This Manifesto was produced from the Perspectives Workshop 18262 entitled “10 Years of Web Science” that took place at Schloss Dagstuhl from June 24 – 29, 2018. At the Workshop, we revisited the origins of Web Science, explored the challenges and opportunities of the Web, and looked ahead to potential futures for both the Web and Web Science. We explain issues that society faces in the Web by the ambivalences that are inherent in the Web. All the enormous benefits that the Web offers – for information sharing, collective organization and distributed activity, social inclusion and economic growth – will always carry along negative consequences, too, and 30 years after its creation negative consequences of the Web are only too apparent. The Web continues to evolve and its next major step will involve Artificial Intelligence (AI) at large. AI has the potential to amplify positive and negative outcomes, and we explore these possibilities, situating them within the wider debate about the future of regulation and governance for the Web. Finally, we outline the need to extend Web Science as the science that is devoted to the analysis and engineering of the Web, to strengthen our role in shaping the future of the Web and present five key directions for capacity building that are necessary to achieve this: (i) , supporting interdisciplinarity, (ii) , supporting collaboration, (iii) , supporting the sustainable Web, (iv) , supporting the Intelligent Web, and (v) , supporting the Inclusive Web. Our writing reflects our background in several disciplines of the social and technical sciences and that these disciplines emphasize topics to various extents. We are acutely aware that our observations occupy a particular point in time and are skewed towards our experience as Western scholars – a limitation that Web Science will need to overcome.
News diversity in the media has for a long time been a foundational and uncontested basis for ensuring that the communicative needs of individuals and society at large are met. Today, people increasingly rely on online content and recommender systems to consume information challenging the traditional concept of news diversity. In addition, the very concept of diversity, which differs between disciplines, will need to be re-evaluated requiring a interdisciplinary investigation, which requires a new level of mutual cooperation between computer scientists, social scientists, and legal scholars. Based on the outcome of a multidisciplinary workshop, we have the following recommendations, directed at researchers, funders, legislators, regulators, and the media industry: 1. Do more research on news recommenders and diversity. 2. Create a safe harbor for academic research with industry data. 3. Optimize the role of public values in news recommenders. 4. Create a meaningful governance framework. 5. Fund a joint lab to spearhead the needed interdisciplinary research, boost practical innovation, develop. reference solutions, and transfer insights into practice.
This report documents the programme and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 18472 "Implementing FAIR Data Infrastructures". The workshop aimed at bringing together computer scientists with digital infrastructure experts from different domains to discuss open issues implementing and adopting the FAIR principles in research data infrastructures and to shape the role that the field of computer science has to play.
We describe the state-of-the-art in performance modeling and prediction for Information Retrieval (IR), Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Recommender Systems (RecSys) along with its shortcomings and strengths. We present a framework for further research, identifying five major problem areas: understanding measures, performance analysis, making underlying assumptions explicit, identifying application features determining performance, and the development of prediction models describing the relationship between assumptions, features and resulting performance.
The goal of the Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16472 has been to discuss and outline the strategic evolution of Quality of Experience as a key topic for future Internet research. The resulting manifesto, which is presented here, reviews the state of the art in the Quality of Experience (QoE) domain, along with a SWOT analysis. Based on those, it discusses how the QoE research area might develop in the future, and how QoE research will lead to innovative and improved products and services. It closes by providing a set of recommendations for the scientific community and industry, as well as for future funding of QoE-related activities.
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16152 “Tensor Computing for Internet of Things”. In an interactive three-day workshop industrial and academic researchers exchanged their multidisciplinary perspectives through impulse talks, panel discussions, and break-out sessions. Internet of Things (IoT) or Cyber-physical systems (CPS) bring out interesting new challenges to tensor computing, such as the need for real-time analytics and control in interconnected dynamic networks, e.g. electricity, transportation, manufacturing. On the other hand, IoT/CPS have characteristics that make tensor methods applicable to extract information very efficiently. During our discussions we identified an action plan to have a structured approach that will enable the multidisciplinary community of domain and control experts, data scientists, and distributed, embedded software developers to share knowledge and best practices, compare and exchange tensor models depending on data types and applications in distinct IoT/CPS scenarios. Perspectives Workshop April 10–13, 2016 – http://www.dagstuhl.de/16152 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.4.7 Organization and Design, D.4.5 Reliability, I.2.6 Learning, I.1 Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation, I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence
Formal Argumentation is emerging as a key reasoning paradigm building bridges among knowledge representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence, informal argumentation in philosophy and linguistics, legal and ethical argumentation, mathematical and logical reasoning, and graph-theoretic reasoning. It aims to capture diverse kinds of reasoning and dialogue activities in the presence of uncertainty and conflicting information in a formal and intuitive way, with potential applications ranging from argumentation mining, via LegalTech and machine ethics, to therapy in clinical psychology. The turning point for the modern stage of formal argumentation theory, much similar to the introduction of possible worlds semantics for the theory of modality, is the framework and language of Dung's abstract argumentation theory introduced in 1995. This means that nothing could remain the same as before 1995 - it should be a focal point of reference for any study of argumentation, even if it is critical about it. Now, in modal logic, the introduction of the possible worlds semantics has led to a complete paradigm shift, both in tools and new subjects of studies. This is still not fully true for what is going on in argumentation theory. The Dagstuhl workshop led to the first volume of a handbook series in formal argumentation, reflecting the new stage of the development of argumentation theory.
