INTRODUCTION:Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease that poses significant public health and socio-economic threats. In China, human brucellosis incidence has continued to rise, including in highly developed regions such as Zhejiang Province, despite relatively low levels of livestock husbandry. This study investigates the recent surge in human brucellosis in Zhejiang, aiming to identify key risk factors and inform prevention strategies. METHODS:We collected case data from 11 municipal divisions of Zhejiang Province (2018-2023). To overcome limitations of conventional clustering methods, we applied Bayesian spatiotemporal models, global autocorrelation analysis, variance inflation factor analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. Sheep and cattle production, socio-economic metrics and climatic variables were incorporated to examine disease distribution, quantify risk factors and identify high-risk areas. RESULTS:Human brucellosis showed marked regional variation and spatiotemporal clustering. Elevated risks were observed in Huzhou, Jiaxing, Quzhou and Lishui, while Zhoushan, Ningbo, Taizhou, Wenzhou and Hangzhou displayed lower risks. Live sheep imports and slaughter volumes were the dominant factors, positively correlated with incidence (RR = 1.1816, 95% CI: 1.0096-1.3880; RR = 1.6175, 95% CI: 1.1883-2.3546). These findings underscore the importance of livestock trade and slaughter practices in shaping transmission dynamics. CONCLUSIONS:Targeted prevention strategies are urgently needed in developed regions such as Zhejiang. We recommend strengthening the brucellosis prevention framework, enhancing regulatory oversight of live sheep transport and slaughter in high-risk areas and leveraging modern information technologies (e.g., AI and big data) for surveillance and decision support. This study advances the theoretical and practical framework for brucellosis prevention and offers insights for both regional and national disease control, contributing to public health protection and sustainable livestock development.
INTRODUCTION:Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) has shown a marked geographic expansion in Italy, progressively affecting central and northern regions previously considered non-endemic. Laboratory-based prevalence estimates remain informative in well-designed surveys; however, prevalence derived from diagnostic submissions may be influenced by study design (e.g., convenience sampling and clinical bias), diagnostic performance and cut-offs, and incomplete demographic denominators, limiting representativeness and comparability. METHODS:We estimated a provincial incidence proxy for CanL during 2022-2023 by combining newly diagnosed cases from routine diagnostic submissions with canine population approximations derived from ISTAT demographic data, applying a baseline dog-to-human ratio of 1:5. Rates were expressed as cases per 10,000 dogs and provinces were classified into five predefined operational risk categories. Robustness was assessed through alternative denominator scenarios (1:4 and 1:6), a restricted registry-based regional analysis in SINAC-covered regions, and descriptive comparison with independent epidemiological, entomological, and ecological evidence. RESULTS:Incidence estimates revealed substantial heterogeneity across Italy, ranging from 0 to nearly 500 cases per 10,000 dogs. Overall, 49 provinces (45.4%) were classified as minimal risk, 30 (27.8%) as low risk, 21 (19.4%) as moderate risk, 4 (3.7%) as high risk, and 4 (3.7%) as very high risk. Most minimal and low-category provinces were located in northern and central Italy, whereas higher categories were predominantly observed in Southern Italy and Sicily; however, very high provinces were also identified in North-Western Italy (Liguria), notably Imperia and Savona. While absolute provincial values were sensitive to denominator assumptions, registry-based analyses in SINAC-covered regions preserved the regional ranking of incidence, supporting the framework mainly for broad spatial prioritisation rather than precise estimation of absolute burden. CONCLUSIONS:Integrating an incidence proxy alongside prevalence provides a pragmatic surveillance tool for spatial prioritisation and risk communication under real-world constraints. The framework is most informative for identifying higher-burden areas and supporting proportionate prevention and control strategies, especially when interpreted together with registry-based restricted analyses and independent external evidence. Within a One-Health perspective, incidence-based indicators in canine surveillance can improve comparability with routinely used human notification metrics and support coordinated planning across sectors, while remaining distinct in epidemiological meaning between hosts.
