For the first time, oil was extracted from the seeds of Camellia cattienensis Orel. Its composition was studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil content of the seed kernel was found to be 0.89% of its dry weight. GC-MS analysis revealed that fatty acids were the predominant compound group, representing 55.55% of the total sample weight. Oleic acid (19.96%), linoleic acid (16.55%), and palmitic acid (16.09%) were identified as the major constituents. In addition, squalene (11.97%), sterols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and esters were detected. A high proportion of compounds (12.39%) were tentatively identified as glycidyl derivatives. The high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds such as squalene and sterols suggests that C. cattienensis seed oil may have promising applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, further studies are mandatory to confirm the identity, rule out artifact formation, and assess the toxicological implications of the potentially toxic glycidyl derivatives.
Camellia nahangensis T. S. Hoang & N. B. Trinh (Theaceae, section Archecamellia), a new species from Na Hang Commune, Tuyen Quang, northern Vietnam, is described. It is a small tree (4–5 m tall) with cream-colored flowers (6–7 cm diam.), hirsute abaxial leaves, ovary 3-locular tomentose, and three free styles. C. nahangensis flowers from September to October and fruits from November to December. It is known from two populations (ca. 100 individuals) in evergreen forests. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 1,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². C. nahangensis is assessed as Endangered (EN) under IUCN criteria B1a, b(iii), B2a, b(iii), and D. It differs from C. flava in having branches hirsute (vs. glabrous), ovary 3-locular (vs. 5), and styles 3 (vs. 5). This species contributes to the diversity of section Archecamellia.
The genus Camellia is highly diverse in Vietnam, yet the phytochemical profiles of many native species remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to develop an analytical method to quantify two important bioactive catechins, epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), in the leaves of 23 Camellia species. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated according to International Council of Harmonisation guidelines. The analysis revealed significant variations in the content of these two compounds among the species, with 15 of 23 samples found to contain EC and/or EGCG. The EC content ranged from 0.10 to 14.07 mg/g dry weight (dw), with Camellia thuongiana exhibiting the highest concentration. The EGCG content ranged from 0.03 to 4.03 mg/g dw, with Camellia hacodae having the highest level. The study identified promising Camellia species such as C. thuongiana, C. hacodae, and C. puhoatansis as rich sources of these valuable catechins. These data provide an important scientific basis for screening, conservation, and guiding the sustainable development of native Camellia resources in Lam Dong for applications in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
Camellia ngochuyeniae and Camellia nguyenii of the Camellia section Archecamellia (Theaceae) are described and illustrated. The flowers of Camellia ngochuyeniae are axillary, solitary, or in groups of 2–4 on young shoots, 6.5–8 cm in diameter, petals 12–15, subglobose to broadly obovate, pink with narrow white margins. The flowers of Camellia nguyenii are solitary or geminate at the end of branches, 10–11.5 cm in diameter, petals 15–16, oblong-obovate, red. Camellia ngochuyeniae and Camellia nguyenii are morphologically most similar to Camellia maianhii. However, Camellia ngochuyeniae differs from Camellia maianhii by its densely velutinous outer petal surfaces and its inner petal surfaces glabrous (vs. both petal surfaces tomentose). Camellia nguyenii differs from Camellia maianhii by its pubescent outer petal surfaces (vs. both sides tomentose). Two new species are assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN categories and criteria.
Digital technology has become an unstoppable progression in most countries due to its vital role in socio-economic progress. Meanwhile, humanity is grappling with severe weather events such as superstorms, floods, and rising sea levels caused by escalating CO2 emissions. Does digitalization influence CO2 emissions in developing countries? For the answer, this study employs three indicators of digital technology to examine its impact on CO2 emissions across 89 developing countries from 2010 to 2023, utilizing difference generalized method of moments Arellano-Bond estimators. The findings indicate that digitalization contributes to increased CO2 emissions. Furthermore, economic growth and infrastructure expansion drive emissions upward, whereas inflation lowers them. These insights offer policy recommendations for developing countries to regulate digitalization in a way that curbs CO2 emissions.
