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The United States has two separate banking systems-one serving the well-to-do and another exploiting everyone else. Deserted by banks and lacking credit, many people are forced to wander through a Wild West of payday lenders and check-cashing services thanks to the effects of deregulation in the 1970s that continue today, Mehrsa Baradaran shows.
Shannon's mathematical theory of communication defines fundamental limits on how much information can be transmitted between the different components of any man-made or biological system. This paper is an informal but rigorous introduction to the main ideas implicit in Shannon's theory. An annotated reading list is provided for further reading.
Designed for a course in radio astronomy or for use as a reference for practicing engineers and astronomers, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the topic. It begins with the history of radio astronomy then explains the fundamentals, polarization, designing radio telescopes, understanding radio arrays, interferometers, receiving systems, mapping techniques, image processing and propagation effects in relation to radio astronomy.A special chapter in the end presents the GMRT radio array as an example of the explained techniques. Two supplemental chapters have been added that describe the coordinate systems used in radio astronomy and minimum basics of antenna theory. The review questions at the end of each chapter contain direct hints for easy solutions.Brief Table of Contents:1 Foundations of Radio Astronomy. 2 Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy. 3 Polarization Analysis. 4 Designing Single Dishes and Phased Arrays. 5 Interferometry and Radio Arrays. 6 Receiving Systems. 7 Interferometer Aperture Synthesis and Radio Mapping. 8 Interferometer Data Calibration and Image Processing. 9 Propagation Effects in Radio Astronomy. 10 The GMRT Radio Array. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
Asked if the country was governed by a republic or a monarchy, Benjamin Franklin replied, republic, if you can keep it. Since its founding, Americans have worked hard to nurture and protect their hard-won democracy. And yet few consider the role of constitutional law in America's survival. In Unfit for Democracy, Stephen Gottlieb argues that constitutional law without a focus on the future of democratic government is incoherent-illogical and contradictory. Approaching the decisions of the Roberts Court from political science, historical, comparative, and legal perspectives, Gottlieb highlights the dangers the court presents by neglecting to interpret the law with an eye towards preserving democracy. A senior scholar of constitutional law, Gottlieb brings a pioneering will to his theoretical and comparative criticism of the Roberts Court. The Roberts Court decisions are not examined in a vacuum but instead viewed in light of constitutional politics in India, South Africa, emerging Eastern European nations, and others. While constitutional decisions abroad have contributed to both the breakdown and strengthening of democratic politics, decisions in the Roberts Court have aggravated the potential destabilizing factors in democratic governments. Ultimately, Unfit for Democracy calls for an interpretation of the Constitution that takes the future of democracy seriously. Gottlieb warns that the Roberts Court's decisions have hurt ordinary Americans economically, politically, and in the criminal process. They have damaged the historic American melting pot, increased the risk of anti-democratic paramilitaries, and clouded the democratic future.