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16252 Engineering Academic Software.
In the first week of January 2014 Schloss Dagstuhl hosted a Perspectives Workshop on “Connecting Performance Analysis and Visualization to Advance Extreme Scale Computing”. The workshop brought together two previously separate communities – from Visualization and Performance Analysis for High Performance Computing – to discuss a long term joint research agenda. The goal was to identify and address the challenges in using visual representations to understand and optimize the performance of extreme-scale applications running on today's most powerful computing systems like climate modeling, combustion, material science or astro-physics simulations.
The Snowden revelations have demonstrated that the US and other nations are amassing data about people's lives at an unprecedented scale. Furthermore, these revelations have shown that intelligence agencies are not only pursuing passive surveillance over the world's communication systems, but are also seeking to facilitate such surveillance by undermining the security of the internet and communications technologies. Thus the activities of these agencies threatens not only the rights of individual citizens but also the fabric of democratic society. Intelligence services do have a useful role to play in protecting society and for this need the capabilities and authority to perform targeted surveillance. But the scope of such surveillance must be strictly limited by an understanding of its costs as well as benefits, and it should not impinge on the privacy rights of citizens any more than necessary. Here we report on a recent Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop addressing these issues - a four-day gathering of experts from multiple disciplines connected with privacy and security. The meeting explored the scope of mass-surveillance and the deliberate undermining of the security of the internet, defined basic principles that should underlie needed reforms, and discussed the potential for technical, legal and regulatory means to help restore the security of the internet and stem infringement of human-rights by ubiquitous electronic surveillance.
The rapid emergence and adoption of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has raised new questions and rekindled old debates in higher education. Academic leaders are concerned about educational quality, access to content, privacy protection for learner data, production costs and the proper relationship between MOOCs and residential instruction, among other matters. At the same time, these same leaders see opportunities for the scale of MOOCs to support learning: faculty interest in teaching innovation, better learner engagement through personalization, increased understanding of learner behavior through large-scale data analytics, wider access for continuing education learners and other nonresidential learners, and the possibility to enhance revenue or lower educational costs. Two years after “the year of the MOOC”, this report summarizes the state of the art and the future directions of greatest interest as seen by an international group of academic leaders. Eight provocative positions are put forward, in hopes of aiding policymakers, academics, administrators, and learners regarding the potential future of MOOCs in higher education. The recommendations span a variety of topics including financial considerations, pedagogical quality, and the social fabric.
The Workshop on Massively Open Online Courses, Current State and Perspectives took place at Schloss Dagstuhl on March 10--13, 2014. Twenty-three leading researchers and practitioners from informatics and pedagogical sciences presented and discussed current experiences and future directions, challenges, and visions for the influence of MOOCs on university teaching and learning. The first day of the workshop consisted of a series of presentations in which each participant presented those topics and developments he or she considered most relevant for the future development of MOOCs. The abstracts of these talks are given in the first part of this report. On the second and third day the participants divided into several working groups according to the main thematic areas that had been identified on the first day. This gives rise to a Manifesto to be published in the Dagstuhl Manifesto series and to identifying main research questions rised by the emergence of MOOCs: they are summarized in the second part of this report.
With more and more machines achieving petascale capabilities, the focus is shifting towards the next big barrier, exascale computing and its possibilities and challenges. There is a common agreement that using machines on this level will definitively require co-design of systems and applications, and corresponding actions on different levels of software, hardware, and the infrastructure. Defining the vision of exascale computing for the community as providing capabilities on levels of performance at extreme scales, and identifying the role and mission of the involved experts from computer science has laid the basis for further discussions. By reflecting on the current state of petascale machines and technologies and identifying known bottlenecks and pitfalls looming ahead, this workshop derived the concrete barriers on the road towards exascale and presented some ideas on how to overcome them, as well as raising open issues to be addressed in future leading-edge research on this topic.