This study extends the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by incorporating time perspective, operationalized as a consideration of future consequences (CFC), to explain attitudes and intentions toward reducing household food waste (HFW). Distinguishing between CFC-future and CFC-immediate, the study explores their influence on attitudes toward food waste (attitude-FW) and intentions to reduce HFW (intention-RFW). A survey of 375 Vietnamese consumers across four regions of Vietnam (North, Central, South, and Central Highlands) reveals that attitude-FW, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively influence intention-RFW. Notably, CFC-future enhances both attitude-FW and intention-RFW, whereas CFC-immediate has no significant impact on attitude-FW and intention-RFW. These findings underscore the importance of fostering future-oriented thinking to promote sustainable food behaviors. By integrating CFC as an extended construct, this study enhances the explanatory power of the TPB model and offers valuable insights for designing interventions to address HFW challenges in Vietnam and elsewhere.
In this study, we determine the interface position of a binary Bose-Einstein condensate mixture in the prewetting phase, confined by a hard wall, at absolute zero temperature. An approximate analytical result is obtained by employing the double-parabola approximation (DPA) to the quartic potential energy density within the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) theory. The interface position depends on the control parameter and the chemical potential ratio. Our analytical result shows good agreement with numerical results, which indicates that the DPA is a reliable method. This study provides insights for experiments focused on observing the wetting transition of gases in the Bose-Einstein condensate phase.
Traditionally considered a stable employment and low-mobility industry, the banking sector is now experiencing workforce volatility due to the widespread adoption of smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA). STARA not only replaces repetitive jobs; it fundamentally reshapes the nature of the remaining tasks, causing psychological stress, such as job insecurity. However, little is known about how this psychological stress affects employees, especially in emerging markets such as Vietnam. To fill this gap, this study investigates the relationship between STARA awareness and job insecurity via the mediating effect of perceived employability. A quantitative method was employed, using a sample size of 380 banking employees from commercial banks in Vietnam. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS software, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with the partial least squares (PLS) technique was employed to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that STARA awareness significantly increases both qualitative and quantitative job insecurity. Perceived employability moderates the relationship between STARA awareness and these two types of job insecurity, indicating that employees with higher perceived employability are better able to deal with the negative impacts of job insecurity caused by STARA awareness. This study extends the understanding of technology acceptance model theory by introducing STARA awareness as a novel antecedent of job insecurity and highlighting perceived employability as a psychological buffer in shaping how banking employees respond to advanced technologies. As a result, this study makes a theoretical contribution to the literature on employees’ stress response and their adaptation in tech-driven work environments. This research also emphasizes the urgent need to develop an effective internal communication channel, suitable training programs, and an open culture to support organizational alignment during digital transformation.
The genetic diversity and variation of two naturally distributed Camellia sinensis var. madoensis populations in Phu Yen, Vietnam, were analyzed using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and conserved DNA derived polymorphism (CDDP) techniques, and combined data. Based on the combined data, the entire variety possessed the following genetic diversity parameters: expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.2691, Shannon index (I) = 0.4085, and proportion of polymorphic bands (PPB) = 92.37%. The Cu Mong population demonstrated higher genetic diversity (He = 0.2223, I = 0.3387, PPB = 75.1%) than the Cao Phong population (He = 0.1531, I = 0.2358, PPB = 54.62%). Low gene flow (Nm = 1.2088) led to a significant genetic differentiation index (GST = 0.2926) and genetic distance (D = 0.2113) between the two survey populations. The distribution of genetic variation within the populations (WP = 54%) was slightly higher than that among populations (AP = 46%). Each DNA fingerprinting technique had distinct strengths and weaknesses in assessing genetic diversity and variation. However, the SCoT technique emerged as the most suitable for this study based on its overall utility.