INTRODUCTION:Toscana virus (TOSV) and Leishmania species are sand fly-borne pathogens that pose a significant public health threat and an increasing risk of exposure in Europe. The objective of this study was to identify the phleboviruses circulating in an area endemic for sand fly-borne pathogens and to estimate infection prevalence in wild sand fly populations. We also aimed to analyse co-infections with L. infantum and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. METHODS:The study was conducted in southern Spain. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps, morphologically identified and DNA/RNA was extracted individually or in pools. A generic RT-nested PCR was used to detect phleboviruses, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Leishmania infantum loads were quantified by qPCR, and Wolbachia was detected by PCR. RESULTS:We found that 2/443 individual sand flies (0.45%) and 8/64 pools (12.5%) were infected with phleboviruses, with an estimated prevalence of 1.9%. We confirm the circulation of TOSV-lineage B, together with Massilia-like virus and Alcube virus, in three sand fly species, and report novel strains of these phleboviruses. In addition, two Phlebotomus perniciosus individuals were co-infected with TOSV-lineage B and Wolbachia wPrn. We also detected L. infantum in 27.6% (60/217) of individuals, 66.7% (40/60) of which were co-infected with Wolbachia. Mean L. infantum loads [log-(parasite load +1)] in specimens co-infected with Wolbachia were not significantly different from those in uninfected specimens (p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides further evidence for the continued circulation of TOSV and other phleboviruses in sand fly populations in southern Spain, with an estimated prevalence higher than that reported in the same region over a decade ago. Our study provides the first evidence of co-infection with TOSV-lineage B and Wolbachia in P. perniciosus, as well as a high proportion of specimens co-infected with Wolbachia and L. infantum. Understanding these co-infection dynamics is essential to elucidate the potential role of Wolbachia and the impact of Leishmania-phlebovirus co-infection on transmission.
INTRODUCTION:Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a severe zoonotic disease caused by Orthohantavirus andesense (Andes virus, ANDV), with significant public health burden in Chile. Despite decades of surveillance, knowledge gaps remain regarding the ecological drivers of notification burden and the individual-level determinants of in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients. This study aimed to address both dimensions simultaneously, providing a multilevel characterization of HCPS epidemiology in Chile from 2005 to 2022. METHODS:Two complementary analyses were conducted. First, an ecological study examined district-level HCPS notifications (2005-2022) using a negative binomial mixed-effects model, with predictors including male population rate, urbanization proportion, population density, season and burned area due to forest fires during the most recent summer season. Second, an individual-level analysis of hospitalized HCPS patients (2010-2020) used a logistic mixed-effects model to identify correlates of in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients, including age, sex, indigenous group affiliation, hospitalization duration and number of surgical interventions. RESULTS:A total of 886 HCPS cases were notified across 187 districts, averaging 49.2 cases per year. Notifications were positively associated with higher male population rates and greater burned area due to forest fires, and negatively associated with urbanization and population density. Among 462 hospitalized patients, the in-hospital case-fatality ratio was 19.7%. Older age, female sex and indigenous group affiliation were significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality risk among hospitalized patients. Shorter hospitalization duration and greater number of surgical interventions, as correlates of clinical severity and complexity, were also associated with in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients. CONCLUSIONS:HCPS notification burden in Chile is shaped by environmental and demographic factors, with forest fire activity representing a novel and actionable ecological risk indicator. In-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients is disproportionately concentrated in older, female, and indigenous populations, highlighting the need for targeted surveillance, equitable healthcare access and integrated One Health strategies to reduce the burden of HCPS in Chile.
