The article presents data on the morphological features of six species of diatoms (Navicula gregaria, Navicula salinarum, Nitzschia palea, Prestauroneis protracta, Synedra famelica, Tabularia fasciculata) living in sodium chloride reservoirs of varying degrees of mineralization in the Perm region. Possible causes of deviations from the typical size, shape and internal structure of algae cells are considered.
It has been established that within the oil and gas-bearing deposits of the Orenburg Region, underground waters with total mineralization ranging from 2 to 458 g/dm³ are developed. Chemically, these waters are dominated by Cl–Na, Cl–Na–Ca, Cl–Ca–Na, Cl–Ca, and Cl–Ca–Mg types. In the region, a direct type of vertical hydrogeochemical zonation is observed in the upper hydrogeological complex, including the Kungurian deposits. Below, there is a regular decrease in the total mineralization of brines down to 343 g/dm³ and lower in the Bashkirian deposits (C2b), and up to 300 g/dm3 and less in the D2 Zhivetsian strata (D2žv). Waters complying with industrial conditions for bromine (Br), iodine (I), boron oxide (B2O3), lithium (Li), rubidium (Rb), and strontium (Sr) are widely distributed across the stratigraphic range from the Permian to the Devonian.
Predominantly chloride sodium and calcium brines with mineralization up to 600 g/dm3 are widespread within the lower level of the Angara-Lena artesian basin. They have high concentrations of useful components: Li, Rb, Sr, B, Br, I, etc. After the extraction of useful components, their further injection in deep-lying aquifers is the most environment friendly and economically viable. It is necessary to carefully plan the selection of a suitable object for disposal the residuals in order to avoid dilution of the concentrations of useful components. The physical and chemical modeling of the interaction in the "water-rock" system and laboratory experiments will be of decisive importance.
In the laboratory of microbiology of technogenic ecosystems of the Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, halotolerant bacteria-degraders collected from the territory of salt mining (Berezniki, Solikamsk, Perm Krai) have been studied for over twenty years, and a collection of these bacteria has been created. Bacterial strains and their associations are proposed for cleaning the environment from oil, oil products, polycyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine compounds, and phthalic acid esters. The isolated degradative bacteria belong to the following genera: Arthrobacter, Dietzia, Glutamicibacter, Halomonas, Martelella, Microbacterium, Oceanisphaera, Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Salinicola and Thalassospira. Most of these bacteria are capable of biodegrading pollutants in high- salt conditions. Thus, waste from potash mining at the Verkhnekamskoye deposit, as well as contaminated soils, waters, and bottom sediments, are a source of halotolerant degradative bacteria that can be used to develop new biotechnological methods for environmental remediation. Based on the Rhodococcus wratislaviensis KT112-7 strain, the microbial preparation "Polychlorox" was developed for cleaning soils contaminated with organochlorine compounds.
The article presents the results of the comprehensive engineering and geological assessment and zoning of the along-track territory of the projected 110 kV overhead power line (OPL) in the area of the town Kayerkan in the Norilsk urban district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Based on the analysis of the geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, and the presence of specific soils and exogenous geological processes, the engineering and geological zoning of the territory was carried out. The method of a point assessment of classification features was used to identify areas with varying degrees of complexity for design and construction. According to the assessment results, the territory is divided into three taxa: favorable, slightly favorable, and unfavorable conditions. It has been established that most of the route is characterized by slightly favorable and unfavorable engineering and geological conditions, which are caused by the presence of permafrost soils, complicated with flooding, ice formation, and cryogenic weathering. Practical recommendations are proposed to ensure the stability of structures and the safety of operation of power transmission lines.
The article considers the equilibrium-nonequilibrium state of the “water-rock” system in relation to a number of conditions characteristic of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, determined by the composition of reservoir rocks with brines contained in them. The assessment uses a set of secondary minerals potentially formed in such reservoirs, as well as a set of primary minerals composing the reservoir. The results characterize the general hydrogeochemical state of the water-rock system for the most widespread within the exploited horizons of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. The results show that the vast majority of the reservoirs under consideration are in a nonequilibrium state relative to the solutions contained in them, the composition of which continues to evolve slowly.
