Plant proteins are increasingly recognized as essential ingredients for developing sustainable and health-oriented food systems; however, their broader utilization remains constrained by poor solubility, weak interfacial performance, limited gelation behavior, and suboptimal digestibility arising from their intrinsic structural organization. Among emerging non-thermal processing technologies, ultrasound-assisted processing has attracted substantial interest as a sustainable strategy for tailoring plant protein functionality through cavitation-driven physicochemical modifications. This review presents ultrasound as a multiscale structural engineering tool capable of modulating structure–property relationships in plant proteins across molecular, supramolecular, colloidal, and macroscopic scales. Acoustic cavitation generates localized shear forces, shock waves, microjets, and transient thermal–pressure gradients that disrupt hydrogen bonding, alter hydrophobic interactions, induce conformational rearrangements, and regulate aggregation–disaggregation behavior. These hierarchical structural transformations collectively govern key techno-functional and nutritional properties, including solubility, emulsification, foaming, gelation, rheology, digestibility, bioactivity, and protein–biopolymer interactions. Evidence from diverse plant protein systems, including soy, pea, lentil, chickpea, rice, hemp, mung bean, faba bean, and pumpkin seed proteins, is critically synthesized to reveal both common mechanistic trends and protein-specific responses to ultrasound treatment. Particular emphasis is placed on the concept of an optimal cavitation window, in which controlled structural unfolding enhances functionality, whereas excessive cavitation promotes reaggregation and functional deterioration. Furthermore, synergistic approaches integrating ultrasound with complementary emerging technologies are discussed to highlight future opportunities for precision structuring of plant-based foods. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive multiscale framework for understanding ultrasound-induced structural transformations and their implications for rational design of next-generation plant protein ingredients with tailored structure–property relationships.
The transition toward sustainable food systems has increased interest in plant proteins as alternatives to animal-derived proteins due to their lower environmental impact, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and resource demand. However, their broader application is constrained by structural characteristics that limit solubility, interfacial behaviour, digestibility, and sensory performance. Many plant proteins exhibit compact globular structures stabilized by strong intermolecular interactions, restricting their functionality in complex food systems. These structural constraints operate across a hierarchy of scales, from the molecular conformation of secondary and tertiary structures to the micro- and macro-structural organisation of protein aggregates, interfacial films, and gel networks, and it is this multiscale organisation that ultimately governs functional performance in complex food matrices. Non-thermal processing technologies, namely, ultrasound, pulsed electric fields (PEF), and cold plasma, together with the electro-thermal technique of ohmic heating, offer promising approaches for modifying protein structure without causing extensive thermal damage. These methods can induce partial unfolding, alter aggregation behaviour, and enhance the exposure of functional groups, thereby improving solubility, emulsification, and gelation properties. This review adopts an explicit multiscale framework to link molecular-level conformational changes to microstructural aggregation and macroscopic structure–property relationships. It summarizes the mechanisms, functional impacts, and industrial relevance of these technologies in plant protein processing. Building on this analysis, the review evaluates the principal technical bottlenecks, the economic and industrial scalability, and the priority directions for future research on non-thermal and electro-thermal processing of plant proteins.
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional polymer network structures that dynamically adjust their properties in response to changes in their external environment, such as temperature, pH, light, electric and magnetic fields, and enzymes. The ease of tuning their physicochemical properties and network architecture gives them an advantage over conventional hydrogels in various applications. This review provides an overview of recent advances in stimuli-responsive hydrogels and critically discusses developments in tissue engineering, food technology, wound healing, controlled drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. Representative examples demonstrate how responsive hydrogel systems can improve cell delivery, tissue regeneration, active food packaging, targeted nutrient release, and infection control. In addition, we also cover a section on the role of neutron scattering techniques, including small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), neutron reflectivity (NR), and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), in elucidating the network structure of hydrogels, interfacial properties, and molecular dynamics across multiple length and time scales. Finally, current challenges related to scalability, biocompatibility, regulatory approval, and commercialization are discussed, along with future perspectives on translating smart and self-healing hydrogel technologies into practical applications in food, biomedical, and tissue engineering.
