Objective:Primary enuresis is a common childhood condition with multifactorial causes, including genetic, neurological, and hormonal factors. Recent evidence suggests a possible link between upper airway obstruction (UAO), especially from adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), with nocturnal enuresis. The underlying mechanisms may involve changes in sleep architecture, higher arousal thresholds, and hormonal imbalances, such as impaired antidiuretic hormone secretion.Our objective is to examine the link between upper airway obstruction and primary enuresis in children and to identify otolaryngologic predictors of enuresis severity.MethodsA retrospective clinical study involved 50 children aged 5–12 years diagnosed with primary enuresis. All patients received ENT examinations, including assessment of tonsillar hypertrophy (Brodsky scale), adenoid size (endoscopic grading), and nasal obstruction. Sleep-related symptoms such as snoring and mouth breathing were documented. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression.ResultsUAO was identified in 68% of patients. Significant associations were found between enuresis and adenotonsillar hypertrophy (p
ObjectiveThe aesthetic and functional outcomes of modern rhinoplasty are profoundly affected by middle vault restoration. After dorsal reduction, the most common methods for restoring middle vault integrity include spreader grafts and autospreader flaps. This study compared spreader grafts and autospreader flaps with respect to functional performance, midvault aesthetics, patient satisfaction, and objective aesthetic outcomes, as measured by the Integrated Nasal Tip Aesthetic Score (INTAS).MethodsBetween January 2022 and December 2025, seventy patients underwent primary open rhinoplasty with middle vault reconstruction. This study was a retrospective cohort. One group of patients underwent spreader graft reconstruction (n=35), while the other group underwent autospreader flap reconstruction (n=35). Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) was used to assess functional outcomes. The Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE), Midvault Aesthetic Score, and Integrated Nasal Tip Aesthetic Score (INTAS) were used to assess aesthetic outcomes. Additionally, we examined rates of revision surgery, complications, and patient satisfaction. Within and between groups, researchers assessed patients' outcomes before and after surgery.ResultsNasal function and appearance improved markedly in both groups after surgery. Although the SG group had slightly lower postoperative NOSE ratings, both groups showed significant improvement. After surgery, the return on equity (ROE) was 9.04 ± 0.62 for the SG group and 8.55 ± 0.62 for the ASF group. Patients treated with spreader grafts had significantly higher mean postoperative INTAS scores (49.9 ± 3.6) than those treated with autospreader flaps (47.9 ± 3.8). The SG group also had higher Midvault Aesthetic Scores. Patient satisfaction was consistently high in both groups (8.98 ± 0.71 vs. 8.73 ± 0.82). Rates of complications and revisions were similar across the groups.ConclusionAfter rhinoplasty, patients achieved excellent outcomes with spreader grafts and autospreader flaps, both functionally and aesthetically. Although both methods restored middle vault function and improved patient satisfaction, spreader grafts yielded better aesthetic results, with higher scores on the Midvault Aesthetic Score, Return on Investment, and INTAS. These results provide additional evidence that spreader grafts can improve cosmetic accuracy without compromising functionality.
Background: The optimal surgical approach for skull base meningioma remains debated with respect to long-term quality of life (QOL). Objective: To compare postoperative QOL across sinonasal, cognitive, and general health domains using standardized mean differences (SMD) relative to normative populations. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 studies (2,567 patients) identified via PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (inception to March 15, 2025). Hedges’ g was calculated using validated QOL instruments with normative data. Random-effects modeling, subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: Surgery was associated with large QOL impairment (SMD = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–1.05, P < 0.001; I² = 92%). Sinonasal QOL showed the largest deficit (SMD = 1.11), followed by general health (SMD = 0.00), cognition (SMD = 0.02), and functional status (SMD = -0.26) (P for interaction < 0.001). No approach-specific differences were identified. Trim-and-fill adjusted SMD to 0.64. Conclusion: Skull base meningioma resection significantly impairs QOL, particularly sinonasal function, regardless of surgical approach. These findings guide patient counseling and surgical decision-making.
Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the postoperative morbidity outcomes of conventional osteotomy and ultrasonic osteotomy with piezoelectric instruments. Methods: The study included 72 patients between 18 and 40 years of age. Osteotomy was performed in 49 patients with the conventional method and 23 patients with ultrasonic devices. All patients' ecchymosis, edema, and pain scores were recorded at the postoperative 8th hour and on the 1st, 3rd, and 10th days. Results: Edema and ecchymosis scores were found to be lower in the ultrasonic group compared to the conventional group on postoperative day 1. However, only the differences in the latter were statistically significant (p = 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the pain scores of both groups. Conclusion: We believe ultrasonic osteotomy may be more beneficial in terms of early edema and ecchymosis in studies with a large patient population and similar dorsal nasal flap elevation.
Objective Foreign bodies in the ENT region are common emergencies, with 19–49% involving the nose. Known causes for foreign body insertion into the nose include behavioral factors in children such as curiosity, a desire to explore orifices, imitation, and boredom. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nasal foreign body insertion in pediatric patients and the presence of allergic rhinitis and systemic eosinophilia. Methods: This prospective, controlled study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022. The case group included 51 pediatric patients who presented to our ENT clinic with nasal foreign body complaints. The control group was composed of 51 patients of similar age and gender who presented to the ENT clinic for other reasons. Groups were compared for allergic symptoms (nasal discharge, obstruction, itching, sneezing), presence of one or multiple symptoms, eosinophil percentage, and count. Results: The presence of at least one allergic symptom and the coexistence of at least two symptoms were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (p=0.013 and p=0.03, respectively). Although the eosinophil percentage differed significantly between the groups, it was higher in the control group (p=0.003). No statistically significant difference was found in eosinophil count between the two groups (p=0.078). Conclusion: In pediatric patients presenting with nasal foreign bodies, it is important not only to remove the object promptly but also to evaluate for underlying allergic rhinitis. Early diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis may help prevent such behavior-driven incidents in children.
Background: The urban context may influence how adolescents evaluate their appearance. We compared nasal and facial self-perception among 14–to 16-year-olds living in a large city (İzmir), a medium-sized city (Eskişehir), and a small city (Bilecik) in Turkey. Methods: In a school-based cross-sectional survey, 100 adolescents (14–16 years) completed a brief Nasal and Facial Self-Perception (NFSP) questionnaire (appearance satisfaction, social confidence, and appearance-related preoccupation subscales; 5-point Likert). Instrument content was informed by established patient-reported measures used in facial/aesthetic research. Group differences were examined descriptively. Results: Adolescents in İzmir reported the most favorable scores across both appearance satisfaction and social confidence. Bilecik reported lower scores and greater appearance-related preoccupation, while Eskişehir fell in between. Sex-related patterns followed the literature (girls generally more self-critical), but city-size gradients persisted across sexes. Conclusion: In this pilot study, adolescents in a large metropolitan context were, on average, more confident about their nose/face appearance than their peers in small-city settings. Urbanicity, neighborhood context, and sociocultural exposure likely play a role. Further studies with validated instruments, larger samples, and adjustment for socioeconomic and digital media variables are warranted. Keywords: Nasal Perception, Facial Self-Perception, Nose, adolescence
Objective: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) bypasses an obstructed tear duct, allowing tears to drain directly into the nasal cavity. Although external and endonasal DCR approaches are effective, no universally accepted technique exists. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (EnDCR) performed using an otologic drill, assessed by the nasolacrimal lavage test and the Lac-Q questionnaire. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed 20 eyes from 18 patients who underwent EnDCR between April 2021 and December 2022. Pre- and postoperative assessments included endoscopic examination, nasolacrimal lavage testing and Lac-Q scoring at ≥6 months follow-up. Results: Patients were 4 males (22.2%) and 14 females (77.8%) with a median age of 63 years. Surgery was successful in 16 eyes (80.0%) and unsuccessful in 4 eyes (20.0%). Postoperative Lac-Q scores improved significantly in the successful group, whereas complications and revision surgery were more frequent in the unsuccessful group. Symptom severity and social impact scores were strongly correlated in patients with unsuccessful outcomes. Conclusion: EnDCR using an otologic drill achieved a high success rate. The Lac-Q questionnaire provided valuable insight beyond the nasolacrimal lavage test, underscoring the importance of incorporating patient-reported outcomes in evaluating surgical success.
