Abstract Social identity theory forms one of the key theories in social psychology and sociology. However, some other theories, such as self-categorization theory and social role theory are also used to explain the relations among individuals and groups. In the past the identities were assigned, whereas nowadays people explore their identities themselves; they have multiple identities and they can self-categorize themselves. Modern militaries and their members experience similar changes. Traditional military identity is characterized by stabilized relations, manifesting mainly through hierarchical structure and established discipline, and subordination of personal identity to the collective one. Modern military identity is not uniform and unambiguous. Military members, in addition to their military identity and military roles, develop other social identities and enact a variety of different social roles. Key words Social identity, social role, military identity, traditional military identity, modern military identity.
The undesirable phenomena of leadership are unacceptable practices in various forms, which occur in all organizations and at all levels. The common feature of such practices is that they have a destructive effect on the entire organization and its individuals. They appear and evolve, because organizations have not developed and established practices to detect and prevent them and thus indirectly tolerate them. Due to its conformist characteristics, a military organisation is inclined to believe that it educates, trains and develops good leaders. Consequently, it finds it difficult to develop self-criticism in this area. In formal military contexts, the existence of undesirable phenomena of leadership are hard to acknowledge. The fact is, however, that in military reality such phenomena are identified and have a destructive effect on military training, development and operation. It could even be possible to identify organizational hypocrisy, which is manifested through the contradiction between the desired and the actual practices, between the theory of desirable leaders and the identified practices of bad leadership. Key words Organizational culture, military organization, undesirable leadership, toxic leadership.
Young job seekers are led by different motivational factors. Their work expectations and future employment are influenced by values, personality traits, social context, profession’s reputation and many other factors. At the same time, employers want to get the best possible personnel that will demonstrate motivation and efficiency. Within a company, personnel should be offered the opportunity to meet certain expectations and needs, since only satisfied employees and their families can form a firm foundation for future corporate development and progress. A survey of young between the ages of 18 and 30 revealed what motivates them when choosing a job, whereby in the analysis we highlight their willingness to join the Slovenian Armed Forces. The analysis reveals that young people can be classified into different groups based on their expectations regarding the future work. It is important to enable young people to acquire skills that are also useful in civilian occupations. We believe that it is possible to meet the needs of those who will develop into the professional backbone of the SAF, as well as those who will leave after several years of work and pursue a career in the civilian sphere. Key words Work expectations, employment, youth, values, Slovenian Armed Forces.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing an important role for making decisions in many fields including agriculture and now the economists, researchers, and policymakers are focusing to improve agricultural development through ICT to innovate the existing information and monitoring system, to cut operating cost and increase farmer's profit. Smart farming also one of the innovative approaches it provides a broader picture of Information and Communication Technologies to enhance agricultural production, these technologies transfer important and timely information to make decisions for different farming activities by their own or combine with other models. In this research, we made an effort to develop a smart farming model to uplift farmers in Pakistan. In this model, we assimilated diverse modules related to Sensing, Communication, data analysis systems, and user control to check the farm environment remotely. For easy access, availability and affordability we designed a Smart farm model with low-cost devices so that low - Income farmers can also get benefits.
Even though operational art was theoretically grounded in the 1920s in the Soviet Union, it was not globally recognized until the last decade of the Cold War. Changes in security environment after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact loosened the perception of operational art, which is now being used for analysis and practical guidance of both major military and integrated military-civilian operations. However, operational art’s theory and some of its basic concepts – such as centre of gravity – are still underdeveloped, limiting scientific and practical utility of the discipline. Although some authors view operational art as anachronistic, it may as well be transforming itself into a predominantly interdisciplinary social science discipline.Key wordsOperational warfare, operational art, military operations, levels of warfare.
The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is one of the widely used modulation techniques in the broadband wireless technology. One of the main problems is the high peak-to-average power ratio of transmitted signal due to the superposition of many subcarriers. Partial transmit sequences (PTS) is a popular technique to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. PTS is highly successful in PAPR reduction and efficient redundancy utilization, but the considerable computational complexity for the required search through a high-dimensional vector space and the necessary transmission of side information (SI) to the receiver are potential problems for a practical implementation. Existing SI embedding schemes eliminate the requirement of SI transmission but these suffer from one drawback or the other, whether in terms of computational complexity, poor PAPR reduction capability or incorrect SI detection. In this paper we have considered SI free PTS based method ‘Concentric Circle Constellation Mapping (CCCM)’, which do not require SI at the receiver with low computational complexity and better PAPR reduction capability with low SER probability.
