OBJECTIVE:Fatigue is among the most disabling symptoms across neurological and postinfectious conditions and is a defining feature of long COVID, yet objective neurophysiological markers remain scarce. Auditory sensory gating, indexed by P50 suppression, has been proposed as a correlate of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis, but its relevance in long COVID is unclear. Additionally, we compared the utility of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS) in this fatigued population. METHOD:Seventy-one individuals with long COVID-related fatigue completed questionnaires assessing fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) and depressive symptoms (BDI-FS). Auditory sensory gating was assessed using a paired-click electroencephalography paradigm. Auditory sensory gating was assessed using a paired-click electroencephalography paradigm. Associations between cognitive fatigue, sensory gating, and depressive symptoms were examined using correlational analyses and two hierarchical regression models. RESULTS:Reduced P50 suppression was associated with higher Modified Fatigue Impact Scale cognitive scores (τ = -.173, p = .037). Cognitive fatigue correlated with depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (τ = .239, p = .005), but not by the BDI-FS (τ = .131, p = .135). Neither depression measure correlated with sensory gating. P50 suppression accounted for unique variance in cognitive fatigue beyond demographics and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:Auditory sensory gating shows a small but meaningful association with cognitive fatigue in long COVID and contributes uniquely beyond depressive symptoms. The BDI-FS demonstrated less symptom overlap, supporting its suitability for depression screening in fatigued populations. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing fatigue related from affective symptoms and suggest sensory gating as a promising transdiagnostic target in fatigue research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome primarily affecting visuospatial processing while sparing memory, language, and insight. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured cognitive rehabilitation program on executive, attentional, and visuospatial functions in a patient with PCA. METHOD:A 64-year-old male diagnosed with PCA underwent a 16-week cognitive rehabilitation program focused on visuospatial scanning, attention, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), immediately postintervention (T1), and at a 1-year follow-up (T2). Standardized measures were used to evaluate visuospatial abilities, attention, fluency, and learning, with performance changes analyzed across the three time points. RESULTS:At the end of rehabilitation, the patient demonstrated short-term improvements from baseline in visuospatial scanning, attention, verbal fluency, and learning. At the 1-year follow-up, cognitive gains were primarily maintained in auditory attention and learning/encoding tasks. Working memory and delayed recall remained stable over time, without significant gains. Notably, the patient reported subjective improvements in daily functioning and confidence in performing instrumental activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS:Cognitive rehabilitation may provide short-term benefits for individuals with PCA, particularly in enhancing visuospatial and attentional skills. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing, multidisciplinary, and adaptive interventions to sustain cognitive functioning and quality of life in PCA patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:To determine whether saccadic eye movement paradigms can be used to detect impulsivity and executive dysfunction in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS), particularly in those experiencing augmentation due to long-term dopaminergic therapy. METHOD:Forty-seven nondemented RLS patients were included in this study. Nineteen patients without augmentation or symptoms of impulse control disorders (RLS controls) were compared with 28 patients with augmentation (RLS + AUG) and 20 matched healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent an eye-tracking battery including prosaccade, antisaccade, and stop signal paradigms. Error rates and reaction times were compared between groups. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate associations between saccadic performances between the different paradigms. RESULTS:RLS + AUG patients demonstrated significantly higher error rates in all saccadic tasks compared with HC (p < .05) indicating impaired inhibitory control, while error rates of RLS controls were similar to those of HC (p > .1). Overall reaction times did not differ significantly, but evaluating correct antisaccade trials only, RLS + AUG patients had longer reaction times than HC (p = .030). Correlation analyses revealed moderate to strong positive associations between error rates of prosaccade, antisaccade, and stop signal tasks. CONCLUSIONS:RLS + AUG exhibit deficits in oculomotor response inhibition, possibly indicating executive dysfunction and increased impulsivity likely related to long-term dopaminergic therapy. These preliminary results highlight the potential utility of eye tracking in clinical monitoring of dopaminergic therapy in RLS. Future longitudinal eye-tracking studies in a larger cohort are necessary to evaluate temporal dynamics of dopaminergic exposure, augmentation, and impulse control disorder symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Major