INTRODUCTION:Brucellosis, caused by a group of bacteria within the genus Brucella, is a zoonotic disease of significant public health concern. The RB51 strain vaccine is used to combat cattle brucellosis but has potential health consequences for exposed humans. METHODS:A retrospective review of NVSL's records prior to 2021 allowed identification of six cases of RB51 strain Brucella in the milk of dairy cattle through culture, followed up by PCR and whole genome sequencing (WGS). RESULTS:Six properly vaccinated dairy heifer calves actively shed strain RB51 in their milk as adults, years after vaccination. Two of these cows are linked to three human strain RB51 brucellosis cases (one cow to one human, one cow to two humans). All human cases were detected following consumption of unpasteurised ('raw') dairy products, highlighting the risk of raw dairy consumption. CONCLUSIONS:These cases demonstrate that milk-borne RB51 strain Brucella has been responsible for multiple human cases of Brucella. Dairy products from cows vaccinated with RB51 should not be consumed raw. The continued and widespread use of the RB51 vaccine should be evaluated critically, and authorities and veterinarians should revisit regulations and vaccination practices to ensure they are epidemiologically justified, particularly in regions or herds without documented brucellosis risk.
INTRODUCTION:Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals or unpasteurized products. Endemic in Iran, it causes fever, fatigue and muscle pain, posing significant public health and economic challenges. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing preventive behaviours against brucellosis in Hamadan Province, utilizing the PEN-3 model to explore cultural and social dynamics, alongside Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for spatial analysis of disease incidence. METHODS:This study was conducted in two sequential phases. In the first phase, with the aim of identifying geographical hotspots of human brucellosis, data on all confirmed cases reported in Hamadan Province between 2016 and 2023 were extracted from the national communicable disease surveillance system. Spatial analysis was carried out using ArcGIS version 10.8.2, and significant high-risk clusters were identified through the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical method. Based on the spatial clustering results, Kabudarahang County was selected as the study site for the second phase. In the second phase, a case-control study was conducted in 2024 in comprehensive health centers within Kabudarahang County. The study sample included 306 participants, comprising 102 cases (individuals with confirmed brucellosis) and 204 controls (healthy individuals). Brucellosis diagnosis was established according to the Iranian Ministry of Health's standard case definition, including positive serological tests such as Wright (≥ 1:80), 2ME (≥ 1:40), or Coombs-Wright. Data collection was performed using a researcher-developed questionnaire grounded in the PEN-3 cultural model, encompassing demographic characteristics, knowledge about brucellosis, perceptions, enabling factors, nurturing influences and preventive behaviours. The questionnaire's content validity was confirmed through expert panel evaluation using CVI and CVR indices, and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17. RESULTS:The study found that brucellosis was most prevalent in rural areas and among men, with an adjusted incidence risk of 8.95 per 10,000 people. Kabudarahang County was identified as the primary hotspot, with an incidence risk of 24.99 per 10,000 people. Protective factors included being female (OR = 0.44), higher education (OR = 0.41), better economic status (OR = 0.36) and higher preventive behaviour scores (OR = 0.92). Risk factors included working in livestock (OR = 5.40) or agriculture (OR = 2.14), consuming local dairy products (OR = 2.98), contact with livestock at home (OR = 6.56) and family history of brucellosis (OR = 11). Linear regression analysis indicated that knowledge, perceptions, enablers and nurturers explained 34% of preventive behaviours. CONCLUSION:This study emphasizes the importance of education and raising knowledge to reduce the prevalence of brucellosis. The findings suggest that effective prevention of this disease requires attention to the complex interaction of demographic, educational and behavioural factors. Using comprehensive models such as the PEN-3 model can help better understand the cultural and social determinants of health behaviours. Policymakers should develop and implement comprehensive educational and preventive programs that specifically address the needs and conditions of rural communities and individuals at risk.
INTRODUCTION:Candida albicans is an important priority fungal pathogen that commonly colonizes humans and a wide range of animal hosts, although its population structure in wildlife remains poorly explored. METHODS:In this study, 41 C. albicans isolates obtained from Italian wild animals (European hedgehogs, wolves, foxes, badgers, roe deer and porcupine) were identified by hwp1-specific PCR and subsequently genetically characterized using ABC typing, mating-type locus analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS:Several isolates were heterozygous at the hwp1 locus, and one rare 850 bp homozygous variant was detected in animals for the first time. ABC typing assigned 27 isolates to genotype B, 10 to genotype A and 4 to genotype C. All isolates were heterozygous (a/α) at the mating-type locus. MLST analysis identified 116 alleles, including 20 novel alleles, and 36 diploid sequence types, of which 28 were newly described. Twenty-two isolates clustered within 11 clonal complexes shared with human isolates, whereas 19 were singletons. Animal isolates were distributed across nine established MLST clades, with no clear association with host species. However, nearest-neighbour analysis revealed partial but significant genetic segregation between human and animal isolates, suggesting a degree of host-associated population structuring. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, these findings indicate that animal-associated C. albicans populations represent a substantial and largely unexplored reservoir of genetic diversity and contribute to a better understanding of the population structure and ecology of this opportunistic pathogen within a One Health framework.