Parent-teacher partnership is essential in supporting young children’s learning. This study uses developmental research to develop a parent-teacher partnership model for flexible learning. Random sampling was used to select 79 parents of students in kindergarten to Grade 3. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The findings revealed that parents had different experiences with partnerships in flexible learning. Socio-emotional, technology, and academic support were needed to enable parents to continue the partnerships. The proposed parent-teacher partnership framework identifies communication, collaboration, and consistency as key components. Communication is the exchange of information between teachers and parents in which mutual trust and respect are present. Collaboration and cooperation work together to achieve learners’ goals by supporting each other as partners in difficult situations. Consistency is the continuity of a partnership that prioritizes habit formation. Further investigation is recommended for future research.
This study investigates the integration of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) within pre-service teacher education programs, with a focus on mainstreaming ESD across curricular and contextual dimensions. The primary aim is to evaluate pre-service teachers’ competencies, perceptions, and experiences related to ESD, while also identifying key barriers and enablers of effective integration. The research further explores how ESD is embedded within formal curricula and broader socio-political, ecological, economic, and cultural contexts, and examines associations between pre-service teachers’ demographic profiles and their perceptions of ESD mainstreaming. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. The initial quantitative phase involved a descriptive correlational survey of 150 pre-service teachers from two state universities, followed by a qualitative phase comprising semi-structured interviews with 15 purposefully selected participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while thematic analysis of qualitative data provided richer, contextualized insights. Findings indicate a growing awareness of the significance of ESD among pre-service teachers; however, integration across curricula and institutional practices remains fragmented. Barriers include limited institutional support and lack of structured training, whereas personal commitment and community-oriented initiatives emerged as key facilitators. A significant relationship was found between prior ESD exposure and positive perceptions of ESD integration. The practical implications emphasize the need for teacher education institutions to prioritize ESD capacity-building, align institutional policies with sustainability imperatives, and cultivate a culture of sustainability that equips future educators to foster transformative change within their classrooms and communities.
This article applies the postcolonial criticism frameworks of Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak to examine five representative novels by Mo Yan: The Herbivorous Family, Red Sorghum Clan, Sandalwood Death, Big Breasts and Wide Hips, and Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out. The analysis focuses on how Mo Yan’s narratives construct Eastern images, grotesque aesthetics, and female images under the influence of postcolonial discourse. The findings reveal that his depictions of violence, the human body, and patriarchal oppression simultaneously reflect a complex negotiation with Western cultural hegemony and an inheritance of traditional Chinese narrative paradigms. By situating Mo Yan’s literary strategies within broader postcolonial debates, this study demonstrates the multidimensional nature of postcolonial discourse in contemporary Chinese literature. Moreover, it highlights how these works may inform comparative approaches to Vietnamese literature particularly regarding issues of national identity, gender, and the reception of global literary discourses.
Preventive diplomacy, as defined by the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, refers to diplomatic actions aimed at averting disputes between parties, preventing existing disputes from escalating into conflicts, and containing the spread of conflicts when they occur. Between 1975 and February 17, 1979, Vietnam engaged in significant diplomatic initiatives to mitigate the risk of armed conflict along its border with China. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War and the country’s reunification in 1975, Vietnam sought to foster amicable relations with China while focusing on post-war reconstruction efforts. However, escalating tensions, fueled by territorial disputes, political divergences, and conflicting alignments with the Soviet Union, strained bilateral relations. This study examines Vietnam’s diplomatic measures aimed at maintaining stability in border regions, offering an analytical perspective on the country’s foreign policy during this period. By investigating the historical context and specific actions taken, this research contributes to understanding the dynamics of preventive diplomacy in managing border conflicts. Furthermore, the study critically assesses the factors that contributed to the failure of Vietnam’s efforts to prevent armed conflict. It also provides insight into the limitations and challenges of diplomatic strategies in conflict prevention.
