc analysis indicated that all treatment groups differed significantly from the negative control (p < 0.05) but not from the positive control (p > 0.05). The 400 mg/kgBW dose demonstrated the greatest efficacy, reducing paw edema to 3.08%. These findings suggest that citrus benalu leaf extract has promising potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, offering an alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.