INTRODUCTION:This study aimed to isolate Parapoxvirus orf and characterize its genetic diversity through phylogenetic analysis in small ruminants from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS:A total of 103 scab samples were collected from sheep affected by nine contagious ecthyma outbreaks across three different mesoregions of Mato Grosso (Southeast, Northeast, and North) between 2023 and 2024. Viral DNA was amplified using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers PPP3 and PPP4 targeting the B2L gene to confirm the presence of Parapoxvirus orf. Following confirmation, 21 samples were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, fifteen viable scab samples were selected for viral isolation using Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells cultured in RPMI medium in 24-well plates at approximately 70% confluence 24 h after passage. RESULTS:All scab samples (103/103) tested positive for Parapoxvirus orf by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed genetic similarities between the obtained isolates and previously reported circulating isolates from Brazil, including a close genetic relationship with circulating isolates from Mato Grosso. Furthermore, a cytopathic effect was observed in 80% of the samples. PCR also detected Parapoxvirus orf in the culture supernatants from all isolation assays. CONCLUSION:This study confirms the circulation of Parapoxvirus orf in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The genetic similarity of the identified isolates with those previously reported in Brazil and other countries highlights the need to strengthen biosecurity, prevention, and control policies for this zoonotic disease.
BACKGROUND:Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan parasite, affects approximately one-third of the global population and is associated with congenital and neurological complications. While seroprevalence has been extensively studied in high-risk groups such as pregnant women, data on students, a population spanning childhood to young adulthood, are fragmented. We aimed to systematically assess the global seroprevalence and risk factors of T. gondii exposure among students to inform public health strategies for this demographic. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, with the protocol submitted to PROSPERO (CRD42025637197). We searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to January 2025 for cross-sectional and observational studies reporting T. gondii seroprevalence in students (primary, secondary, undergraduate or postgraduate) using serological methods, with no language restrictions. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled seroprevalence and risk factors, with heterogeneity assessed via I2 statistics and meta-regression. Bias was evaluated using Begg's and Egger's tests. RESULTS:From 50 studies involving 32,054 students across 24 countries, the pooled global seroprevalence of T. gondii was 14.0% (95% CI 11.7-16.6; I2 = 98.33%). Seroprevalence varied by educational level: 28.5% (95% CI 20.6-37.7) in primary school students, 19.3% (95% CI 14.1-25.8) in secondary school students, 19.4% (95% CI 14.5-25.5) in undergraduates and 2.5% (95% CI 0.2-27.8) in postgraduates (based on one study). Significant risk factors included contact with cats (RR 1.888, p < 0.001), soil exposure (RR 1.940, p < 0.001) and consumption of undercooked meat (RR 1.450, p = 0.003). Meta-regression identified diagnostic methods and geographic coordinates as key sources of heterogeneity (explaining 35%-73%). High between-study heterogeneity was observed across most analyses. CONCLUSIONS:Health education programs in schools, promoting hand hygiene, safe food practices and responsible pet care, could reduce T. gondii exposure among students, particularly in high-prevalence regions. Further research is needed to explore the cognitive and behavioural impacts of infection in this population and to better characterize regional sources of heterogeneity.