Purpose: There is a lack of sufficient research on the prevalence of sleep-related disordered breathing (SRDB) in children in Turkey. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of habitual snoring and SRBD among schoolchildren in the city center of Balıkesir, located in the Northern Aegean region, using a Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted between January and May 2022. The study targeted children aged 5 to 13 years attending preschools, primary and lower secondary schools in the center of Balıkesir/Turkey. Using simple random sampling, 13 schools were selected. From these schools, systematic sampling was used to recruit students. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was distributed to the parents of 1300 students. Results: A total of 856 children (66%) whose families returned properly completed questionnaires were included in the study. The prevalence of habitual snoring was 5.6%, while SRBD was identified in 9.1% of the children aged 5 to 13. Gender and age had no statistically significant effect on the prevalence of SRDB or habitual snoring (p > 0.05). Witnessed sleep apnea was reported in 2.3% of children and was positively correlated with both habitual snoring (p = 0.001) and SRDB (p < 0.001). Morbidities such as enuresis nocturna, morning headaches, growth retardation, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were more frequently observed in both the habitual snoring and SRDB groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Screening through school-based surveys and questionnaires can enhance awareness of habitual snoring and SRDB. Considering the limited accessibility to sleep laboratories and the high cost of polysomnography worldwide, validated sleep questionnaires may serve as effective screening tools.
Objectives: This paper reviews caudal septal deviation and its management. Methods: For the literature search, Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Proquest Central databases were used. Results: Although they are not the most common, obstructive and cosmetic nasal tip complaints are widespread when the nasal septum deviates toward the front or caudal side. Since these issues are located in the nasal valve, the narrowest part of the nasal cavity, even slight anterior deviations can significantly block the nasal passages. There are notable functional problems, but there are also visible cosmetic issues caused by anterior septum irregularities. These irregularities affect the connection between the nasal passages and the columella, leading to noticeable irregularities in the alignment and symmetry of the nasal tip. Traditionally, procedures for correcting caudal nasal septum abnormalities have focused on removing cartilage from the back of the nose, leaving the front untouched and requiring more conservative measures such as mobilizations, sutures, or weakening. Conclusion: Septorhinoplasty is a procedure that combines rhinoplasty with septoplasty to treat and relieve obstruction symptoms and improve breathing. For both functional and cosmetic reasons, rhinoplasty offers an alternative to other methods of correcting nasal cartilage deformities.
Objectives: In this paper, crooked nose and management were reviewed. Methods: For the literature search, Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Proquest Central databases were used. Results: The term "crooked nose" is commonly used for all clinical conditions involving deviation of the nasal pyramid from the midline. The “crooked nose” is often encountered in clinical practice today due to blunt trauma from sports injuries or car accidents. Neglected or partially reduced nasal fractures usually lead to a crooked nose with surface depressions and irregularities. Both closed and open reduction techniques are used. Unilateral osteotomies can be performed in some cases, but it is more common to use medial and lateral osteotomies. In severe deviation cases, a cross-root osteotomy can be performed. Significant progress in correcting dorsal deviations has been made with the use of spreader grafts. Septal crossbar grafts are also utilized. Conclusion: Structural grafting and camouflage techniques are essential. Spreader grafts and septal crossbar grafts are primarily used in patients with crooked noses.
