Security has become an important issue with the proliferation of digital communication. Multimedia sources such as images plays an important role in security of data communication. Data hiding technique can be used to implant secret data in host images where existence of data is undisclosed which reduces chances of unauthorized access. Some applications containing legal considerations require recovery of the cover image after extraction of secret data where reversible data hiding comes into view. Limitations of existing data hiding schemes in terms of robustness against digital attacks are major obstacles in the security of hidden data. Content protection scheme that integrates both encryption and data hiding for its protection and authentication will provide major protection against security attacks. This paper presents an efficient spatial domain reversible data hiding technique and also proposes implementation of image encryption upon reversible data hiding technique to protect the stego-image against attacks during communication. Histogram shifting based reversible data hiding technique results significant embedding capacity and achieve good reversibility property of images. Proposed approach guarantees PSNR 48db or more for most of the images like crowded, semi crowded and textured images. General Terms Security, Reversible Data Hiding, Encryption, Steganography, Steganalysis
Temporal expression recognition and normalization (TERN) is promising research area in the field of natural language processing. Automatic temporal information extraction system is in great demand due to rapid growth of digitized information on the Internet. Lot of research has been done in temporal information extraction. But due to variety of temporal expression present in the textual data, interpretation needs more efforts. It is important to understand nature of expression, and then, its interpretation ways can be defined. For example, “on the same day,” it requires information about previous sentences in the text to define reference time rather than considering document creation time as reference time statically. In this paper, a normalization system is proposed that dynamically chose the reference time from text rather than relying on traditional approach of selecting a document creation date as reference time. The system is evaluated on gold standard dataset like WikiWar, AQUAINT, and TempEval-2 datasets.
At the beginning and end of each session, attendance is an important aspect of the daily classroom evaluation. When using traditional methods such as calling out roll calls or taking a student's signature, managing attendance can be a time-consuming task. The teacher normally checks it, although it's possible that a teacher will miss someone or some students' answers many times. Face recognition-based attendance system is a solution to the problem of recognizing faces for the purpose of collecting attendance by utilizing face recognition technology based on high-definition monitor video and other information technology. Instead of depending on time-consuming approaches, we present a real-time Face Recognition System for tracking student attendance in class in this work. The suggested method included identifying human faces from a webcam using the Viola-Jones technique, resizing the identified face to the desired size, and then processing the resized face using a basic Local Binary Patterns Histogram algorithm. After the recognition is completed, the attendance will be immediately updated in a SQLite database with the relevant information. Many institutions will profit greatly from this endeavor. As a result, the amount of time it takes and the number of human errors it makes are minimized, making it more efficient.
Phase locked loops (PLLs) are integral parts of communication devices used in various applications such as frequency synthesizer, clock recovery circuits, synchronization for digital communications, carrier phase, frequency tracking, etc. The non-ideal effects in PLL such as jitter, phase noise, reference spurs, phase error, etc. influence the PLL performance which significantly affects the overall system. For example, a 10% performance degradation of PLL leads to approximately 20% performance degradation of frequency synthesizers. In conventional CMOS charge pump circuit, phase error is caused due to leakage current, timing mismatch and current mismatch. The phase error due to current mismatch is more significant as compared to phase error due to timing mismatch and leakage current. Thus, in this work, two charge pump circuits with minimum area are designed in Matlab Simulink environment to reduce current mismatch. The designed charge pump using basic current mirror is compared with the ideal current mirror. Simulated results show that current mismatch and phase error for basic current mirror are approximately 12.19 % and 0.3480 rad. respectively. This set up can be easily utilized to design various charge pump to achieve minimum current mismatch for SoC applications.
Around the globe, a substantial number of people suffer from mild versions of a cardiac disorder but still lead an active lifestyle. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that the number of people who die from these Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD’s) will increase and reach up to 23.3 million by 2030 [1]. For this faction of people, long term monitoring of ECG is recommended. Moreover, long term monitoring is also a necessity for an improved post-operative life span of a cardiac patient who may have undergone a cardiac surgery. This paper proposes the design of a wireless, locket sized Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring device, which is meant to be used by heart patients. The device is capable of acquiring patient’s ECG continuously and dynamically transmitting it to the patient’s mobile handset, which is interfaced to the device via a wireless channel like a Bluetooth. ECG received on the patient’s cell phone is processed and compared with existing ECG plots and abnormality if detected, a notification message is sent from a patient’s cell phone to the cell phone at the medical-center (hospital) and thus necessary treatment can be prescribed for the patient. An Android application is present in the cell phone which performs this task
Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) technology is an integration of microwave and optical networks. It has emerged as a potential solution for increasing capacity and mobility as well as decreasing costs in the broadband access network. The concept of RoF means to transport information over optical fiber by modulating light with radio frequency signal (RF) or at the intermediate frequency (IF) to take advantage of the low loss characteristic of an optical fiber. RoF system is very cost effective because the localization of signal processing takes place in central station where electrical to optical conversion, advanced modulation formats and multiplexing techniques are used, whereas a simple base station where only optical to electrical conversion takes place and the electrical signal is transmitted wirelessly through remote antenna units (RAUs). It acts as a back-end technology to the wireless network access system where there is a need for high data rate along with mobility is increasing day by day.
