The determination of crystallization kinetic parameters is central to elucidating the transformation mechanisms in glassy systems, particularly when analyzed within the framework of the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation. In this paper, we show that the key kinetic parameters of crystallization of amorphous materials (the activation energy E, the Avrami exponent n and the crystallization rate constant k) can be evaluated directly from the DSC curves measured at various crystallization temperatures of the isothermal measurements. The applicability of these methods was tested on In10Se90 and Sb10Se90 chalcogenide glasses. The values of the kinetic parameters obtained in this study are compared with values obtained using conventional isothermal and non-isothermal measurements.
This study aimed to develop starch-grafted polymers (SGP) as eco-friendly flocculants for industrial wastewater treatment and to optimize their performance using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three starch-grafted polymers were synthesized through graft polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto a starch backbone and characterized by viscosity measurements, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses. The synthesized polymers were evaluated in combination with activated potato peel (APP) and bentonite for the reduction of color, turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) from industrial wastewater. Process optimization was performed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) within RSM. Under optimized conditions, the treatment system achieved 90.2
In this study, agarose-succinate (Ag-SA), agarose-phthalate (Ag-PA), and agarose-maleate (Ag-MA) half-esters were synthesized using an ionic liquid solvent ([Bmim]Br) with yields of 49.01
The giant milkweed, or Calotropis gigantea, is a well-known plant that produces milky substances used in alternative and traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. The current study’s objectives were to extract phytochemicals using solvent dependence and assess the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of solvent-based latex extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, iso-propyl alcohol, and iso-amyl alcohol) extracted from the rapidly expanding Calotropis gigantea. This study targets nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase−2, (COX-2) two proteins linked to inflammatory response, by identifying certain phytoconstituents from Calotropis gigantea milky sap using both in vitro testing and in silico-dependent prediction. Phytochemical testing of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays were conducted using standard methods. A gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) was used to compare the bioactive chemicals in latex extracts. The GC-FID results showed that the ethanol fraction had a maximum of 29 phytocompounds, whereas the isoamyl alcohol extract had 23 phytocompounds. Phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were found by phytochemical analysis, however their content varied depending on the solvent. Among all solvents, CEE (Calotropis ethanol extract) depicted high oxidant potential having IC50 values (µg/ml) in following order: NO2 Scavenging Activity: 14, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity: 15, Iron Chelating Activity: 117. Notably all extracts displayed substantial anti-inflammatory activities. However, CAE (calotropis acetone extract) depicted maximum inhibition potential as evidenced from BSA denaturation fluorescent data. For instance: after the addition CAE to BSA fluorescence intensity went to 0.1 ×104 INT units from 3.6 ×104 INT units. Docking of three major phytocompounds [Phytol (43.61
Antibiotic contamination has become an emerging environmental and public health concern in Ghana, with important implications for ecosystem integrity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review synthesises current evidence on the occurrence, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological implications of antibiotic residues across Ghanaian environmental matrices, including surface water, groundwater, sediments, soils, hospital effluents, landfill leachates, and aquaculture systems. A systematic review of studies published between 2000 and 2026 was conducted, drawing on peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and environmental monitoring studies. In total, 46 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. The findings indicate that antibiotic contamination is widespread across multiple environmental compartments, although concentrations vary substantially by matrix and location. Hospital effluents and landfill leachates consistently recorded the highest contamination levels, with amoxicillin concentrations reaching 8760 µg/L in hospital wastewater and penicillin concentrations as high as 67,420 µg/L in landfill leachates. Major contamination hotspots were identified in Kumasi, Sunyani, and Sefwi Wiawso, where intense healthcare activities, inadequate wastewater treatment, and poor waste management practices contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Lower but persistent concentrations were also detected in rivers, reservoirs, sediments, and aquaculture systems, indicating chronic environmental exposure. The review further demonstrates that contaminated environmental systems serve as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, increasing the potential for environmental dissemination of AMR. Strengthened environmental surveillance, improved wastewater treatment, and integrated regulatory frameworks are urgently needed to mitigate antibiotic pollution in Ghana.