INTRODUCTION Acute sinusitis is a common inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses characterized by facial pain, nasal obstruction, and mucopurulent discharge. Topical nasal decongestants and local anesthetics are routinely used to achieve symptomatic relief. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and safety of topical adrenaline and lignocaine applied to the middle meatus in patients with bilateral acute maxillary sinusitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 100 adult patients diagnosed with bilateral acute maxillary sinusitis. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A (n=50) received a cotton pledget soaked in 2 ml of 4% lignocaine with 1:10,000 adrenaline, while Group B (n=50) received normal saline pledgets. Subjective outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, nasal obstruction, and discharge, along with endoscopic evaluation of mucosal edema and pus clearance. Assessments were performed at baseline, 1 hour, and 24 hours post-intervention. Hemodynamic parameters and adverse events were monitored. OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. Group A demonstrated significantly greater improvement in pain scores at 1 hour and 24 hours (p<0.001). Endoscopic findings showed superior resolution of mucosal edema, pus clearance, and middle meatal patency in Group A. Mild and transient adverse effects were noted in a few patients, with no serious complications. CONCLUSION Topical application of 4% lignocaine with 1:10,000 adrenaline in the middle meatus provides rapid, safe, and effective symptomatic relief in acute maxillary sinusitis and may reduce dependence on prolonged medical therapy.
Primary ciliary aplasia is a rare congenital disease that alters normal function of the mucociliary apparatus. Patients generally present with severe, recurrent, or chronic airway infection. This report describes the ultrastructural alterations observed in the nasal mucosa of a 30-year-old female patient who has suffered from chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections since childhood. These ultrastructural features are consistent with complete ciliary aplasia, a rare form of primary ciliary dyskinesia. A high degree of suspicion for this disorder is mandatory for accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. A careful description of the diagnostic procedures and treatment of this extremely rare disorder has been provided.
Objective: To describe a rare cause of acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in an adult, immunocompetent, female, complicated by meningitis due to a clival abscess and subsequent development of orbital apex syndrome, originating from an infected pneumatized anterior clinoid process (ACP) Methods: We present a case report of a 61-year-old, healthy, female, who presented with a one-week history of fever, upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, and severe headache. Initial computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed isolated sphenoid sinusitis with posterior wall dehiscence communicating with the prepontine subarachnoid space. She underwent an endoscopic transseptal repair of the clival defect with a nasoseptal flap, followed by a three-week intravenous antibiotic regimen. Apart from consistent headaches, her postoperative course was unremarkable. Four months later, she presented with orbital apex syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mucosal disease in a pneumatized ACP. She underwent a second surgical intervention including a left-sided sphenoidectomy, orbital and optic canal decompression. Results: Initial surgical management successfully addressed the intracranial infection. However, persistent headaches and delayed onset of orbital apex syndrome occurred despite unremarkable interim imaging and endoscopy. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI ultimately identified inflammation within the pneumatized ACP, when the patient presented with orbital apex syndrome. Intraoperative cultures during the second surgery grew Pseudomonas, for which she underwent prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy. There has been marked improvement in her symptoms, with a remaining mild sixth cranial nerve palsy and postnasal drip at her most recent follow-up. Conclusion: Isolated sphenoid sinusitis, especially involving a pneumatized ACP, can present insidiously and lead to serious intracranial and orbital complications despite early intervention. High clinical suspicion and early use of MRI are essential in patients with persistent symptoms and subtle imaging findings. Multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up are crucial for optimal outcomes.