Wireless sensor networks have a wide range of potential applications to industry, science, transport, civil industry, and security. Energy efficiency and improving the network lifetime are the fundamental challenges in wireless sensor networks. Use of multiple sinks can improve the data collection resulting in improved network lifetime with reduced delay and congestion. In this paper a data collection scheme using ant colony optimization is used to address this issue which increases the network throughput and conserves energy resulting in maximum network lifetime. A typical zone based partition is applied to implement the shortest path using ant colony optimization. The residual energy of each node is assigned and the shortest path is selected using the ant colony optimization. This approach is validated through the simulations implemented in NS2. General terms: The work deals with the improvement in energy efficiency of the wireless sensor network using shortest reliable route and thus improving the throughput, delay and packet loss of the network. KeywordsMobile sink, constrained path, residual energy, delay, throughput.
The area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the fast growing and emerging field in the scientific and engineering world.It is an ad-hoc network that consists of small nodes with sensing, computing and communicating wireless abilities.These sensor nodes are densely deployed in the sensor field environments.The environment can be an Information Technological framework, a physical world, or a biological system.The main objective of WSN is to sense the crucial information from the environment depending on the type of application for which it is deployed and send this information to its Base Station (BS) so that it can take corrective actions.These Sensor Nodes communicate with each other via various Routing Protocols.Protocols in WSNs are broadly classified as Flat, Hierarchical and Location Based routing protocols.This paper presentshierarchical routing protocol, Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) and a comparative study on various versions of PEGASIS protocols.
Target based testing ina embedded system is a complex and difficult task. This paper, in the perspective of software solution, presents a generic API for testing the target embedded system. Companies developing products based on embedded systems understand the fact high quality and unique application software plays an important role in the differentiation of their products from their competitors.This generic Interface can test the various services of the embedded system, and supports unit test and integrationtest which are based system testing technology. By using generic interface in the target embedded platform to do testing the results show that our constructed testing interface is workable.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication is preferred over the radio frequency communication and microwave systems for about three decades. Next generation FSO communication systems use fiber-optic technology for unseamed and better data propagation rates. Besides license-free long-range operations, it has many other advantages like high bandwidth, small size, cheap and easy installation [1]. However, atmospheric turbulence highly influences the optical waves. As a result, it has few limitations like scintillation, dispersion of beam, etc. [2]. Such challenges are overcome by using different mediums and wavelengths. This paper considers the wavelength of 1550 nm with PRBS generator at bit rate 1.25 Gb/s using both LASER and LED. These two optical sources are then compared on the grounds of Q-factor, Bit Error Rate (BER), wavelength spectrum and eye diagrams for the analysis of the sources that can be used in the FSO systems. General Terms Design, Verification, Comparison.
With the advent of optical CDMA system conventional multiple access techniques such as TDMA and WDMA is losing its interest area of research. This is due to the fact that OCDMA system is more secure and flexible and also provides simplified network management. In this paper the OCDMA simulation model is used to analyze the effect of multiple access interference and wavelength spacing. A detailed analysis of multiple access interference (MAI) which causes a severe degradation in the link performance such as BER and Q factor for a temporal OCDMA system is done in this paper. It also reveals that for a good quality of transmission for a temporal OCDMA model shown in this paper, the wavelength spacing should be 0.4 nm. General Terms Communication, Security.
Simulations of a 4 x 4 optical packet space switch array based on optically amplified suppressed interference switches (OASIS) were carried out. The OptSim simulator was used to model the structure, to assess the behavior and performance of this switch array. Parameters such as Q factor and bit error rate (BER), jitter were calculated. Implications of cascadability of this switch array are investigated which improves the quality and capacity of the existing networks. Transparent space switch array is an enabling technology for implementing OPS.[1]
A compact rupee shaped CPW-fed antenna with dual-band operation for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna has a very simple structure and a compact size of 17 X 17.5 X 1.6 mm. A prototype is fabricated and then tested. The measured impedance bandwidth at VSWR 2:1 is 700 MHz from 3.2-3.9 GHz and 870 MHz from 4.7-5.57 GHz which covers the 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands. The measured and simulated results are found to be in good agreement.