Recent advancements in data infrastructure, computational statistics, and artificial intelligence (AI) have inaugurated a transformative era for chemical sciences. These computational paradigms facilitate the optimization of complex systems at an unprecedented rate, transcending the limitations of traditional trial-and-error methodologies. This innovative convergence of domain-specific scientific knowledge and advanced heuristics is pivotal for the engineering of next-generation, sustainable chemical processes characterized by minimized energy footprints and enhanced selectivity. Significantly, this evolution fosters a deep integration between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis and the diverse analytical tools emerging from the digital frontier, potentially catalyzing a new “Catalysis–AI” paradigm. However, comprehensive bibliometric analyses reveal a significant break; despite the proliferation of AI literature, its substantive implementation in experimental catalysis remains nascent. The current landscape is hindered by data silos and a lack of standardized descriptors. Consequently, the formulation of robust explanatory and predictive hypotheses—anchored in both physical chemistry and data-driven insights—is imperative. Establishing such a framework is essential for achieving a fundamental understanding of active sites and reaction mechanisms, ultimately addressing the urgent scientific and technological imperatives of modern industry. However, bibliometric analyses reveal that a robust connection between diverse catalytic fields and emerging AI tools remains unestablished. A gap particularly evident in Ibero-American countries despite their strong catalysis tradition. This disconnects risks creating a substantial disparity in advancement rates compared to other scientific domains. Ultimately, bridging this divide is essential to unlock a future human-machine synergy capable of accelerating the design of novel catalytic materials. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly impacted science and technology. Despite the concerns and potential risks associated with artificial intelligence, the responsible integration of these tools is essential for the advancement of science and technology, especially in the field of catalysis. It is necessary to integrate catalysis, with the diverse tools of artificial intelligence, ultimately giving rise to a new paradigm of catalysis–AI. The disconnect between catalysis and artificial intelligence is particularly pronounced in Ibero-American countries, which have served as fundamental pillars in the advancement of catalytic knowledge for decades.
Novel mixed-ligand metal(II) complexes of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were synthesized from Schiff base ligands (LQ-CFNA and HN-MPD) derived from 2-hydroxyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and amine precursors forming LCH system. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of a Schiff base framework with a redox-active naphthoquinone moiety within a mixed-ligand environment, which is expected to enhance the electronic and biological properties of the resulting complexes. The synthesized complexes were characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, and EDXRF analysis, while the ligands were further confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. FTIR spectra of the ligands exhibited azomethine (C = N) stretching bands at 1677 cm− 1 (LQ-CFNA) and 1615 cm− 1(HN-MPD), which shifted to 1599,1644, 1532, and 1539 cm− 1 for the Cu(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), and Zn(II) complexes, respectively, confirming coordination through the imine nitrogen. Molar conductance values of 8.77, 23.58, and 29.17 S.cm2.mol− 1 for Cu(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) complexes indicated non-electrolytic behavior, whereas the Fe(II) complex exhibited a high molar conductance value of 279 S.cm2.mol− 1, suggesting electrolytic nature in solution. UV-Vis spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements suggested paramagnetic behavior and supported predominantly octahedral geometries across the complexes. Biological evaluation showed enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities of the complexes compared to the free ligands, with the Mn(II) complex exhibiting the highest antibacterial inhibition zone of 22.5 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the Fe(II) complex demonstrated superior antifungal activity ( 19.5 mm) against Aspergillus flavus, exceeding that of the standard drug. DNA studies revealed cleavage activity for HN-MPD, whereas LQ-CFNA showed no cleavage effect. Corrosion inhibition studies on mild steel in acidic medium revealed temperature-dependent behavior, with HN-MPD exhibiting better inhibition efficiency at 303k and 62.5 ppm concentration, while LQ-CFNA showed the highest inhibition efficiency of 74.69