The main mechanisms of carbonate, sulfate, and chloride evaporite sedimentation (in the form of boats and crusts on the surface of a reservoir, in the brine, on the bottom (including the conditions of strong wave activity), and within sediment are characterized. The involvement of evaporites in the process of endogenous mineral and rock formation, as well as their transformation durin the migration of brines or less mineralized waters through them, are demonstrated. It is noted that the destruction of evaporites leads not only to the accumulation of residual material but also to significant chemical rearrangement of the substance with the formation of differentiated weathering crusts.
The results of a fluid inclusions study in halite and insoluble salt residues in the underlying rock salt of the Yakshinskoye deposit, located in the western part of the Upper Pechora potassium-magnesium salt basin, are presented. Individual inclusions in halite were studied using fluid inclusion homogenization and ultramicrochemical analysis. Insoluble salt residues were identified using X-ray diffraction analysis. The isotopic composition of sulfur has been studied for nodular anhydrite. It was established that salts stratum of the Yakshinskoye deposit accumulated in shallow-water conditions, and the concentration of brines during crystallization in the underlying rock salt was close to the beginning of the precipitation of potassium minerals. Likely, the erosion of old potassium salts in the surrounding area preceded beginning of salt deposition.
The morphology of the structure and lithological composition of the evaporite formation of the Kungurian age and the suprasalt complex of deposits in the southwestern part of the Peri-Caspian depression are considered. The evolution of the halokinesis process is reconstructed using a local section of the Sarpinskiy Trough as an example. The authors established that the growth of the salt dome and the subsidence of the adjacent trough in the study area began in the middle Permian and continued until the end of the Jurassic. Their structure and subsequent stage development had a significant impact on the formation and evolution of the overlying MesozoicCenozoic deposits.
Results of the analysis of material and spatial-temporal relationships between alkaline magmatic and saliferous complexes allowed us to identify and characterize the prerequisites and features of participation of deeply buried salts in alkaline magmatism. The main ones are: similarity of specific sets of macro- and microcomponents of saliferous (halophilic) and alkaline (foidaphilic) complexes and proximity of their distribution areas. Salt-alkaline associations are identified, their tectonic types and reference objects of each type are characterized. For the first time, a geological and genetic model of «halocontamination of magma» with participation of salts in alkaline magma genesis as a source of alkali metals and volatiles is substantiated. A comparative analysis of its basic provisions with other models of alkaline magmatism is given.
In result of seismic survey studies in recent years, new information about the tectonics of the Verkhnekamskoye salt deposit has been obtained. The data relate to the western edge of the southern part of the deposit, which is characterized by complex geological structure. Here, signs of disjunctive dislocations, high-intensity plicative dislocations, areas of salt erosion, lithofacial transitions, and potassium beds thinning are found. The boundaries and positions of such regional structures as Kamsko-Visherskiy swell, Kamskiy trough have been updated.
The research is devoted to the structure and history of development of the Caspian salt-bearing province during the Kungurian time of the Early Permian. The preceding and following the formation of the thick salt-bearing stratum paleogeographic settings are considered. The sedimentary thickness of the evaporite stratum is reconstructed based on two possible scenarios of the development of the Caspian marine basin. In the first option, salt accumulation occurred in a shallow sea, but in a deep topodepression with almost no water layer. The second option considers an evaporite basin with a thick water layer equal to the depth of the topodepression. The results of the computer model are compared with paleo reconstructions based on the seismostratigraphic structure of the Kungurian salt-bearing stratum.
The Forecasting and Prospecting Complex (FPC) is the most important methodological part of prospecting work in the general cycle of geological exploration, in particular for diamonds. The discovery of new deposits depends on the completeness and correctness of the FPC choice. The search for diamond placers in the Urals has a number of features that distinguish them from other regions of Russia and the World. These features have historical roots and are directly dependent on the geological structure of the territory, the level of development of technology and, most importantly, on the professional level of diamond geologists and other specialists engaged in the search for new diamond deposits. All these features are highlighted by the authors into thematic sections (blocks), the conscious choice of which constitutes the essence of the FPC for a specific territory. The authors emphasize that for the Urals as a whole, the problem of FPC choosing is associated with the problem of predicting placers remote from primary sources. This problem is also relevant for some other diamond-bearing areas, regions and provinces. This article is the first experience in creating a forecasting and prospecting complex of works for placer diamonds transported from a remote primary source for the geological situation of the territory of the western slope of the Urals. The discovery of the Syuzevskoe a largest alluvial diamond deposit in the history of diamond geology of the Urals is considered as a successful application of FPC in prospecting for diamonds. This impressive Urals experience gives firm grounds to believe that in the near future new diamond reserves will be discovered in the deep horizons of depressions, not only in all diamond-bearing regions of the Western slope of the Urals, but also in other regions.