This article develops the multilayered network model as a comprehensive analytical framework for examining the political institutions of premodern Southeast Asia. The model is designed to move beyond the established paradigms of the nation-state and the mandala system by integrating insights from history, political theory, anthropology, and archaeology. It conceptualizes Southeast Asian polities not as static, territorially bounded entities, but as dynamic systems composed of multiple layers of authority–royal, local, religious, and mercantile–interacting through fluid networks of exchange, ritual, and power negotiation. Through comparative and historical analysis of representative cases such as Srivijaya, Angkor, Đại Việt, and Malacca, this study argues that Southeast Asian governance was characterized by negotiated sovereignty and adaptive pluralism rather than centralized domination. The multilayered network framework highlights three interrelated mechanisms–interlayer negotiation, cross-network diffusion, and nodal reconfiguration–that explain how political institutions evolved and sustained their resilience over time. By formalizing these mechanisms, the model provides a new theoretical lens through which to analyze institutional continuity, regional interconnectivity, and political adaptation. The paper thus contributes to ongoing efforts to decolonize Southeast Asian historiography, offering a flexible methodological tool that bridges symbolic and material dimensions of power.
With convenient transportation, diverse natural tourism resources, and a prominent cultural identity and agricultural ecosystem, Hòa Bắc can develop various types of tourism, such as cultural tourism, ecotourism, resort tourism, community-based educational tourism, and community tourism. However, tourism activities in this area need to be accompanied by research and specific policies to avoid negative environmental impacts. Additionally, relocating the Cotu ethnic community from their original living areas to the villages of Tà Lang and Giàn Bí in Hòa Bắc Commune raises concerns, as livelihood maintenance activities also affect the water and forest resources at the headwaters. Identifying community assets is a way to determine community resilience, leverage community values for livelihood development, and improve community life. This study identifies six types of community capital assets: human, natural, physical, financial, social, and cultural. The community capital assets are evaluated for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). Strategies to enhance community capacity and socioeconomic development are proposed.
This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on entrepreneurial intention (EI) among youths from 2000 to 2024, addressing the lack of systematic understanding of this field’s evolution and implications for youth entrepreneurship. A total of 1,768 Scopus-indexed articles were analyzed using VOSviewer and R software to conduct co-authorship mapping, co-occurrence keyword analysis, and thematic clustering, complemented by qualitative content analysis. The results reveal a sharp rise in publications since 2014, peaking in 2024, reflecting increasing scholarly and policy attention to youth entrepreneurship as a solution to unemployment. Six thematic clusters were identified: entrepreneurial mindset and motivation, entrepreneurship education and sustainability, applications of the theory of planned behavior, cultural influences and innovation, gender and entrepreneurial orientation, and social entrepreneurship. The intellectual structure shows wide international participation, with Malaysia, China, Spain, Indonesia, and India leading in output, though collaboration between developed and developing regions is limited. The theory of planned behavior remains the dominant framework, and entrepreneurship education is the most frequently studied determinant of youth EI. The findings offer evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and support organizations, including the development of mindset-focused training, the integration of sustainability into curricula, gender-responsive interventions, and stronger international research collaboration. As the first large-scale bibliometric study dedicated to individuals aged 18 to 24, this research delivers a nuanced understanding of thematic evolution, methodological orientations, and collaboration patterns in youth EI, while identifying emerging areas such as sustainability and resilience in the post-COVID context.
Given the reality of the increasing global-scale environmental problems and progress in the information revolution, this paper examines the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the field of green investments with a focus on the differences between Asia and Europe. We investigate the relationship between ICT and green investment by analyzing the longitudinal data of 88 countries for the years 1995 to 2023. The findings are robust after addressing endogeneity by the generalized method of moments and quantile regression models. The results demonstrate the relationship between ICT and green investment issues and its critical positive implications. In addition, financial development and government effectiveness are found to be crucial in moderating the impact of ICT on sustainable investment. Although financial development increases the effectiveness of ICT through increased access to green finance and reduced investment risk, excessive government regulation sometimes dilutes ICT-driven green initiatives through bureaucratic inefficiency. Geographical differences in green financial tools are also identified in the study, with Europe having robust institutional environments and structured green finance and Asia leveraging ICT innovations for sustainability, underlining the need for regulatory balance.