INTRODUCTION:Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are common intestinal protozoa with zoonotic potential, affecting a broad range of domestic and wild animals. In Portugal, knowledge on their occurrence and genetic diversity remains fragmented. This study integrates new molecular results from multiple animal groups with a comprehensive review of published national data to establish an updated baseline for these parasites within a One Health framework. METHODS:A total of 805 faecal samples from 91 animal species were analysed, including domestic (n = 192 samples), captive (n = 283) and wild (n = 330) hosts. Detection was performed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen and direct immunofluorescence assays; samples that were positive or doubtful after microscopic screening were further subjected to nested PCR and sequencing targeting SSU rRNA, gp60 (for C. parvum), and gdh, bg and tpi (for G. duodenalis). Newly generated sequences were compared to GenBank references and compiled with data from 29 Portuguese studies published between 2001 and 2025. RESULTS:Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 11/805 samples (1.4%) and G. duodenalis in 101/805 (12.5%). Detection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. were 3.6% (7/192) in domestic, 0.0% in captive, and 1.2% (4/330) in wild animals, while Giardia spp. occurred in 18.8% (36/192), 8.5% (24/283), and 12.4% (41/330), respectively. Molecular analysis revealed C. parvum (IIaA19G2R1 in Iberian wolf, and IIcA5G3 in hedgehogs), C. canis, and C. cuniculus. Moreover, G. duodenalis assemblages were diverse, including assemblage E in ruminants, D in canids and felids, B in rabbits, lemurs, cheetahs and suricates, F in lions, and E and B co-occurring in suricates and raccoons. The compiled dataset from available Portuguese studies included 3741 animals tested for Cryptosporidium spp. and 3353 for Giardia spp., providing a descriptive overview of host and genotype diversity across the country. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides the first integrated overview of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis occurrences in animals across the Portuguese territory. The findings demonstrate that livestock, pets, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife can contribute to the circulation of these protozoan parasites, emphasizing the importance of harmonized molecular surveillance and integrated One Health strategies for early detection and control.
INTRODUCTION:Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential that infects a wide range of species, including companion animals. Although surveillance efforts have primarily focused on North America, Europe and Asia, data from South America remain scarce. This study evaluated the molecular and serological evidence of IAV circulation in dogs and cats from shelters and multi-pet households in central Chile. METHODS:Between June and November 2020, oropharyngeal swabs and serum samples were collected from dogs and cats in shelters and multi-pet households in central Chile. Samples were analysed by RT-qPCR, NP-ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assay. RESULTS:IAV was detected by RT-qPCR in 3.2% (11/342) of dogs (95% CI: 1.3%-5.1%) and 5.8% (4/69) of cats (95% CI: 0.3%-11.3%). Serological analysis revealed IAV seropositivity in 55.5% (96/173) of dogs (95% CI: 48.1%-62.9%) and 50.0% (10/20) of cats (95% CI: 28.1%-71.9%). Additionally, pdmH1N1 antibodies were detected in 26 animals (25.7%; 95% CI: 17.2%-34.2%) out of 101 NP-ELISA-positive serum samples, with higher median titres for cats (median = 160) compared to dogs (median = 20). Low-level antibody titres against Canine/H3N2 (range = 10-20) were identified in three dogs (3.0%; 95% CI: 0.0%-6.3%), whereas no antibodies were detected against Canine/H3N8 or Avian/H3N6. No significant associations were observed between seropositivity and animal age, sex, origin or area. CONCLUSIONS:This study presents the first report of IAV detection in cats in South America and highlights a high level of IAV exposure among companion animals in central Chile. These findings underscore the importance of including pets in IAV surveillance efforts under a One Health approach and highlight the need for expanded monitoring and genetic characterization of circulating strains to assess zoonotic risk.