depressive disorder is associated with cognitive deficits, yet the specific impact of recurrence remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared cognitive performance between individuals with first-episode depression (FED) and recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD). METHOD:Five databases were searched to identify eligible studies. A series of meta-analyses for each cognitive domain were conducted with inverse-variance, random-effects modeling. Demographic and clinical moderators were explored, with leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. RESULTS:Twenty-four eligible studies were included in the review, of which data from 2,487 participants (k = 20; FEDn = 1,288, rMDDn = 1,199) contributed to meta-analyses. Relative to FED, rMDD showed statistically significant small to moderate effects indicative of poorer performance across several cognitive domains: processing speed (g = -0.20), auditory attention (g = -0.33), working memory (g = -0.47), verbal learning (g = -0.41), and verbal memory (g = -0.54), albeit the size of effect was found to vary dependent on the neuropsychological test or outcome measure. Over half the analyses resulted in nonsignificant differences in cognitive performance in rMDD versus FED. Findings remained relatively robust to leave-one-out analyses. No demographic or clinical variables reliably moderated effects. CONCLUSIONS:Scarring effects of episode recurrence appear to impact a select few cognitive domains. To further advance understanding of cognitive heterogeneity across illness stages and to inform targeted interventions to mitigate possible worsening of cognitive function and relapse risk, longitudinal cognitive tracking is needed to elucidate when and under what circumstances recurrent episodes may exacerbate cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to develop demographically adjusted normative data for executive function tests in the Ecuadorian population, aiming to capture variability across the main regions of Ecuador across the Coast, Highlands, and Amazon regions. METHOD:A total of 1,084 healthy participants aged 6-82 years were recruited through a stratified sampling procedure. Participants completed the Stroop Color-Word Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail Making Tests A and B, and Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Generalized additive mixed models were applied to examine nonlinear effects of age, education, and sex, with region included as a random effect. Normative percentiles were derived using the estimated probability distributions, and an interactive calculator was developed to facilitate clinical use. RESULTS:Age and education exerted significant nonlinear effects on performance across tests, with education moderating age-related decline especially in Trail Making Test B and Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test perseverative errors. Women with higher education outperformed men on tasks requiring cognitive flexibility. Negative binomial models effectively reduced overdispersion for count data, while gamma models provided optimal fits for time-based measures. Model fit indices (D² = 14.7%-62.6%) indicated robust predictive capacity and low overfitting rates (<10%). CONCLUSIONS:The study provides the first large-scale, demographically diverse normative data set for executive function in Ecuador, capturing complex demographic and regional effects through advanced modeling. These norms, integrated into an open-access calculator, enhance diagnostic accuracy and cross-cultural validity in neuropsychological assessment, supporting more equitable clinical practice in Latin America. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:The present study examined group differences between monolingual English and bilingual English/Spanish speakers in task switching. Additionally, relationships between English language dominance and time since immigration were explored within bilingual immigrants. METHOD:In this cross-sectional, correlational study, task switching was measured via a computerized paradigm in a large community sample of adults. In the bilingual sample, the degree of English language dominance (measured as a ratio of English to Spanish phonemic verbal fluency scores) was hypothesized to correlate with switch cost. Exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between immigration history, English language dominance, and switching cost within a subsample of bilingual immigrants. RESULTS:There were no group differences between monolingual and bilingual participants in switch cost. Among all bilinguals, greater English dominance predicted less switch cost (b = -.20, p = .01). Among non-U.S. born bilinguals, greater time since immigrating to the United States and greater English dominance predicted less switch cost (that is, more efficient switching; b = -0.37, p = .025). CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that the effects of bilingualism on executive control, specifically task switching, may be impacted by factors related to acculturation rather than bilingualism alone, which may partially explain the variability seen in prior studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:The transentorhinal cortex (tErC), which includes the medial portion of the perirhinal (PrC) and the anterolateral portion of the entorhinal cortices (alErC), is among the first brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, its precise cognitive role remains controversial. Recent models propose that this region supports