The structural, electronic, optoelectronic, thermoelectric, thermodynamic, mechanical, magnetic and energy storage characteristic were investigated using first principles studies. The simulations were conducted using the WIEN2k software within the GGA-PBEsol framework. The equilibrium lattice constant of a = 8.60 Å, which closely aligns with the experimental measurement of 8.611 Å, is derived by structural optimization. Structural optimization verifies that the material exhibits both thermodynamic and mechanical stability, adhering to the Born stability criterion, with a bulk modulus of 116 GPa and elastic constants of C₁₁ = 160 GPa, C₁₂ = 95 GPa, and C₄₄ = 55 GPa. The electronic band structure and density of states exhibit metallic characteristics with significant contributions from Pr-4f states at the Fermi level. At high temperatures, the material displays an ideal thermoelectric efficiency with a ZT value of about 0.26. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrates thermal stability across a wide temperature range, whereas magnetic simulations show small paramagnetic behavior and a small net magnetic moment of about 0.8 µB per formula unit. Optical examination of the UV light spectrum demonstrates robust reflection and elevated optical conductivity. Approximated migration barrier of approximately 250 meV, a theoretical capacity surpassing 200 mAh/g, and a volumetric expansion of about 8.5
Sickle Cell Disease is one of the hemoglobinopathy major pathology behind is vaso -occlusion of RBCs contributing severe complications which has global distribution worldwide. Existing approved drugs available does not promise curative treatment only provides symptomatic relief and repeated intake of medications life-long for healthy survival and periodical blood transfusions doesn’t eradicate the sufferings of individuals, only tedious genetic stem cell transplants are to combat the disease. There is need to discover novel potent anti-sickling agent which inhibits RBCs polymerization and have better anti-oxidant properties. So, two promising hybrid molecules having reported anti-oxidant activity and inhibiting polymerisation of RBCs is the choice for moiety i.e. one is of Phthalimide and other moiety is Caffeic acid from them some newer analogues were developed to discover more effective and less toxic Compounds an anti- sickling agent. The Objective of this work was to discover newer better anti-sickling candidates through Computational approach. Best novel analogues of Phthalimide Pharmacophore and Caffeic acid Pharmacophore was formed using bio-isosteric design method and total of 373 analogues were created, each focusing on to get improved Pharmacokinetic Properties and less toxic analogues by using ADMET 3.0 Software and Orisis Software. Molecular docking studies were conducted using Auto Dock Vina Pyrex software followed by ICM pro bowser for visualizing interactions of Protein and Ligand. To analyse stability of compound, Molecular dynamic simulation studies were done using Desmond Schrodinger suite Software. DFT analysis of analogues were done to analysis an electronic stability. The best docking scores of analogues were obtained with better Pharmacokinetic profile, good medicinal properties and low toxicity levels from respective Pharmacophores i.e. P-2 with − 10.4 Kcal/mol and C-2 with − 9.0 Kcal/mol against protein 2HBS. Molecular dynamic Simulation of P-2 and C-2 was conducted, reveals that the complexes-maintained stability through 100ns. DFT calculations was also predicted for the stability and electronic properties of analogues P-2 and C-2 both molecules exhibited distinct conformational stability and unique electronic responses, offering deep insight into their reactivity and molecular functionality. Computational approach combining Molecular docking, Molecular dynamic simulation and toxicity promise discovery of better candidates for development of potential anti- sickling agents. In this study Some best Novel analogues with better Pharmacokinetic Properties and least toxicity of Pharmacophores were identified by using Computational approaches to treat genetic acquired haematological disorder i.e. Sickle cell disease. As from the Present Research work better results were achieved than already existing approved drug for treatment of this disease and it is validated through Molecular Docking studies, ADMET Studies, DFT Studies and Molecular Dynamic Studies.