• Purpose: Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-Sphenoid Approach (EETA) to sphenoid sinus remains a valuable procedure for both neurosurgeon and ENT surgeon. Structural variants in the form of deviated septum, and concha bullosa were commonly found. This study was to evaluate the effect of deviated nasal septum on sphenoid sinus exposure and the correlation between the site and angle of deviation of nasal septum, the nasal width with the success of approaching the sphenoid sinus ostium. • Methods: The study included 30 patients with sphenoid or para-sphenoid lesions and septal deviation. All patients underwent an Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-Sphenoid Approach. Preoperative CT was used to calculate the angle of septum deviation and nasal width. • Results: The mean deviation angle of the participants was 13.77±5.16 and the mean width of the participants was 1.44±0.30. Intervention was done in one third of cases. A significant difference was found between the intervention and non-intervention groups, with a higher median deviation angle in the intervention group (20 degrees). No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding nasal cavity width. Our results shows that the deviation angle is a better predictor than width of the nasal cavity. Regarding deviation angle the cutoff angle at 11.5 is a good discriminating with p value <0.001. • Conclusion: Septal deviations with an angle greater than 20 degrees significantly affect the visibility of the operative bed, necessitating surgical intervention to improve visibility. Our study concludes that the deviation angle is a better predictor of surgical outcomes than the width of the nasal cavity
Objectives: We reviewed graft and suture options in rhinoplasty operations. We aimed to focus on choosing the right graft and suture for each patient based on the specific needs of their nose. Another key factor is selecting procedures according to the surgeon's skill and experience. It is well known that while some procedures are straightforward and produce perfect results for certain surgeons, others can achieve similar outcomes using different techniques. Methods: The literature was searched from 1932 to 2025 using PubMed, Medline, and Google search engines. A list of search terms related to "rhinoplasty," “endonasal,” “open,” “closed,” “grafts,” and “sutures” was compiled and used to find current and relevant publications. The search results encompass a range of research types, including review articles, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, retrospective studies, and online sources. Results: Controlling the shape of the nose mainly involves managing the shape of the cartilages. Most of this control is achieved through excisional and grafting techniques. Graft options in rhinoplasty include Floating graft (Goldman), Shield graft (Sheen), Onlay graft (Peck), Prespinal graft, Dorsal graft, Columellar strut, Lateral crural strut graft, alar rim graft, and Spreader graft. The following sutures and techniques are also used in rhinoplasty: the Hemi-Transdomal Suture, the Lateral Crural Mattress Suture, the Columellar-Septal Suture, and the universal horizontal mattress suture. These sutures aid in septal straightening, correcting the collapsed lateral crus (external valve), and the collapsed upper lateral cartilages (internal valve). Suture and grafting techniques are essential for supporting the internal nasal valve, correcting lateral deviation and contour asymmetry, enhancing tip projection and support, facilitating tip rotation, and refining the tip. Conclusion: Achieving good outcomes relies on skilled hands and, more importantly, sound decision-making throughout the entire process, from preoperative evaluation and counseling to recovery. The importance of identifying suitable surgical candidates, understanding their goals, setting realistic expectations, and supporting them at every stage cannot be overstated.
Objective: The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction during COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) ranges from 4% to 80%, yet the duration of olfactory impairment and the factors influencing it are unclear. This study investigated the progression and influencing factors of olfactory dysfunction over a 24-month follow-up period in patients who developed olfactory impairment during COVID-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Konya Selçuk University Medicine of Faculty Hospital between 01.06.2020 and 31.12.2023. Fifty-one patients with olfactory dysfunction identified during COVID-19 infection were included. Demographics, clinical histories, and laboratory data were recorded for all patients. Olfactory function was evaluated using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, and the test was repeated at the end of two years in 49 accessible patients. Changes in olfactory function during the two-year period were reassessed. The duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, types of gustatory impairment, and recovery times were recorded. Results: A negative correlation was found between patient age and the duration of olfactory dysfunction. Patients with pulmonary involvement had significantly longer durations of olfactory dysfunction than those without pulmonary involvement. Conclusion: Although various factors influence the development of olfactory dysfunction during COVID-19, it has been concluded that olfactory dysfunctions are more common and longer, especially in young patients and patients with lung involvement.