While advocates argue that, as gifts of the European Enlightenment to the world, human rights enable disenfranchised individuals to claim justice and rights, thereby helping the globe’s ‘silent majority’ to find its voice, detractors view them with suspicion: as alibi for former colonial powers to exercise domination, while promising equality and emancipation. This echoes the warning of the black queer feminist Audre Lorde that ‘The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house’ (1984, p. 110). Against the backdrop of the ambivalent relation of the postcolonial world to the legacies of European Enlightenment, Makau Mutua’s book examines the emergence and effectiveness of international human rights standard-setting processes. He aims to identify possible new avenues in standard-setting so as to rectify past failures and setbacks, as well as to explore strategic options for future responses. The book opens by addressing the historical antecedents of the problem and the imperial origins of the international human rights regime. Outlining the genealogy of human rights corpus, Mutua explains that international law began as a Eurocentric project: a small exclusivist group of states from white and Christian Western Europe arrogated to themselves the term ‘civilized’ and thereby monopolized the standard-setting and norm creation. In Mutua’s view, the crosscultural legitimacy of any universal norms and standards resides in the process of being democratic, diverse and participatory, which the United Nations at its inception was not. UDHR, according to Mutua, was a case of ‘global universalization without cultural legitimization’ (p. 18). Mutua goes on to engage with the historical, cultural and political subtext of the human rights corpus and highlights the different documents used to encapsulate norms, as well as the different bargaining techniques that characterize the process. While some human rights proponents lament the deceleration of the standardsetting forums and processes, others argue that adequate standards have been set in virtually all major areas; the real challenge is the implementation. Mutua discusses
While there is no denying that the world has made huge progress against absolute poverty over the last 200 years, until recent times the bulk of that progress had been made in wealthy countries only. The good news is that we have seen greater progress against poverty in the developing world in recent times-indeed, a faster pace of progress against extreme poverty than the rich world saw over a period of 100 years or more of economic development. However, continuing progress is far from assured. High and rising inequality has stalled progress against poverty in many countries. We are seeing generally rising relative poverty in the rich world as a whole over recent decades. And even in the developing world, there has been less progress in reaching the poorest, who risk being left behind, and a great many people in the emerging middle class remain highly vulnerable to falling back into poverty. The Economics of Poverty strives to support well-informed efforts to put in place effective policies to assure continuing success in reducing poverty in all its dimensions. The book reviews critically the past and present debates on the central policy issues of economic development everywhere. How much poverty is there? Why does poverty exist? What can be done to eliminate poverty? Martin Ravallion provides an accessible new synthesis of current knowledge on these issues. It does not assume that readers know economics already. Those new to economics get a lot of help along the way in understanding its concepts and methods. Economics lives though its relevance to real world problems, and here the problem of global poverty is both the central focus and a vehicle for learning. Available in OSO:
The right of self-determination of peoples holds out the promise of sovereign statehood for all peoples and a domination-free international order. But it also harbors the danger of state fragmentation that can threaten international stability if claims of self-determination lead to secessions. Covering both the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century independence movements in the Americas and the twentieth-century decolonization worldwide, this book examines the conceptual and political history of the right of self-determination of peoples. It addresses the political contexts in which the right and concept were formulated and the practices developed to restrain its potentially anarchic character, its inception in anti-colonialism, nationalism, and the labor movement, its instrumentalization at the end of the First World War in a formidable duel that Wilson lost to Lenin, its abuse by Hitler, the path after the Second World War to its recognition as a human right in 1966, and its continuing impact after decolonization.
In Dilemmas of Difference Sarah A. Radcliffe explores the relationship of rural indigenous women in Ecuador to the development policies and actors that are ostensibly there to help ameliorate social and economic inequality. Radcliffe finds that development policies’s inability to recognize and reckon with the legacies of colonialism reinforces long-standing social hierarchies, thereby reproducing the very poverty and disempowerment they are there to solve. This ineffectiveness results from failures to acknowledge the local population's diversity and a lack of accounting for the complex intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and geography. As a result, projects often fail to match beneficiaries' needs, certain groups are made invisible, and indigenous women become excluded from positions of authority. Drawing from a mix of ethnographic fieldwork and postcolonial and social theory, Radcliffe centers the perspectives of indigenous women to show how they craft practices and epistemologies that critique ineffective development methods, inform their political agendas, and shape their strategic interventions in public policy debates.
Early Times of Photochemistry.- The Framework of Photochemistry: The Laws.- The Framework of Photochemistry: State Diagram.- Some Paradigmatic Topics.- The Role of Photochemistry in Chemistry.- Photochemistry, a Powerful Science.- Of Excited States, Again.- Photochemical and Photocatalyzed Synthesis.- Medicinal and Diagnostic Applications.- Solar Energy Conversion.- Actuators.- Photochemistry and Green Chemistry.