This article investigates how folk legends concerning King Gia Long in Huế employ narrative motifs as intertextual devices to reconstruct historical meaning, negotiate collective memory, and engage in dialogic exchange with official historiography. Rather than treating motifs as isolated content elements, the study approaches them as intertextual nodes that generate and transform meaning within the broader network of vernacular storytelling. To this end, the research integrates intertextual discourse analysis (Barthes, 1977; Kristeva, 1986) with the classification system of the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature by Thompson (1955). The source material consists of field-collected legends from Huế, systematically compared with official historiographical texts such as the “Đại Nam thực lục” [The Veritable Records of the Great South] and “Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục” [The Imperially Ordered Annotated Text Completely Reflecting the History of Viet], to clarify motif interactions across textual strata. The findings reveal a dialogic structure organized around two narrative axes: one that sacralizes and legitimizes monarchical authority, and another that adopts a morally reflective stance questioning the exercise of power. By combining motif theory with intertextual analysis, the article proposes a new approach to studying folk legends about contested historical figures, thereby contributing novel insights to the fields of folklore studies, literary theory, historiography, and cultural anthropology.
The concept of “Tianxia wei gong” (天下為公) [All under heaven belongs to the public] originates from ancient Chinese political culture. It underwent significant development throughout the flourishing of feudal dynasties and has continued to be interpreted and applied in modern Chinese political thought. This is particularly evident in Sun Yat-sen’s Three principles of the people, as well as the contemporary Chinese Communist Party’s theory of “the people as masters of the country.” This demonstrates that “Tianxia wei gong” is not merely a traditional moral ideal but also a foundational element in the modernization of political theory by Chinese thinkers, serving the broader goals of national reform and development. Meanwhile, in Vietnam, Hồ Chí Minh’s principle that “Nước lấy dân làm gốc” [The nation is rooted in its people] has been central throughout the country’s development process, becoming a core value in state governance philosophy across historical periods. Although significantly influenced by Confucianism and Chinese political thought, this ideology in Vietnam has been adopted, transformed, and developed with distinctive characteristics suited to Vietnam’s historical, cultural, and social conditions. This study explores the differences between the concept of “Tianxia wei gong” in Chinese political philosophy and the principle of “Nước lấy dân làm gốc” in Vietnamese state governance. By analyzing the origins, meanings, and manifestations of these two concepts, the article elucidates the distinctions between “Tianxia wei gong” and Hồ Chí Minh’s principle “Nước lấy dân làm gốc” in terms of ideological foundations and practical implications, thereby providing valuable insights for developing Vietnamese state governance philosophy for the new era–a philosophy that both inherits traditional wisdom and aligns with development trends in today’s era of globalization and the fourth industrial revolution.
The global political system can be organized in several configurations, including multipolarity, bipolarity, unipolarity, and nonpolarity. This study applies historical and theoretical analysis grounded in political polarity theory to assess the contemporary international order. The findings reveal that current global power relations are complex, driven by the ascent of emerging powers, the relative decline of Western influence, and the impact of globalization, technological progress, and intensified competition among major states. The international system appears to be undergoing a transitional phase, involving the erosion of the previous structure and the emergence of a new configuration shaped by multiple converging forces. Although the United States retains a position of overall strategic and material superiority, it increasingly contends with challenges from China, which is aggressively expanding its influence through sweeping initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative. Russia’s military actions in Ukraine reflect opposition to Western influence and resistance to the United States-centric international order. Additionally, actors such as the European Union, India, and Japan are assuming more prominent roles, further contributing to the diversification of global power dynamics. The current international order displays characteristics of multipolarity while simultaneously being strongly influenced by the bipolar rivalry between the United States and China, alongside deepening political fragmentation in several domains. These evolving dynamics also shape Vietnam’s external relations, prompting the country to pursue a balanced diplomatic strategy and establish broad-based strategic partnerships with key global actors to protect its national interests while maintaining autonomy from competing power blocs.