The floral industry generates large volumes of underexploited biomass including petals, sepals, stems and distillation residues that remain after essential oil extraction. These materials are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, terpenoids and aromatic compounds with strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and UV-protective properties. Their valorisation through green extraction technologies offers a sustainable route to obtain high-value bioactive compounds suitable for incorporation into biopolymer-based packaging. The integration of floral extracts into matrices such as chitosan, pectin, alginate, starch, and cellulose derivatives enables the development of active packaging systems capable of extending food shelf life while reducing reliance on synthetic additives and fossil-based plastics. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical potential of floral by-products, the most relevant extraction strategies and the mechanisms through which these compounds enhance the performance of biopolymer films. Attention is given to nanostructuring approaches, including nanoemulsions, pickering emulsions, and nanofiller-reinforced systems, which improve stability, controlled release and functional efficacy. Current challenges and future perspectives for the integration of floral waste valorisation into circular bioeconomy frameworks are discussed.
Selective recognition in complex media remains a central challenge in environmental monitoring, food safety, biomedical analysis, industrial purification, and resource recovery. Programmable imprinted soft materials offer a compelling strategy by encoding target-specific recognition into polymeric, hybrid, magnetic, porous, responsive, and device-compatible architectures. This review examines how molecularly imprinted polymers, ion-imprinted polymers, and related soft-material platforms translate template-directed recognition into practical selective functions, including adsorption, extraction, enrichment, cleanup, preconcentration, separation, remediation, controlled release, recovery, and sensing. Across the surveyed literature, the most convincing demonstrations of programmability arise when target identity, matrix complexity, and intended function are jointly considered during material design. Chemical preorganization, ligand coordination, surface-accessible architectures, magnetic retrieval, dummy-template substitution, biopolymer compatibility, responsive behavior, computational design, and sensor integration collectively expand imprinting beyond passive sorption. Performance evidence shows that these materials can achieve trace-level enrichment, competitive selectivity, reusable operation, and real-sample applicability in chemically demanding settings. However, stronger benchmarking, standardized validation, environmental safety assessment, and scalable manufacturing strategies are needed to avoid overclaiming imprinting as universally superior. Overall, programmable imprinted soft materials represent a maturing class of synthetic recognition systems whose future impact will depend on the integration of molecular-level design with realistic deployment criteria.
Soft polymeric nanocarriers provide programmable platforms for precision drug delivery, yet their rational design remains constrained by complex relationships among polymer chemistry, soft-matter properties, formulation, and biological performance. Bioorthogonal chemistry offers a modular route to functionalize these systems under physiologically compatible conditions, enabling selective ligand installation, responsive crosslinking, and therapeutic activation. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can complement these capabilities by predicting polymer behavior, optimizing reaction and formulation parameters, and linking physicochemical descriptors with biological outcomes. This Mini Review discusses the convergence of AI/ML and bioorthogonal chemistry for engineering smart soft polymeric nanocarriers, highlights opportunities in closed-loop discovery and personalized nanomedicine, and examines translational barriers involving datasets, interpretability, reproducibility, manufacturability, and regulation.