The evolution of satellite image technology is enabling the manipulation of a greater range of data contained in increasing types of satellite images. Efficient and effective utilization of transmission bandwidth and storage capacity have been a core area of research for remote sensing images. Hence image compression is required for multi-band satellite imagery. In addition, image quality is also an important factor after compression and reconstruction. The wavelet transform is anticipated to provide economical and informative mathematical representation of many objects of interest. In the proposed system, Kekres wavelet transform is used for compression of multispectral satellite image based on compressive sampling method. The compressed image performance is analyzed using Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),Mean Square Error. General Terms Image compression, multispectral image,, kekres wavelete transform(KWT)
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is used for short-distance, low speed, low-cost data exchange between computer and peripheral. They provide a means to send data with a minimum of wires. The data is sent bit-serially, and no clock signal is sent along with it. The fact that a clock is not transmitted with the data complicates the design of a UART. The two systems (sender and receiver) have separate, unsynchronized, clock signals. The programmable logic devices can be used for such application by developing core for UART. By using hardware descriptive language UART simulation can be tested before it can be loaded on programmable device. In this project we present UART which includes three modules which are the baud rate generator, receiver and transmitter.
This paper discusses the process of developing an automated imaging system for classification of tissues in medical images obtained from typical Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) format of a Computed Tomography (CT) scans. It focuses on using wavelet based multi-resolution texture analysis. The approach consist of two steps: automatic extraction of most discriminative texture features of regions of interest in CT medical images and segmentation is performed that automatically identifies the various tissues. A waveletbased texture descriptors coupled with the implementation of a minimum distance classifier approach is carried out.Preliminary results for a 3D data set from abdomen CT scans are presented.
Many of the computer science researchers now work for design automatic system for fast & accurate recognition of tuberculosis(TB), to speed up the treatment process of patient to save patient life. Any type of research is not possible without data. It is critical for computer researcher to prepare ZiehlNeelsen stain sputum smear slide & to setup image acquisition technique on simple light microscope. We are preparing acid fast stain sputum smear images data set using light microscope withdigital camera at the eye piece of microscope. The dataset contain 400 total images (300 images are positive for Tb and 100 negative for Tb). These captured image dataset is available for many researchers.One of the application is applied on 50 of these images
Today majority of the methods used to measure the performance of a Photo-Voltaic panel are based on conversion efficiency; they do not take into consideration factors such as temperature and internal resistance variations on which output power of Photo-voltaic (PV) panels depends thus leading to an incomplete measure of real time performance. Also most of the methods require isolating panels from the grid, which makes it a cumbersome and expensive practice. To monitor real time performance of PV panels on the field an accurate and robust technique is essential which overcomes above deficits. In this paper such a simple and novel technique is proposed to accurately predict the PV module performance based on a key measure known as Fill Factor. This technique is implemented by means of a cost effective prototype. This prototype device continuously monitors the PV panel taking into consideration the effect of varying meteorological parameters and warns the user if it is not performing as per operational standards. The device functions while the panel is connected in a power grid without the need to disconnect and requires human intervention only after a fault is detected. General Terms Renewable Energy, Embedded Systems, Measurement, Design, Performance, Experimentation.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the dominating degradation effects in wavelength division-multiplexing (WDM) systems with dense channel spacing and low chromatic dispersion on the fiber. Four-wave mixing (FWM) is a parametric process in which different frequencies interact and by frequency mixing generate new spectral components. FWM can have important deleterious effects in optical fiber communications, particularly in the context of wavelength division multiplexing where it can cause cross-talk between different wavelength channels, and /or an imbalance of channel powers. The paper presents the design and performance analysis of four-wave mixing effect on the basis of output spectrums, eye diagrams, BER, eye opening and Qfactor for different values of channel spacing.
The WiMAX (3.5 GHz) interference free ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with simplex monopole structure is proposed. An attempt of defected coplanar ground plane with the use of open-ended half wavelength L-shaped slot and stepped pentagonal radiating patch have been made for pure and frequency notched UWB operation withcompact size of 32 × 22 × 1.6 mm. The full UWB and band-notched designs are discussed in detail along with VSWR curves, surface current distribution and radiation patterns. The full UWB antenna reports a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 7.65 GHz (2.8010.45 GHz) while a band-notch design realizes two band having VSWR≤ 2 bandwidth 710 MHz and 6.59 GHz, which corresponds to FRB 23.31% and 93.84% respectively.