The systems paradigm of modern medicine presents both, an opportunity and a challenge, for current Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The opportunity is to understand the spatio-temporal organisation and dynamics of the human body as an integrated whole, incorporating the biochemical, physiological, and environmental interactions that sustain life. Yet, to accomplish this, one has to meet the challenge of integrating, visualising, interpreting, and utilising an unprecedented amount of in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo data related to health care in a systematic, transparent, comprehensible, and reproducible fashion. This challenge is substantially compounded by the critical need to align technical solutions with the increasingly social dimension of modern ICT and the wide range of stakeholders in modern health-care systems. Unquestionably, advancing health-care related ICT has the potential of fundamentally revolutionising care-delivery systems, affecting all our lives both, personally and -- in view of the enormous costs of health--care systems in modern societies -- also financially. Accordingly, to ponder the options of ICT for delivering the promise of systems approaches to medical care, medical researchers and physicians, biologists and mathematicians, computer scientists and information--systems experts from three continents and from both, industry and academia, met in Dagstuhl for a Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop on ICT Strategies for Bridging Biology and Medicine from August 18 to 23, 2013, to thoroughly discuss this multidisciplinary topic and to derive and compile a comprehensive list of pertinent recommendations -- rather than just to deliver a set package of sanitised powerpoint presentations on medical ICT. The recommendations in this manifesto reflect points of convergence that emerged during the intense discussions and analyses taking place the workshop. They also reflect a particular attention given to the identification of challenges for improving the effectiveness of ICT approaches to Systems Biomedicine.
The systems paradigm of modern medicine presents both, an opportunity and a challenge, for current Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The opportunity is to understand the spatio-temporal organisation and dynamics of the human body as an integrated whole, incorporating the biochemical, physiological, and environmental interactions that sustain life. Yet, to accomplish this, one has to meet the challenge of integrating, visualising, interpreting, and utilising an unprecedented amount of in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo data related to healthcare in a systematic, transparent, comprehensible, and reproducible fashion. This challenge is substantially compounded by the critical need to align technical solutions with the increasingly social dimension of modern ICT and the wide range of stakeholders in modern healthcare systems. Unquestionably, advancing healthcare-related ICT has the potential of fundamentally revolutionising care-delivery systems, affecting all our lives both, personally and -- in view of the enormous costs of healthcare systems in modern societies -- also financially. Accordingly, to ponder the options of ICT for delivering the promise of systems approaches to medicine and medical care, medical researchers, physicians, biologists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and information--systems experts from three continents and from both, industry and academia, met in Dagstuhl Castle for a Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop on ICT Strategies for Bridging Biology and Medicine from August 18 to 23, 2013, to thoroughly discuss this multidisciplinary topic and to derive and compile a comprehensive list of pertinent recommendations -- rather than just to deliver a set package of sanitised powerpoint presentations on medical ICT. The recommendations in this manifesto reflect points of convergence that emerged during the intense analyses and discussions taking place at the workshop. They also reflect a particular attention given to the identification of challenges for improving the effectiveness of ICT approaches to Precision and Systems Biomedicine.
The study of learning in adversarial environments is an emerging discipline at the juncture between machine learning and computer security that raises new questions within both fields. The interest in learning-based methods for security and system design applications comes from the high degree of complexity of phenomena underlying the security and reliability of computer systems. As it becomes increasingly difficult to reach the desired properties by design alone, learning methods are being used to obtain a better understanding of various data collected from these complex systems. However, learning approaches can be co-opted or evaded by adversaries, who change to counter them. To-date, there has been limited research into learning techniques that are resilient to attacks with provable robustness guarantees making the task of designing secure learning-based systems a lucrative open research area with many challenges. The Perspectives Workshop, ``Machine Learning Methods for Computer Security'' was convened to bring together interested researchers from both the computer security and machine learning communities to discuss techniques, challenges, and future research directions for secure learning and learning-based security applications. This workshop featured twenty-two invited talks from leading researchers within the secure learning community covering topics in adversarial learning, game-theoretic learning, collective classification, privacy-preserving learning, security evaluation metrics, digital forensics, authorship identification, adversarial advertisement detection, learning for offensive security, and data sanitization. The workshop also featured workgroup sessions organized into three topic: machine learning for computer security, secure learning, and future applications of secure learning.
The information society is shaped by an increasing presence of networks in various manifestations, most notably computer networks, supply-chain networks, and social networks. Online networks nowadays connect people all around the world at day and night, and allow to communicate and to work collaboratively and efficiently. What has been a commodity in the private as well as in the enterprise sectors independently for quite some time now is currently growing together an increasing pace. As a consequence, the time has come for the relevant sciences, including computer science, information systems, social sciences, economics, communication sciences, and others, to give up their traditional "silo-style" thinking and enter into borderless dialogue and interaction. The purpose of this Perspectives Workshop has been to play an enabling role in this future dialogue, to review where we stand today, and to outline directions in which we urgently need to move, in terms of both research and teaching, but also in terms of funding. This report summarizes the discussions of the workshop and their findings.