IntroductionRed algae may serve as a partial and sustainable substitute in hybrid meat products. However, intensive heating applied to extend shelf life can readily induce deterioration of the gel structure, leading to reduced textural quality and moisture retention.MethodsChicken gels containing 0%–10.0% (w/w) Palmaria palmata (PP) were prepared, heat-induced at 80 °C for 30 min, and then subjected to high-temperature sterilization (95 °C, 30 min). The physicochemical and functional properties of the gels were then evaluated.ResultsAfter initial gelation, PP-containing gels exhibited higher gel strength. After high-temperature sterilization, the control group showed significant reductions in hardness (from 62.3 ± 4.3 N to 57.0 ± 1.5 N) and moisture content (from 67.22 ± 0.45% to 65.37 ± 0.77%). In contrast, gels with 2.5%–5.0% PP maintained or improved hardness, chewiness, and water-holding capacity. Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis indicated that PP promoted redistribution of free water toward bound and immobilized fractions, and microstructural observations revealed a more continuous and compact network. Conversely, PP levels 7.5% led to aggregation, structural heterogeneity, and texture deterioration after reheating. PP also significantly enhanced the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities. Notably, the gel with 5.0% PP (CB-5.0) showed a marked increase in antioxidant capacity after sterilization, with DPPH values rising from 16.86 ± 0.28 to 22.48 ± 0.73 and ABTS values from 37.78 ± 0.09 to 42.63 ± 0.23.DiscussionModerate PP addition (2.5%–5.0%) acts as an active filler that stabilizes the chicken gel network against high-temperature sterilization, improving texture, water retention, and antioxidant activity, whereas excessive PP compromises structural uniformity.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of calcium-chelating salts (CCS) namely trisodium citrate (TSC) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) on foamability and foam stability of acid whey powder (AWP) suspensions at 60 °C, which simulated the processing temperature of AWP in industry. Effects of salt concentrations, pH and suspended materials were observed. Foam capacity did not significantly change when pH was shifted from 6.8 to 4.6, when TSC or SHMP was added, or when centrifugation was applied to remove the suspended materials. In contrast, foam stability was substantially affected by these factors. Lowering pH and addition of CCS reduced foam stability, despite increasing protein solubility, in the case of CCS addition. This indicated protein aggregates or particulate structures in AWP suspensions play a dominant role in interfacial stabilization of the foams, which may be analogous to Pickering-like mechanisms. This was consistent with foam destabilization after complete removal of suspended materials. SHMP showed greater effectiveness in disrupting calcium-mediated aggregates than TSC, resulting in increased protein solubility. However, as illustrated by the Pickering-like behaviour mentioned above, increased protein solubility is not the only determining factor for improving foam stability in complex dairy systems. Nevertheless, SHMP offers a promising strategy to control excessive foaming during acid whey processing.
This study investigated how the emulsification method of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) influences its dispersion characteristics and, consequently, the physicochemical and biological properties of active films based on sodium alginate and carboxymethylcellulose. Two systems were evaluated: a pre-emulsion obtained by Ultra-Turrax and an ultrasound-assisted emulsion produced by combining Ultra-Turrax and sonication. Although both dispersions presented droplet sizes within the nanometric range, the ultrasound-treated system exhibited significantly lower polydispersity index (0.2 ± 0.0) and smaller droplet size (40.2 ± 3.66 nm) compared to the pre-emulsion (67.9 ± 4.2 nm and 0.9 ± 0.0, respectively), indicating improved dispersion uniformity. This enhanced homogeneity resulted in films with a more compact and uniform microstructure, as well as improved thermal stability (endothermic peak at 175.2 °C ± 4.7 °C). In addition, films containing the ultrasound-assisted emulsion exhibited greater flexibility and extensibility, with higher elongation at break (4.88% ± 0.48%) and lower tensile strength (30.64 ± 0.77 MPa), suggesting a more effective plasticizing effect. CEO incorporation also provided UV-blocking capacity and reduced WVP regardless of the emulsification method. Both active films inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the contact area, with no significant differences between systems. These results indicate that, under the evaluated conditions, dispersion uniformity, rather than nominal droplet size classification, plays a key role in governing film structure and performance, highlighting the relevance of ultrasound-assisted emulsification for improving functional properties of active biopolymer films.
For decades, nutrient delivery system design has been constrained by a fundamental trade-off: Enhancing stability is often associated with reduced bioavailability, and vice versa. This review presents a hierarchical, multi-scale design strategy for hybrid materials. At the molecular level, thermodynamic control of binding interactions, such as through precise chelation chemistry, maintains bioactive compounds in a soluble yet protected state. Moving to the microscale, engineering of porosity, tortuosity, and interfacial properties creates intelligent, stimuli-responsive barriers that remain inert until encountering their target physiological environment. The macroscopic architecture, in turn, is tailored for mechanical resilience against digestive forces while promoting desirable interactions with mucosal surfaces. The field is now leveraging computational screening and machine learning to navigate vast material spaces, accelerating the discovery of novel constructs with optimized biological interfaces. The future points toward truly “smart” systems capable of targeted release, where the carrier itself may contribute synergistic health benefits beyond mere protection. This evolution from empirical formulation to the rational design of matter across scales effectively renders the old stability-bioavailability compromise obsolete.