Karanjin is a furanoflavanoid that demonstrates selective cytotoxic effects toward various cancer cells; however, its underlying mechanism has yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying karanjin-induced cytotoxicity across cancer (HeLa, MCF-7, A549, and HCT116) and healthy (HaCaT) cell lines. A combined approach integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro functional analyses was employed. The in vitro data showed that a high accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative-stress-related toxicity events and subsequent cell death in cancer cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP levels, cytochrome C, and caspase 3 were more significantly affected in cancer cells (MCF-7, A549, and HCT116) as compared to healthy cells (HaCaT). Interestingly, HeLa cells were not responsive to karanjin treatment. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that mitochondrial depolarization was strongly associated with apoptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role downstream of oxidative stress. Network pharmacology analysis showed significant enrichment in PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, ROS regulation, and various cancer-related pathways. This suggests that ROS and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway could be targets of karanjin in cancer therapy, which is supported by molecular docking and in vitro data. In conclusion, karanjin induced ROS accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in susceptible cancer cells (MCF-7, A549, and HCT116) in a dose-dependent manner without affecting healthy cells.
Vertical array of Si (100) nanowires (NWs) were fabricated by one step electroless metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) of p-type Si (100) wafer in an aqueous solution comprising of AgNO₃ and HF at 60 °C for different time durations ranging from 15 to 120 min. The as-etched Si wafer surface was covered with vertically aligned NW arrays along with dense dendritic Ag structures. After dissolving the Ag dendrites using HNO₃ solution, vertical array of Si NWs became clearly visible. Straight Si NW bundles were uniformly distributed across the wafer surface, with NW diameters ranging from 100 to 150 nm. The NW sidewalls exhibited significant roughness due to the formation of Si nanocrystals (NCs), with mean diameter of 6 nm, on the nanowire surfaces. The lengths of the NWs were measured to be 3.8, 6.2, 18, and 24.5 μm for the etching durations of 15, 30, 60 min, and 120 min, respectively, indicating a nearly linear growth rate with the etching time duration. The NWs retained the crystalline orientation of the Si (100) wafer, confirming that they are single-crystalline with the Si (100) planes aligned perpendicular to the nanowire axis. The Si NWs exhibited strong visible photoluminescence, originating primarily from the embedded Si NCs as a result of quantum confinement effect. The Si NWs exhibited enhanced Raman scattering, primarily attributed to the partial localization of the excitation light resulting from multiple elastic scattering within the NW array. Additionally, plasmon-assisted Raman enhancement from the Ag dendrites further contributed to the overall signal amplification.
In acidic environments, acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) play a crucial role in hydrolyzing phosphate ester linkages. Two distinct forms of acid phosphatase, designated AP-I and AP-II, were purified to homogeneity from Erythrina indica using a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatographic techniques. The purification process involved multiple steps to ensure the enzymes were purified to homogenity, thereby facilitating detailed characterization. The active site of the purified AP-II was characterized in detail through chemical modification studies, which revealed the presence of one residue each of carboxylate, tryptophan, and serine. Substrate protection experiments using p-nitrophenyl phosphate effectively prevented the modification of all three residues, suggesting their essential role in the enzyme’s active site. These experiments provided strong evidence that these residues are directly involved in the catalytic process. Kinetic studies of the partially inactivated enzyme, achieved through the use of specific modifying agents Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCHC) for carboxylate, N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) for tryptophan, and Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) for serine, further confirmed the involvement of these residues in the catalytic mechanism. Additionally, statistical analysis of spectral data showed a good overall fit validating the experimental data. The results demonstrated that the inactivation of any of these residues significantly impaired the enzyme’s activity, highlighting their critical roles in the catalytic process. In addition, Circular dichroism (CD) analysis indicated similar secondary structural elements (α-helix and β-sheet) in AP-II. AP-II demonstrated a better polynomial fit (R² ≈ 0.89) indicating greater structural stability on performing data analysis using origin software. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structures of AP-II were predicted using computational (in silico) structural studies to investigate their structural organization. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the active site architecture and the catalytic mechanism of AP-II, highlighting the critical roles of the carboxylate, tryptophan, and serine residues in the enzyme’s active function.