INTRODUCTION:Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen associated with healthcare-acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to beta-lactams and carbapenems. Although wild animals are not typically exposed to antibiotics, they can harbour resistant strains. The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is increasingly found in urban areas, where it interacts with humans and livestock. Studies have identified concerning levels of AMR in hedgehogs, including Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam (ESBL) and carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. METHODS:This study focuses on Klebsiella spp. isolated in hedgehogs from urban areas, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We compared these isolates with openly available strains isolated from humans in the same region with the objective to have a thorough understanding of ST, AMR gene, and plasmid overlap between human and environmental compartments. RESULTS:High AMR gene levels, including the carbapenemase blaOXA-48, were found in the hedgehog population. Notably, human nosocomial clones, including ST307 and ST392, globally distributed sequence types also found in wildlife, were identified in both hedgehogs and humans. The presence of conjugative plasmids, including IncFIB(K) and IncL1 types, was identified in both hedgehogs and humans, highlighting plasmid dissemination as a significant factor in AMR spread. CONCLUSIONS:Although no direct transmission from wildlife to hospital settings has been conclusively demonstrated, our findings suggest that hedgehogs may play a role in bridging environmental and healthcare environments. The study underscores the need for further investigation into multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. and other resistant bacteria in wildlife to better understand their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes across ecosystems.
INTRODUCTION:Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) is a major zoonotic enteric pathogen. Animal contact-related NTS outbreaks have increased in the United States over the last decade. Geospatial analysis can identify locations with elevated risk of NTS outbreaks where public health authorities can focus their NTS prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS:We analysed NTS outbreak data reported from individual states to the Centers for Disease Control via the National Outbreak Reporting System between 2009 and 2022 across the continental contiguous United States. A geospatial analytical framework that included disease mapping, spatial interpolation, and global and local clustering methods was applied to identify regions with high NTS outbreak rates. Given that the study period (2009-2022) included the COVID-19 pandemic, an interrupted time series negative binomial model was used to assess changes in NTS incidence before and after 2020. RESULTS:A total of 104 NTS single-state outbreaks were reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during the study period. The mean annual incidence rate was 0.02 NTS outbreaks per million person-years. The primary animal contact categories associated with outbreaks were mammals (cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses), birds (backyard chickens, ducklings, and turkeys), and reptiles (turtles and lizards). Exposure settings included farms, fairgrounds, agricultural feed stores, veterinary clinics, dairy/agricultural settings, and residential settings. The local cluster detection methods consistently identified areas with significantly high NTS animal contact-related outbreak rates in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast of the US. The interrupted time series analysis indicated a reduction in incidence following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (IRR = 0.03; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION:NTS animal contact-related single-state outbreaks revealed distinct spatial clustering across the United States, with higher risks in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast. Diversity of animal-contact sources and exposure settings depicted complex transmission dynamics of NTS. A decline in reported NTS outbreaks was observed after the COVID-19 pandemic. Focused prevention and control programs are needed in high-risk areas to mitigate the burden of NTS outbreaks.
Introduction Mass dog rabies vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing human rabies and interrupting transmission. However, achieving high vaccination coverage in dog populations remains challenging in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), due to multiple barriers. In Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, rabies remains a major public health burden, with domestic dogs as the primary reservoir. Efforts to scale up canine rabies vaccination are limited by the lack of a coordinated national programme and challenges related to affordability, service availability, infrastructure, and owner awareness.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of dog-owning households in three Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and developed a probabilistic model to uncover contextual factors associated with perceived barriers to canine rabies vaccination among owners of unvaccinated dogs.Results Posterior distributions of our model estimates indicate that respondents reporting not knowing how to vaccinate their dogs against rabies were more likely to have tertiary education, prior awareness of rabies, use dogs for security purposes, urban residence, and residence in areas with higher household poverty. In contrast, respondents reporting knowledge of rabies transmission via bites from rabid dogs, access to local veterinary services, good road networks, and ownership of partially confined dogs were less likely to perceive this barrier. Respondents who were students, had attained tertiary education, resided in urban areas, and were in the FCT and Anambra State were more likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as too costly. Conversely, respondents from medium-sized households, those who relied on traditional care in the event of a dog bite, and owners of partially confined dogs were also more likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as too costly. Finally, respondents who had heard about rabies and those with tertiary education were less likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as unimportant.Conclusions Our study identified key barriers to canine rabies vaccination in Nigeria, including lack of knowledge, perceived high cost, and low perceived importance. These were influenced by socioeconomic factors, place of residence, and dog ownership practices, while rabies awareness, veterinary access, good road infrastructure, and partial confinement reduced these perceptions. These findings highlight the need for targeted, context-specific strategies to improve affordability, access, and infrastructure, particularly among disadvantaged households.