The upper and lower airways are anatomically connected and share immunological, physiological, and pathological features, which have led to the development of the “United Airways Concept” (UAC). This concept suggests a functional unity where disease processes in one area affect the other. Increasing evidence links upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with lower airway conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), indicating that both airway segments should be viewed as a single structural and functional unit. This manuscript examines the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical implications, and integrated management strategies within the united airways framework. The bidirectional relationship is supported by common embryological origin, histopathological findings, inflammatory pathways, and clinical observations. Recognizing this unity provides new insights for diagnosing, treating, and preventing chronic respiratory diseases.
OBJECTIVE Nasal topical therapy plays a pivotal role in the management of a wide range of upper airway conditions, including allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and postoperative care in nasal surgeries. The aim is to report a post hoc analysis on a survey on topical nasal therapy that included an extended list of pharmacological and non-pharmacological products to manage several upper respiratory tract diseases. METHODS This survey involved a questionnaire distributed via a web platform that ensured anonymity. Fellows of ORL Italian societies participated in the survey. The panel of experts who developed the Delphi Consensus drafted the questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred eight ORLs participated in the survey. Most of them were from Southern Italy and islands (57.4%). The most common disease topically treated is chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (82.4%), followed by allergic rhinitis (78.3%), non-allergic rhinitis (76.7%), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (76.5%), chronic adenoiditis (73.4%), and acute rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis (70% and 69.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION This survey demonstrated that a group of Italian ORLs use topical nasal therapy essentially for type 2-mediated and infectious/inflammatory diseases, prefer a pre-dosed nasal spray and irrigation, and prescribe mostly corticosteroids and saline solutions.
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare pre- and post-operative peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurements to evaluate the benefits of septoplasty. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary healthcare center in Coimbatore from January 2019 to December 2021. Outpatient cases presenting with complaints of nasal blackness, along with severe and extreme nasal obstruction and septoplasty effectiveness (NOSE) scores, were included. PNIF was measured at baseline and after one month to analyze and compare the effectiveness of septoplasty. RESULTS The present study included data from 60 participants, of whom 23.3% were females and 76.7% were males. The preoperative PNIF was 51.17±6.40 L/min, while the postoperative PNIF was 119.33±14.13 L/min, with this difference being significant (p<0.001) and a positive correlation observed (r=0.440). Age had a significant negative correlation with both pre-op PNIF (r=-0.615, p<0.001) and post-op PNIF (r=-0.388, p=0.002). The difference in post-op PNIF was significant (p<0.001), with males showing greater improvement (mean post-op PNIF of 125.43 L/min) compared to females (99.29 L/min). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that septoplasty is an effective procedure for improving the mean PNIF among patients with nasal obstructions.
Objective: Vitamin C has antihistamine properties, but its e!ect on allergic skin responses is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the e!ect of vitamin C on skin wheal reactions to exogenous histamine and a known allergen during skin prick tests (SPTs). Methods: In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, adults with allergic rhinitis and known positive SPT toward house dust mites were randomized into 2 groups: the intervention group received vitamin C (1000 mg daily for 7 days) and the control group kept a diet journal only. Repeat testing was conducted on day 8, and wheal sizes were measured using Image J software. Mean differences in wheal area (mm2) between groups were compared, and treatment effect sizes within groups were calculated using Cohen’s d formula. Results: Of 103 participants, 44 in the vitamin C group and 45 in the control group completed the study. Vitamin C led to a small, non-significant reduction in histamine-induced wheal size (-2.5 ± 11.57 mm2, Cohen’s d=0.30 vs. -0.92 ± 14.24 mm2, P=.56, Cohen’s d=0.08), but no reduction was seen for dust mite allergens (+4.48 ± 25.08 mm2, Cohen’s d=-0.20 vs. -0.16 ± 26.17 mm2, Cohen’s d=0.01, P=.40). Conclusion: Short-term vitamin C supplementation had a minor, non-significant suppressing effect on exogenous histamine but did not attenuate the skin allergen responses. Vitamin C may be useful for histamine intolerance, but this requires larger studies.