Currently, targeting bacterial QS is one of the best ways to resolve the problem of bacterial resistance. In agr QS system, the LytTR domain of AgrA regulates the expression of various virulence genes. So, agr QS mediated virulence factors secretion and biofilm formation can be prevented by blocking the DNA binding LytTR domain with small molecules. In this study we docked two natural alkaloids (lanoginosine and liriodenine) with previously homology modelled AgrA proteins (Chlamydia trachomatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Macrococcus canis) as well as with the template protein of Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 4G4K) using AutoDock 4.2. Both the alkaloids showed excellent binding scores (less than − 8.5 kcal/mol) with all the proteins. 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations and MM/PBSA calculation were performed to study stability of the docked complexes. Liriodenine showed promising MM/PBSA binding free energies ranging from − 71.08 to -134.317 kJ/mol with all the model proteins. DFT based electronic properties of both the alkaloids were calculated using M06-2X/ def2-TZVP level of theory. SwissADME website was used to study the ADMET properties. Both the alkaloids possess very good drug likeness properties and hence, can be used as potential inhibitors against agr QS system.
Gold nanoparticles capped with citrate were prepared and characterized using particle size measurements, FT-IR, and an HR-TEM study. The prepared particles were evaluated for their ability to detect pesticides in water samples. A color change visible to the naked eye was witnessed in a solution containing ethion. Other pesticides did not produce a similar change in color. The recognition of ethion using AuNPs was also witnessed through UV-vis analysis. The color change was exploited to develop a smartphone-aided system for the detection of pesticides in aqueous samples. A good limit of detection value (0.060 ± 0.002 µM) was witnessed using UV-vis spectroscopy, while the red color component and grayscale pixel intensity provided a limit of detection value of 0.052 ± 0.003 µM and 0.055 ± 0.008 µM, respectively. The ethion concentration was also determined in a spiked tap water and soil samples using both smartphone-aided technique and UV-vis spectroscopy. The particle size measurements using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis indicated aggregation of AuNPs on interaction with ethion.
Pentanisia prunelloides (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments, including inflammation and other oxidative stress-related diseases. The current study investigates the chemical constituents, antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Pentanisia prunelloides. The essential oil (EO) of the plant was obtained using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus and analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant potential of the oil was evaluated using in vitro assays, while the antidiabetic activity of the oil was assessed by evaluating its inhibition against α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase. Total phenolics, flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity were estimated using standard methods. A total of 56 compounds were revealed by the chromatogram of the EO; major components include trans-alpha-Bergamotene (20.43
Alizarin (1,2-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-Dione), a natural anthraquinone dye, was investigated via DFT and TD-DFT at the B3LYP/def2-SVP level for potential toy applications. The optimized structure confirmed that a planar π-conjugated system is essential for dye properties. Electronic structure calculations revealed a HOMO‒LUMO gap of 1.79 eV, with the highest intensity absorption at 483.8 nm (f = 0.130), corresponding to orange‒red coloration (CIE: 0.62, 0.35). The Mulliken charge distribution revealed significant polarization at the oxygen atoms (− 0.16 to − 0.17e) and hydroxyl hydrogens (+ 0.17 to + 0.18e). The calculated ¹³C NMR shifts for carbonyl carbons at 212.8 and 213.2 ppm and aromatic carbons at 123.2–165.5 ppm, along with the ¹H NMR shifts at 7.4 ppm (aromatic) and 5.2–5.6 ppm (phenolic hydroxyl), provide definitive structural identification. The safety profile demonstrated nontoxicity, with LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg, no mutagenic effects, no skin sensitization, and regulatory approval by the FDA/EU, suggesting that Alizarin is a promising green alternative for sustainable toy manufacturing.