The article presents the results of a geochemical study of associated petroleum gas samples from the northern part of the Kolvinsky megaswell aimed to differentiating samples for detection the presence of breakthrough gas. Based on the research results, associated petroleum gas samples were divided into groups and the proportion of detected breakthrough gas was calculated.
The main oil and gas fields of Azerbaijan are located in the transitional zone between the Middle Caspian and South Caspian basins. Consequently, the study of the tectono-stratigraphic structure of the sedimentary cover in this area is of significant importance. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the sedimentary cover of this zone, identify geological structures that may contain oil and gas accumulations, and propose hypotheses about the geological history of the formation of these sedimentary complexes. To achieve these objectives, a seismic stratigraphic analysis was applied. The boundaries of seismic complexes were delineated and dissected based on seismic profile data and well logs. Key geological features such as toplap, onlap unconformities, and clinoforms—structures that facilitate the formation of non-anticlinal traps—were identified. Moreover, the analysis of seismic reflection dynamics allowed conclusions to be drawn regarding the paleogeographic conditions of sediment accumulation.
One of the most effective methods of prospecting and exploration of oil fields is seismic exploration by reflected waves. Its role is mainly to construct the geometry of the reflecting boundaries, which makes it possible to identify promising anticline-type objects. The purpose of the study was to analyze the structural constructions of 3D seismic survey data using various methods, mapping anticlinal structures and determining the effective thicknesses within the Lower-Middle Visean terrigenous oil and gas complex. This complex is potentially promising, and consequently requires more study. The research includes the kinematic interpretation of seismic data.
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Associate Professor of the Department of Dynamic Geology and Hydrogeology of Perm State University K.A. Gorbunova. It tells about her creative path and the fate of her personal archive, about newly found and previously unpublished documents.
The article considers the main features of formation and the nature of the location of copper sandstones in the southern part of the western Urals strip of about 600 km length. Kargalin copper ores on the SakmarskoDmitrievskaya mineralization area, represented by malachite and azurite, as well as cuprite, native copper, and related minerals, were formed in the red-brown sandstone sediments in the form of separate lenses, nests, interlayers in the channels of ancient rivers flowing from the Ural Mountains in Late Permian (Kazanian and Tatarian epochs) 230-285 million years ago. The indigenous deposits of the Ural Mountains, washed away by rivers were the sources of sulfide solutions. Accumulations of terrestrial vegetation and other organic matter in riverbeds served as precipitators of copper from solutions. Mineral deposits repeat the shape of river meanders and are distributed extremely unevenly across the Kargalinskiy ore field, repeatedly overlapping in more than hundred meters thick sedimentary rocks. Formation of coppery sandstones in the Urals occurred at the syngenetic geochemical barrier along Kungurian salt anticlines and salt diapirs. The barrier is indicated by a sharp flexural dipping of the Artinskian deposits towards the foothill trough with the overlaying salt anticlines.
The utilization of the heat pump installations operating on the principle of "ground-water" has a number of advantages over traditional sources of thermal energy. However, along with the advantages, there are disadvantages: the cooling of the array and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of the installation, the dependence of thermal power on the area of the heat exchanger. To solve this problem, a solution is proposed in the form of a heat pump unit operating in reverse mode in the warm season (heating of the soil mass), while the soil mass will be a heat accumulator. Research has been carried out on a laboratory installation, and the fundamental possibility of such approach has been shown.
This paper is devoted to the application of facies analysis methods based on geophysical well logging (GIS) for Visean terrigenous sediments in one of the fields of Perm Krai. In the course of the study the data from 23 wells were analyzed, which made it possible to identify facies cycles and determine the spatial distribution of rocks. Based on the data obtained, a map of facies zoning was drawn up to optimize well drilling.