Swift has been said to have little interest in history; his attempts to write it have been disparaged and his desire to become Historiographer Royal ridiculed. Ashley Marshall argues that history mattered enormously to Swift. He read a vast amount of history and uses historical examples copiously in his own works. This study traces Swift's classical and modern historiographical inheritance; analyses his unsuccessful attempt to write a history of England; and offers radical re-reading of his History of the Four Last Years of the Queen. A systematic analysis of Swift's view of 'authority' is highly revealing. His attitudes toward power and authority, sovereigns' and subjects' rights, parliamentary representation, and succession are reflected in his lifelong engagement with and pervasive use of the past. Studying Swift and history enables a deeper understanding of his authoritarian and historiographically Tory outlook - and how it changed when Swift's party fell from power in 1714.
The Paper Trail tells the story of how a simple Chinese product has for two millennia allowed knowledge, ideas and religions to spread at an unprecedented rate around the world. Alexander Monro traces this groundbreaking invention's voyage, beginning with the Buddhist translators responsible for its spread across China and Japan, and follows it westward along the Silk Road, where it eventually became the surface of the Quran. Once paper reached Europe, it became indispensable to the scholars who manufactured the Renaissance and Reformation from their desks. As Monro uncovers, paper created a world in which free thinking could flourish, and brought disciplines from science to music into a new age.
Worldmaking is a fresh and compelling new take on the history of American diplomacy. Rather than retracing a familiar story of realism versus idealism, David Milne suggests that U.S. foreign policy has also been crucially divided between those who view statecraft as an art and those who believe it can aspire toward the certainties of science. Worldmaking follows a colorful cast of characters who built on each other's ideas to create the policies we have today. Woodrow Wilson’s Universalism and moralism led Sigmund Freud to diagnose a messiah complex. Walter Lippmann was an internationally syndicated columnist who commanded the attention of leaders as diverse as Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Charles de Gaulle. Paul Wolfowitz was the intellectual architect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq—an ardent admirer of Wilson’s attempt to “make the world safe for democracy.” Each was engaged in a process of worldmaking, formulating strategies that sought to deploy the nation’s vast military and economic power—or indeed its retraction through a domestic reorientation—to “make” a world in which America is best positioned to thrive. From the age of steam engines to the age of drones, Milne reveals patterns of aspirant worldmaking that have remained impervious to the passage of time. The result is a panoramic history of U.S. foreign policy driven by ideas and the lives and times of their creators.
1. A Bias for Practice: Stories of Improvisation in Governance 2. Challenges and Opportunities of Street Level Democratization, Improvisation, and Conflict 3. Conflict as a Stage for Improvisation in Governance Part One: Complexity and Improvisation in Governance 4. Developing Vision to Inform Demolition and Renovation in Vlardingen's Housing Association: A Profile of Ellen Hiep 5. From Gosh, This is Really Great. Now I Know What to Do! to Launching Small Initiatives, Going Step by Step: A Profile of Simen van der Goot 6. And No One, No One, Wants to be Denied, Community Rebuilding After Disaster: A Profile of Joop Hofman Part Two: Learning to Change Communities 7. The Significance of Building Relationships in Neighbourhood Work: A Profile of Willem Giezeman 8. Community Building in the Face of Distrust: A Profile of Tonie Boxman 9. The Evolution of the Amsterdam Think Tanks: A Profile of Mercedes Zandwijken 10. Social Imagination and Community Development: A Profile of Frans Geraedts Part Three: Immigration and Challenges of Diversity 11. On Radicalization and Social Cohesion: The City of Amsterdam's Responses to the Murder of Theo van Gogh Seen Through the Eyes of Marian Visser and Joris Rijbroek 12. Challenges of Immigration, Radicalization, and Integration: A Profile of Halime el Madkouri 13. On Conflict, Community and Governance: A Profile of Martien Kuitenbrouwer Part Four: Rethinking Administration 14. Managing Multiple Agency Collaboration and Multi-problem Families in Amsterdam: A Profile of Erik Gerritsen 15. There's Always a Way Out-and Finding It Together: A Profile of Henri Kardaun 16. Making Participation Work-Seeing New Angles and Other Possibilities: A Profile of Douwe Wielenga Authors' Conclusion