This study addresses the analytical challenge of detecting non-chromophoric compounds in complex plant-derived matrices. Avocadyne, a long-chain aliphatic acetogenin reported as a characteristic constituent of Persea americana, lacks UV-absorbing chromophores, limiting its detection by conventional HPLC-UV methods. In this work, a comparative chromatographic approach employing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC-UV was used to investigate the detectability of compounds exhibiting chromatographic characteristics consistent with avocadyne in hydroalcoholic avocado extracts and a commercial essential fatty acid formulation. TLC analysis, combined with Goldin’s reagent, revealed a characteristic band with an Rf value of 0.55 in both matrices. The observed chromatographic behavior was consistent with values previously reported in the literature for avocadyne under comparable analytical conditions, providing qualitative evidence compatible with the presence of this compound. In contrast, HPLC-UV analysis performed at wavelengths between 210 and 366 nm did not reveal a corresponding signal under the conditions employed. The comparison between both techniques emphasizes the importance of selecting analytical methodologies according to the physicochemical characteristics of the target compounds. These findings suggest that TLC may serve as a simple, rapid, and cost-effective screening tool for chromatographic fingerprinting and preliminary quality control of lipid-rich plant-derived products containing UV-inactive compounds. However, complementary analytical techniques are required for definitive structural confirmation.
Green synthesis based on plant extracts offers a sustainable route for obtaining silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under mild conditions and for exploring their multifunctional behavior in chemically relevant agricultural contexts. Here, aqueous extract of Paullinia cupana mediated AgNPs formation, evidenced by the emergence of a surface plasmon resonance band at 418–420 nm and the progressive color change of the reaction medium. The resulting AgNPs were immobilized on carbon by in situ and ex situ routes to generate AgNPs@C materials, which were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM/EDS, TEM, and BET surface-area measurements. The precursor aqueous AgNP dispersion was additionally characterized by dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential analysis. The aqueous AgNP dispersion showed a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 429.5 ± 14.0 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.229 ± 0.010, and a zeta potential of − 10.93 ± 1.56 mV. Electrochemical assays were conducted using the commercial emulsifiable concentrate Decis 25 EC as the deltamethrin source. Both AgNPs@C materials showed irreversible cathodic processes in the presence of the formulation, with scan-rate dependence consistent with diffusion-influenced electrochemical behavior. In parallel, germination assays with gherkin and coriander seeds revealed contrasting concentration- and species-related responses. The lower AgNP concentration preserved selected germination-related parameters or produced responses comparable to the controls, whereas the higher concentration was inhibitory, especially for root growth. These results support P. cupana-mediated AgNP systems as green multifunctional materials that connect sustainable synthesis, electrochemical behavior in pesticide-containing media, and concentration-related biological effects on seeds.
The integration of graphene into contact lens technology has emerged as an active area of ophthalmic materials research due to graphene’s unique combination of optical transparency, electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review critically examines the current state of graphene-based contact lens research, including material properties, fabrication strategies, biocompatibility considerations, and proposed biomedical applications. Reported studies have explored graphene-enhanced contact lenses for biosensing, drug delivery, antimicrobial protection, and ocular monitoring; however, the maturity of these technologies remains highly variable. While several laboratory proof-of-concept studies and early preclinical prototypes have demonstrated promising functionality under controlled conditions, many proposed systems remain conceptual and have not yet achieved clinically validated wearable implementation. This review therefore emphasizes the distinction between conceptual designs, experimental demonstrations, and integrated prototype systems. In addition, key translational limitations are discussed, including manufacturing reproducibility, oxygen permeability, long-term ocular safety, regulatory uncertainty, and the lack of standardized chronic exposure studies. Although graphene-based contact lenses may offer future opportunities for multifunctional ophthalmic devices, substantial technical, toxicological, and regulatory challenges must still be addressed before routine clinical application can be realistically considered.
Nafithromycin is a novel ketolide antibiotic approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). The present study describes the development and validation of UV spectrophotometric and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods for the quantitative determination of Nafithromycin. UV analysis was performed at 275 nm, while RP-HPLC separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex® C18 column using Methanol: 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 9.0) (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. The developed methods were validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) guidelines for specificity, linearity, precision, trueness, detection capability, robustness, assay, and solution stability. Both methods showed linear responses over the concentration range of 2–12 µg/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Recovery values were within acceptable limits and