episodic familiarity and lifetime familiarity, and that it is particularly involved in tasks requiring fine conceptual discrimination between similar objects. The present study examined episodic and lifetime familiarity across three tasks to understand how the tErC supports familiarity, using materials with varying conceptual overlap and lifetime familiarity levels in both normal and pathological aging, encompassing different levels of tErC integrity. METHOD:Fifty-eight older adults (aged 55+), including healthy individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline, completed familiarity tasks. tErC volume was measured via high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and was associated with tasks performance using repeated-measures Analyses of covariance or stepwise linear regressions. RESULTS:The tErC volume was associated with familiarity performance selectively in task conditions involving high conceptual overlap between targets and lures. CONCLUSIONS:Results indicate that tErC integrity is selectively related to familiarity-based performance when recognition requires resolving interference between conceptually similar items. We discuss how combining tasks assessing different aspects of familiarity could help identify early cognitive decline. We suggest this approach should be tested in patients with AD biomarkers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:This study investigated whether inner speech reflects an embodied representation by examining whether prosodic features of spoken sentences, specifically tempo and pitch, affect motor behavior during typing. METHOD:Across two experiments, participants listened to sentences varying in structure and emotional tone, silently repeated them, and then typed them. Acoustic features (tempo and pitch) were extracted from the spoken sentences. During typing, motor measures, including typing speed and key pressure, were recorded. RESULTS:We found that spoken word duration robustly predicted mean interkey interval (Experiment 1: β = 113.183, p < .001; Experiment 2: β = 95.857, p < .001). In practical terms, this corresponds to approximately an additional ∼11 ms (Experiment 1) or ∼10 ms (Experiment 2) in mean interkeystroke interval for every 0.1 s increase in spoken word duration. In the emotional manipulation, pitch predicted typing pressure (β = 0.586, p < .001). Overall, faster tempo was associated with shorter spoken words, and pressure covaried weakly with prosodic prominence in line with the auditory materials. These converging findings are consistent with the idea that covert speech simulations can preserve prosodic detail and that this detail can be expressed in typing dynamics; however, the present design is correlational and does not establish causality. In both experiments, typing speed was jointly predicted by speech tempo and sentence length. In emotionally intoned sentences, higher acoustic pitch was associated with increased typing pressure. CONCLUSIONS:The findings suggest that inner speech may preserve prosodic features of spoken language and that these features can covary with motor output during typing. The results are consistent with an embodied/grounded account in which covert speech engages sensorimotor systems, but the present paradigm does not isolate a causal role for inner speech. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:This study examined whether cognitive laboratory tests or self-report inventories more effectively predict performance in a real-world executive function (EF) task. METHOD:Data were collected from 71 healthy university students who completed a battery of cognitive tasks, self-report inventories, and an ecologically valid Library task incorporating behavioral and eye-tracking measures. RESULTS:Regression analyses revealed a dissociation in predictive validity between assessment methods. Lab-based EF measures showed a nonlinear association with task accuracy and uniquely predicted fixation behavior during instruction reading, indicating their relevance for goal-related and task-level performance. In contrast, self-report EF measures were more consistently associated with global eye-movement metrics, particularly fixation count and fixation rate, reflecting differences in attentional engagement and behavioral regulation. Across models, effect sizes were modest and neither assessment approach broadly predicted all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, the findings support a complementary view of EF assessment, demonstrating that laboratory tasks and self-report inventories capture distinct aspects of executive functioning in ecologically valid contexts and highlighting the importance of aligning assessment methods with theoretically motivated real-world outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:National surveys of health and aging increasingly collect data via multiple modes, including via face-to-face, phone, and the web. However, mode effects-differences in measurement due to how the data are collected, rather than to underlying differences in cognition-undermine comparability in performance for different segments of samples, impeding analysis of cognitive function in the full sample. This article reports on the construction and evaluation of a measure of general cognitive functioning comparable across diverse phone and web cognitive tasks for the 2021 follow-up of the High School and Beyond Study of 1980, a nationally representative survey of individuals who were U.S. high school sophomores and seniors in 1980. METHOD:We used a