Foam cleaning represents an environmentally and economically attractive alternative to conventional cleaning-in-place (CIP) processes for removing microbial contamination in food and bioprocessing industries. This study systematically compared three surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Ammonyx® LO, and Capstone® FS-30, to understand how surfactant type influences foam structure and cleaning performance. Stainless steel coupons contaminated with Bacillus subtilis 98/7 spores were cleaned under identical flow conditions using foam generated at a nominal air fraction of 0.5 and a mean velocity of 1.8 cm s-1. SDS achieved the highest spore removal (1.9 log10 reduction after 20 min), with superior kinetic detachment (K1 = 114.75 s-1; f = 98.2%), while Ammonyx® LO (0.83 log10) and Capstone® FS-30 (0.55 log10) performed significantly worse. These differences were attributed to foam structural properties: SDS produced fine, stable bubbles persisting for 24 h, while Ammonyx® LO and Capstone® FS-30 collapsed after 8 and 3 h, respectively. Image analysis revealed local air fractions of 0.88 (SDS), 0.79 (Ammonyx), and 0.96 (Capstone) in the test section, confirming dry foam behavior. Theoretical analysis using Bretherton’s model and microscopic observations showed that SDS’s low capillary number promotes strong Marangoni stabilization and thin lamellae, generating sustained wall shear stress fluctuations essential for spore detachment. This study demonstrates that foam cleaning efficiency is primarily determined by surfactant-controlled variations in bubble size, foam stability, and interfacial properties. SDS provides the optimal balance for achieving efficient and sustainable foam-based cleaning.
IntroductionGas marbles have recently emerged as a new class of particle-stabilized gas–liquid systems. A gas marble consists of a single air bubble suspended in air and encapsulated by a thin liquid shell stabilized by solid particles, forming an air-in-liquid-in-air structure. Gas marbles can be generated using various edible particles, but their formation has so far been demonstrated almost exclusively in water, where only particles with intermediate wettability (moderately hydrophilic contact angles) lead to stable structures. Because liquid surface tension strongly influences the three-phase contact angle, expanding gas-marble formation beyond water requires understanding how the liquid phase governs gas marbles formation and stability.MethodsIn this work, we investigate the formation of gas marbles using cocoa particles and a wide range of edible liquids differing in surface tension and composition. We also systematically varied a model liquid phase from water/ethanol mixtures. Unlike previous studies that focused primarily on particle wettability in water-based systems, this work explicitly isolates and elucidates the role of the liquid phase in governing gas-marble formation.Results and discussionWe demonstrate that the three-phase contact angle can be tuned through liquid surface tension, enabling or inhibiting gas-marble formation. We show, for the first time, that stable cocoa-based gas marbles can be produced in a broad set of edible liquids, provided that the liquid surface tension remains sufficiently high (above 34 mN/m). These gas marbles exhibit notable robustness, including heat resistance and long-term stability. Overall, this study establishes clear criteria linking liquid surface tension, particle wettability, and gas-marble formation. These findings provide new physical insight into particle-stabilized gas–liquid interfaces beyond water systems and offer general formulation guidelines applicable across a wide range of edible and non-aqueous liquids.
Ethylene–propylene rubber (EPM) is a fully saturated elastomer, which prevents its crosslinking by conventional accelerated sulfur curing that requires unsaturation. In this study, a hybrid curing approach is introduced to generate sulfidic crosslinks in EPM. The method combines organic peroxide curing with sulfur-based vulcanization. Peroxide generates radicals on the EPM backbone and forms macro radicals, which can be captured by sulfur species, forming sulfur macroradicals that couple either with each other or with other EPM macro radicals to create alkyl-alkyl sulfidic crosslinks in EPM. Alongside these, the system also contains conventional alkyl–alkyl carbon crosslinks generated by peroxide. While carbon–carbon crosslinks impart excellent thermal stability and compression set resistance in EPM, they often limit flexibility and tear strength. The incorporation of sulfidic crosslinks alongside peroxide-derived linkages enhances flexibility and stress strain performance without sacrificing high temperature capability. This hybrid curing route thus provides a promising strategy for developing advanced flexible EPM composites for applications demanding contradictory property requirements and higher thermal ratings than EPDM.
