This article explores the translation of religious and legal terms of Muhammad al-Bulgari’s ʿ “Khazinat alUlama wa Zinat al-Fuqaha”, a classical theological and legal treatise associated with the tradition of Muslim scholarship during the Golden Horde period, into Russian. For the first time, fragments of the treatise’s 14th-century original manuscript are examined from the perspective of translation studies. The analysis is based on lexical-semantic, contextual, and comparative methods. Particular attention is given to the translation options for the fiqh-related terms ,الفقه, حالل, حرام, العبادة, الدنيا and ,اآلخرة as well as to the specific strategies used to render their meanings. The obtained results suggest that religious and legal terms, including the above ones, function as part of the established conceptual system of Islamic knowledge. Therefore, their translation cannot rely solely on dictionary definitions and must be performed with account of their conventional usage in theological discourse. Some of the most effective translation strategies include transliteration, finding an equivalent term, and contextual adjustment, allowing the semantic structure of the Arabic source to be preserved and ensuring an adequate interpretation of religious concepts in the target language.
This article examines the All-Union Znanie Society’s work on communicating scientific knowledge to the general public in the Tatar ASSR. After the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union was committed to reviving the destroyed sectors of education and research. Thus, from 1955 onward, the popularization of science and technology rose to a top state-level priority, with the Znanie Society as one of the most ambitious projects to achieve this aim. It played an important role in retaining and raising professional qualifications of researchers, increasing productive capacity, and promoting new technological developments and rationalization proposals. Higher levels of education helped increase labor productivity and encouraged political literacy of the target audience. The Znanie Society reached the public through many ways, but lectures were the most common and accessible option. All lectures were carefully planned according to the instructions on the topics that were covered. Each topic was assigned to a lecturer responsible for it. The analysis, based on materials of the Znanie Society congresses and documents from the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, outlines the main concepts, forms, and methods of knowledge propaganda used by the Znanie Society in its work as part of the broader development of educational organizations in the USSR.
This article examines how criminal law and criminal procedure handle cases in which convicted offenders willfully escape serving non-custodial sentences. In particular, the legal nature of such conduct, which is not qualified as a crime under Article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation but still results in the original sentence being replaced with a harsher punishment, was discussed. An inconsistency in Russia’s current criminal law was found: on the one hand, willful evasion is generally treated as an issue of sentence enforcement by the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but, on the other hand, some of its forms (such as escaping a restriction of liberty as an additional punishment) are criminalized in the Special Part. The parties involved in enforcing criminal sentences, the differences between “serving” and “executing” a sentence, and the extent to which the elements of certain punishments (fines, corrective labor, restrictions on military duties, and deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities) are critical in determining liability for willful evasion of legal accountability were explored. The analysis of doctrinal works and approaches of other countries revealed that issuing a new sentence after the original sentence has been found to be invalid due to the willful evasion of its service does not invalidate the primary conviction but gives rise to a subsidiary (secondary) legal relationship that modifies the previously established one without nullifying it. Therefore, the law should take a consistent approach to dealing with misconduct by convicted offenders and take into account the type of sentence when deciding on whether it should be considered a new crime or not.
The structural and semantic representation of the concept “TIME” in paremiological units (PU) across Russian, English, and Ingush linguistic cultures was examined. The novelty of the study lies in that it offers a comprehensive comparative analysis of temporal PUs in the typologically distinct languages: nominative-accusative (Russian and English) and ergative (Ingush). Using both general methods (selection, analysis, synthesis, systematization, classification, and generalization) and specific linguistic approaches (functional-semantic, comparative, componential, and interpretative), temporal PUs from lexicographic, scholarly, and theological sources were investigated. Particular attention was paid to prognostic (weatherrelated) folk sayings, which were classified into the following subtypes: 1) inferred from observations of atmospheric phenomena; 2) based on the behavior and condition of plants and animals; 3) rooted in sacred and traditional beliefs about nature; 4) associated with celestial bodies. The results of the comparison revealed both universal and culture-specific patterns in the linguistic expression of the studied PUs with temporal semantics, reflecting the typological similarities/differences and the presence of shared/culturally grounded attitudes among the speakers of Russian, English, and Ingush.
Generative neural networks processing natural language, including large language models designed for neural machine translation, have made remarkable progress, but we are still far from developing artificial intelligence (AI) tools that can translate literary works such as human-produced poetry, resistant to formalization due to its nature, and fully capture their original meaning, style, and imagery. To address these issues, the present study introduces a hybrid evaluation framework that combines traditional methods of linguistic poetics (as developed by Yu.N. Tynyanov, G.O. Vinokur, A.A. Potebnya, M.M. Bakhtin, and others) with those used by modern large language models (DeepSeek-R1 and ChatGPT-5). The framework was applied to three poems by A.S. Pushkin (“I Loved You,” “The Winter Morning,” and “Monument”) to find which formal and semantic features are preserved or lost when poetry is translated from Russian into English by AI. Recommendations for fine-tuning of existing neural network models were made.