hierarchical explanatory item response theory model to equate general cognition scores across phone and web samples based on the relationship between midlife cognition and covariates from midlife and high school. RESULTS:The full model replicated task scores from unidimensional models, and the explanatory component of the model did not bias general cognition scores, indicating that the model was a faithful representation of patterns of cognitive task performance. We found no evidence of a violation of our assumption of the independence of regression coefficients and survey mode. CONCLUSIONS:This article provides an empirical example of how to construct a psychometrically sound cross-mode cognitive score from data collected through multiple modes. Given the increasing demand for cost-effective large-scale survey design, our method may find greater application in other nationally representative aging studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Subjective cognitive decline is a known risk factor for dementia, but associations between subjective and objective cognition have been inconsistently reported. This may, in part, be due to methods of assessment. This study used ecological momentary assessment to examine real-time associations between subjective mental sharpness and objective cognitive performance. METHOD:The sample included 162 older adults (Mage = 71.78, SD = 5.01) enrolled in a clinical trial promoting memory strategies and healthy lifestyles. Participants endorsed concern about recent cognitive changes but performed within normal limits on cognitive screening. Using smartwatches, participants received four daily prompts to rate their mental sharpness (1-5 Likert scale), followed by an n-back task. Positive and negative affect were assessed daily. Bayesian mixed effects modeling quantified the strength of association between n-back performance and both average and momentary (deviations from one's own average) deviations in self-rated sharpness controlling for mood/affect, contextual factors, and practice effects. A secondary analysis investigated whether variability in performance was associated with any of the predictor variables. RESULTS:There was an independent association between momentary deviations in mental sharpness on n-back performance (b = 0.041, 95% CI [0.008, 0.074]) such that when a participant's self-rated sharpness was below their personal average, cognitive performance was lower. Performance variability increased with age but was not strongly associated with self-reported sharpness. CONCLUSIONS:Ecological momentary assessment-captured momentary deviations in perceived sharpness predicted objective cognitive performance. Findings suggest that ecological momentary assessment methods could advance our ability to measure subjective cognitive ratings, with implications for detecting individuals at risk for developing dementia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Meningiomas and gliomas are common adult brain tumors often linked to cognitive impairments. Meningiomas are frequently overlooked as a potential contributor to such impairments, due to their benign, extra-axial, and slow-growing nature. This systematic review compares the type and frequency of cognitive impairments associated with these brain tumors, prior to any therapeutic intervention. METHOD:Systematic search conducted in ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library identified records on cognitive status of adults with untreated, nonrecurrent gliomas or meningiomas, published between January 01, 2000 and October 01, 2025. Studies using a comprehensive, test-based cognitive evaluation and strict exclusion criteria were included. RESULTS:Seventy studies (4,277 patients) with minimal risk of bias met the inclusion criteria. Although cross-study comparisons were hampered by heterogeneity in statistical thresholds, reported metrics, inclusion criteria, and neuropsychological assessments, the findings consistently indicated significant impairments across multiple cognitive domains, with comparable prevalence in gliomas and symptomatic meningiomas. Memory and executive impairments prevailed in gliomas, while executive and attentional impairments predominated in meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS:Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in patients with symptomatic meningiomas or gliomas. While gliomas do not consistently result in a higher frequency of impairments, this review highlights slight differences in the cognitive domains affected. The role of tumor growth and intra-axial location in cognitive outcomes remains unclear. Comparative studies based on strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations are essential for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cognitive impairments associated with primary brain tumors. Existing guidelines should be followed to harmonize assessments and enable comparisons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This commentary on Steir's 2026 article asks the question: What is the role of clinical reasoning in an age of advanced diagnostic tools and technological advances? We use the case study presented as a starting point to explore what clinical reasoning might look like in the future and how the skills highlighted in this case may be applicable for future generations of neuropsychologists. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Stiers (2026) asserts that knowledge of brain-behavior relationships is keenly important for clinical neuropsychologists to possess. We agree wholeheartedly with this emphasis. However, Stiers seems to diminish the importance of norm-referenced testing compared to well-informed clinical observation. We refute this assertion, and we offer examples in which the reliability and validity of expert opinion based upon direct observation are surpassed by norm-referenced testing. We argue that norm-referenced testing is the hallmark virtue of clinical neuropsychologists, and such testing offers the most reliable and valid data in a clinical assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Stiers (2026) presented a case example of differential diagnosis in clinical neuropsychology wherein standardized testing was not possible, and discussed a structure and process for using history, behavioral observations, and disease base rates to develop a preliminary diagnosis. In response, Basso et al. (2026) state that these alone are not sufficient, and they emphasize the importance of standardized testing. METHODS:This article describes a clinical encounter where standardized norm-referenced testing was not possible because appropriate standardized tests or norms did not exist, as can occur with, for example, a patient from a rural country who speaks a local dialect and has not had any formal education, a patient with locked-in syndrome, a patient with receptive and expressive aphasia, or a patient who is poorly cooperative. RESULTS:When standardized testing is not possible because of the lack of appropriate tests and norms, what is a neuropsychologist to do? Is it best to say that we can offer no opinion as to the condition of the patient, or is it best to say that we can offer limited opinions pending further data? CONCLUSIONS:My contention is that when testing data are not available, a competent neuropsychologist can still conduct a partial, not full, assessment of brain-behavior relationships and make contributions to patient care based on history, behavioral observations, and disease base rates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:The Strong Heart Study, a large cohort of American Indians from three U.S. regions, collected standardized neuropsychological assessments from participants aged 65-95 years at two visits (2010-2019), with prior documentation of lower overall score distributions and higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia. This report aims to define expected score ranges for impaired and unimpaired as well as typical error patterns across this multidomain battery. METHOD:Participants were assessed as cognitive unimpaired (normal) or impaired through case review by a panel of clinicians-experts. Cognitive test score distributions were summarized and regression-normalized by age, sex, education, baseline cognition, bilingual status, and depression. RESULTS:The strongest determinants of variability explained in test scores were age, education, and baseline cognition; depression was also associated with some tests. Error patterns were similar between overall group and intact group. Subitem analyses suggested that some tasks did not contribute to overall scores because most participants either correctly or incorrectly responded to the item. Common item analyses between similar tests suggested that interference may change score interpretability for similar tasks when repeated on different tests. CONCLUSIONS:These data represent the best estimates of expected cognitive test performance for older American Indians and may be useful to clinicians and researchers hoping to contextualize individual performance for patients within this sociodemographic. These results suggest that more research is needed among other Tribal groups, other Indigenous peoples, other socioeconomic contexts, younger ages, and with longitudinal evaluation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) patients may frequently manifest apathy. The cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying apathy in CADASIL have not been assessed systematically. The aim was to investigate neuropsychological and brain morphological features associated with apathy in patients with p.R1006C in exon 19 (nucleotide change c.3016C>T) and p.G528C in exon 10 (nucleotide change c.1582 G>T) mutations of the NOTCH3 gene. METHOD:A total of 53 CADASIL patients (Mage ± SD, 56.6 ± 10.3; Meducation ± SD, 10.8 ± 3.7), with p.R1006C mutation or p.G528C mutation, and 20 age and education-matched healthy adults underwent an extensive assessment of cognitive functions and apathetic symptoms. All the participants underwent an magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain assessing the amount of white matter lesions and quantifying brain and gray matter volumes. RESULTS:Apathy occurred in 24/53 patients (45.2%). Both apathetic and nonapathetic patients showed significantly poorer performance than controls in executive and memory tasks (all d > 0.8). Apathetic patients performed worse than nonapathetic patients on Trail Making Test (d = 0.61) and higher scores in apathy evaluation (d = 5.12). Morphometric analyses revealed that apathy was correlated with reduced right insula gray matter volume (r = .50). The p.R1006C mutation group exhibited a higher prevalence of apathy (φ = .34), more severe cognitive impairment, and smaller right insular volume (r = -.64) compared with p.G528C. Logistic regression identified right insular atrophy as the only predictor of apathy (OR = 1.002; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS:Apathy is frequent in patients with CADASIL p.R1006C mutation and is correlated with reduced gray