The first part of this review summarizes fundamental wound-healing biology and advances a novel, integrative roadmap for developing next-generation wound technologies that weave together ancestral knowledges and modern biomaterials science, analyzing recent evidence and translational opportunities in that direction. It also examines clinical trials, patents, regulatory issues, and epistemological challenges around medicinal plants. (DOI). This second part delves into historical poultices and the plants used to make them, summarizing reported medicinal effects, key phytochemicals, and mechanisms for topical wound and inflammation modulation. It follows the translation of these materia medica into modern technologies identifying translational routes and technical gaps. In addition, the review examines the validation of medicinal products integrated into modern technological platforms, encompassing in vitro assays, in vivo experiments, and clinical trials. The paper argues that ancestral health paradigms, rooted in ecological knowledge and community practice, can complement biomedical frameworks across research, product design, and clinical use. It prioritizes respectful, participatory approaches that conserve biodiversity and protect the intellectual and cultural rights of source communities while centering patient autonomy and psychosocial support. Finally, it calls out critical evidence gaps and proposes methodological, ethical, and regulatory standards for rigorous ethnopharmacological validation and responsible integration of traditional poultice knowledge into contemporary wound-care innovation.
IntroductionOleogels containing low candelilla wax (CLW) content (<2.5%) loaded with α-tocopherol mimic the rheological properties of butter, margarine, and partially hydrogenated fat. However, their use in food to enhance vitamin E intake remains unexplored. This study investigated CLW-based oleogels loaded with α-tocopherol, developed previously to replicate the rheological properties of butter (Obtr), margarine (Omgn), and partially hydrogenated fat (Ohgf), as full replacements for these fats in cookies.MethodsDoughs and cookies containing Obtr, Omgn, or Ohgf were assessed for instrumental color, rheological, textural, and baking properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to investigate the clustering and similarities between oleogel-based samples and their respective reference solid fats.ResultsDoughs with oleogels exhibited a darker surface and a weaker structure compared to those with solid fats. Cookies with oleogels were darker, softer, and less crispy than those made with solid fats. Cookies with OMGN exhibited a spread factor comparable to that of margarine, although other dimensional and textural parameters differed. PCA revealed no distinct clustering between the doughs containing oleogels and those with their respective solid fats (PC1 = 56.1%; PC2 = 28.9%). However, cookies containing oleogels clustered closely with those with partially hydrogenated fat (PC1 = 58.1%; PC2 = 38.8%), suggesting that reproducing the functional response of partially hydrogenated fat is more feasible than that of butter or margarine.ResultsTherefore, oleogels with low CLW content loaded with α-tocopherol present a promising alternative for replacing hydrogenated fats in cookies formulations.
The use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in pharmaceutical and food applications has gained momentum due to their capacity to encapsulate a wide range of biomolecules. Previous studies have demonstrated the effective entrapment of enzymes within lipid sponge nanoparticles, highlighting their potential as versatile delivery vehicles. Similar to inverse bicontinuous cubic phases, the sponge phase features a network of aqueous cavities separated by curved lipid bilayers, but with a more flexible structure and larger water cavities. The objective of this study is to determine how the lipid composition affects the sponge phase properties. Based on food-grade lipid mixtures of the glycerol monooleate-rich lipid mixture (GMO-50), diglycerol monooleate (DGMO), polysorbate 80 (P80), and water, which are known to form sponge phases, we have studied the incorporation of the zwitterionic phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). This is of particular interest due to its potential to increase the biocompatibility of the formulation. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), we show that DOPC generally promotes the formation of lamellar phases at 25 °C, but sponge phases can be preserved by adjusting GMO-50/DOPC ratios, adding P80, or increasing the temperature to 40 °C. Dispersions in excess water yielded mixtures of sponge nanoparticles and vesicles, while diluting the LNPs in buffers with higher ionic strength (PBS and cell medium) induced multilamellar vesicle formation. These results demonstrate that DOPC provides a tunable handle on lipid nanostructures, enabling temperature and medium-responsive systems, and that the surrounding medium can restructure nanoparticles even after formation. This underscores the importance of considering both the conditions of nanoparticle assembly and their response to new environments, with direct implications for biopharmaceutical performance.