matter volume of the right insula. These findings contribute to better understand the neural correlates of apathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Cognitive concerns (CCs) are common for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. We explore anxiety, depression, and clinical impairment as moderators of CCs in early AD. Understanding these associations may help inform efforts to advance early identification of disease progression in AD. METHOD:Data sources, selected based on requirements for availability of biomarker data and clinical assessment data, generated a pooled sample of adults ages 65+ with known amyloid status and cognitive function ranging from unimpaired (Clinical Dementia Rating global score [CDR-GS] = 0, n = 5,498) to early impairment (CDR-GS = 0.5, n = 504). Measures of CCs, anxiety, and depression were standardized to cognitively unimpaired groups. To model the difference in effects for different levels of anxiety and depression, we used mixed-effects quantile regression for median adjusted for age, sex, race, and educational years. All reported findings are p < .05. RESULTS:Higher CCs were associated with early clinical impairment (estimated change in median [β] = 15.5). CCs were higher with higher versus lower anxiety, except in unimpaired persons with elevated amyloid. In this latter group of unimpaired persons with elevated amyloid, CCs were higher with higher versus lower depression. CONCLUSION:In combination elevated amyloid, anxiety, and depression may offer data to guide clinical interpretation of CCs in early clinical impairment. The findings advance understanding of mood effects in early AD and inform specific measurement considerations. Future longitudinal studies are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to provide an in-depth bibliographic analysis of Neuropsychology's published corpus as a window into the scientific interests, approaches, and priorities of the field of neuropsychology. The primary aims were to examine the ways in which Neuropsychology's published content (a) has changed over time and (b) influences citation rates. METHOD:A total of 2,403 abstracts published in Neuropsychology from 1987 to 2024 were coded according to article type, study population, design elements, methodology, ability domains, and miscellaneous topics (e.g., digital technology, everyday functioning). A university librarian provided 2024 citation data from Scopus for the 2,209 articles published during the years 1987 to 2021. RESULTS:Over the past 37 years, Neuropsychology has experienced a moderate increase in studies that are empirical/data-driven, employ longitudinal designs, integrate biological markers and survey/questionnaire methods, and examine executive functions, culture/social determinants of health, and everyday functioning. Studies that use true experimental designs and focus on lower order domains (e.g., sensory/perceptual), visuospatial function, and memory peaked in the mid-1990s and are associated with lower citation rates in the modern era. On the other hand, review articles, studies with longitudinal designs, and articles that examined culture/social determinants of health and everyday functioning had higher citation rates. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest a temporal shift in the field's published content toward more empirically driven, functionally relevant, and contextually informed research. Future bibliographic work is needed to understand how these historical publishing trends align with related disciplines (e.g., behavioral neurology) and to identify the core drivers of citation patterns in neuropsychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE:Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health conditions in the world, disproportionately affecting females and associated with significant morbidity. Neuroimaging can help us to understand the underpinnings of anxiety behaviors. The amygdala and its subnuclei have been strongly implicated in the neural circuitry of anxiety, with widespread connectivity with regions involved in emotional regulation and fear responses. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions with levels of trait anxiety in a nonclinical population, and how this may differ between males and females. METHOD:7 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans from 40 individuals (50% female) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait component scores were used with seed-based functional connectivity analyses. RESULTS:There were no differences in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait component scores between males and females (mean score ± SD, 30.2 ± 6.3), with no differences in resting-state functional connectivity observed between the basolateral and centromedial (CMA) subregions. However, increases in resting-state functional connectivity were identified with greater levels of anxiety with bilateral amygdala (combined basolateral and CMA; p < .05) and CMA (p < .01). Exploratory (p < .05) sex differences in this connectivity profile were also observed, with widespread reduction in amygdala and CMA connectivity related to trait anxiety in females compared to males. CONCLUSION:These results contribute to our understanding of neural circuitry involved in anxiety and highlight the importance of further research into sex-specific differences in larger studies with clinical anxiety, given the disproportionate prevalence of anxiety disorders between males and females. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