The human body, once regarded primarily as a spiritual vessel, is now understood as a highly complex biological system governed by intricate cellular and molecular processes. As civilizations and technologies have evolved, so too have the methodologies, materials, and epistemologies surrounding wound care. From herbal applications in ancient cultures to the development of bioengineered dressings in contemporary medicine, the field of wound healing reflects a continuous trajectory of innovation and adaptation. This review presents a concise overview of wound management practices across diverse cultural contexts, highlighting the contributions of ancestral knowledge systems. It further examines the current landscape of wound dressing technologies, with particular emphasis on soft materials engineered, such as polymers, gels, and foams, to optimize healing outcomes in both acute and chronic wounds. In seeking deeper integration of ancestral knowledge into biomedical innovation, this review explores clinical trials, patent activity, regulatory standards, and epistemological considerations related to medicinal plant applications. By honoring origin and embracing plural knowledge systems, we aim to advance the development of wound care nanotechnologies that are not only scientifically robust but also culturally inclusive, ethically grounded, and accessible across diverse healthcare settings. The second part of this review summarizes tissue engineering in the market and clinical trials, plant-based remedies and pharmacopoeias, medicinal activities of the plants, analyzing skin wound healing from traditional cataplasm to advanced wound dressings within a holistic framework.
This study investigates whether it is possible to simulate quantum entanglement with theoretical memristor models, physical memristors (from Knowm Inc.) and slime molds Physarum polycephalum as bioelectric components. While the simulation with theoretical memristor models has been demonstrated in the literature, real-world experiments with electric and bioelectric components had not been done so far. Our analysis focused on identifying hysteresis curves in the voltage-current (I-V) relationship, a characteristic signature of memristive devices. Although the physical memristor produced I-V diagrams that resembled more or less hysteresis curves, the small parasitic capacitance introduced significant problems for the planned entanglement simulation. In case of the slime molds, and unlike what was reported in the literature, the I-V diagrams did not produce a memristive behavior and thus could not be used to simulate quantum entanglement. Finally, we designed replacement circuits for the slime mold and suggested alternative uses of this bioelectric component.
Lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles have gained significant attention as drug delivery systems owing to their unique self-assembly properties, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This chapter explores recent advances in LLC formulations, focusing on their structural classification, physicochemical properties, and applications in controlled-drug delivery. Various mesophases, including lamellar, cubic, and hexagonal structures, have been discussed, highlighting their roles in controlled release. A comparative analysis reveals that cubic phases offer superior structural stability for sustained release, while hexagonal phases excel in high-viscosity applications, though their complex preparation limits scalability. In addition, key characterization techniques such as small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheology are examined to offer insights into their stability and performance. Furthermore, the development of in situ gelling precursor systems and their applications in oral, transdermal, ocular, nasal, injectable, and periodontal drug delivery have been explored. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive materials into LLC systems enhances their adaptability to personalized medicine and advanced therapeutic strategies. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability, long-term stability, and clinical translation remain unresolved. This chapter highlights the potential of LLC nanoparticles to revolutionize modern drug delivery by improving bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation strategies and exploring novel biomaterials to expand the clinical utility of LLC-based drug delivery systems.
Colloids and macromolecules are the major compounds in wine particulate matter and play an important role in many wine properties that change during the winemaking process. However, methodologies are lacking to characterize and quantify the changes these compounds undergo throughout the process. This work uses asymmetric flow-field fractionation coupled to multiple detectors (AF4–MALS–dRI–UV) to separate, characterize, and quantify colloidal and macromolecular properties. Furthermore it provides useful information on the evolution and dynamics of these colloidal and macromolecular fractions throughout five winemaking stages. The results showed that the (AF4–MALS–dRI–UV) technique allows monitoring changes in specific colloidal and macromolecular properties during the winemaking process. In this study, three populations were separated and classified according to their nature and main properties throughout the winemaking process. It was observed that concentration, c, and specific absorptivity (ɛ) tend to vary more depending on the wine variety and the vinification stage. However, the maturation and aging stages tended to stabilize changes in the early stages. In contrast, properties such as hydrodynamic radius (rH), molar mass (MW) and regularly the apparent density (p^) tend to remain more stable as the winemaking process progresses. The results demonstrated the use of AF4–MALS–dRI–UV as a robust and feasible technique to separate the wine particle matter and to monitor fundamental colloidal and macromolecular properties in a wide variety of samples without the support of additional techniques throughout the winemaking process.