INTRODUCTION:Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b is a global threat causing widespread outbreaks on poultry farms and high mortality among wild bird populations in Canada. Wild aquatic birds are generally recognised as key reservoir hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIV's). Furthermore, environmental weather variables have been hypothesised to play a critical role in the spread and persistence of HPAI in the external environment. During the 2022 outbreak of HPAI (H5N1) in Canada, many positive farm cases were identified via epidemiological investigations as independent introductions, likely a result of virus spillover from the external environment into the poultry farm. We investigated the association between recently occurring meteorological and wild bird occurrence factors and the likelihood of poultry farms in British Columbia testing positive for HPAI (H5N1) due to independent viral introductions. METHODS:Using a retrospective case-crossover analysis, this study produced a multivariable conditional logistic regression model examining weekly-averaged meteorological factors (n = 49) and a series of univariable models to examine wild bird occurrence across case and control periods for independent introductions of HPAI onto poultry farms in British Columbia (n = 48). RESULTS:During case periods, we found significant associations between the following variables: our multivariable analysis found elevated levels of precipitation and decreasing maximum relative humidity increased odds of independent introduction events. Additionally, the increasing occurrence of dabbling duck species groups, snow geese (Anser caerulescens) and short-billed gulls (Larus brachyrhynchus) during case periods was associated with increased odds of independent introduction events. CONCLUSIONS:This research identifies key weather variables and increased occurrence of specific waterbird species groups in the weeks directly prior to case occurrence as predictive factors for the occurrence of independent introductions of HPAI (H5N1) onto British Columbia poultry farms. These findings help us better understand the weather and wild bird factors likely associated with the risk of spillover of HPAI to poultry farms in this region.
INTRODUCTION:Leishmaniasis remains a neglected tropical disease in Algeria, where both cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) forms persist despite ongoing control efforts. Understanding the epidemiological patterns and environmental drivers of transmission is essential for improving surveillance and control strategies. METHODS:This study analysed 379 human cases (363 CL and 16 VL) reported between 2014 and 2024 in the northeastern provinces of Skikda and Constantine. Epidemiological data were integrated with climatic and environmental variables using geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical analyses to identify spatial and temporal patterns of disease distribution. RESULTS:CL accounted for 95.8% of cases and predominantly affected young adults aged 20-44 years, with incidence peaking in late autumn and early winter. In contrast, VL was exclusively observed in children under 9 years of age. Spatial analysis showed that both forms were strongly associated with low altitudes (≤ 900 m for CL and 300-600 m for VL), gentle slopes (≤ 3%), and human-modified landscapes such as croplands and grasslands. Conversely, dense forests, wetlands, bare soils, and steep terrains appeared to act as natural barriers to transmission. Climatic correlations were generally weak and not statistically significant, except for a positive association between CL incidence and relative humidity and wind speed in Skikda, and a negative association with soil moisture in Constantine. CONCLUSION:These findings highlight the important role of microclimatic, topographic, and land-use factors in shaping leishmaniasis transmission dynamics. The study provides a spatial framework that can support targeted surveillance and integrated vector control strategies in endemic regions.
INTRODUCTION:Fleas represent a neglected group of ectoparasites of significant public health importance, due to their active role in transmitting various infectious agents associated with emerging and re-emerging diseases. In Mexico, flea borne-rickettsioses represent a growing public health concern, driven by the widespread presence of arthropod vectors and a vulnerable population, compounded by limited knowledge of pathogen-vector-host interactions. This study aimed to identify flea species parasitising dogs and cats in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico and to detect and characterise Rickettsia species present through molecular sequencing. METHODS:Flea samples were collected from dogs and cats in veterinary clinics and private residences during the period of October-May 2022-2023, across nine municipalities in the state of Nuevo Leon. Samples were identified morphologically and the gltA gene for Rickettsia was amplified and sequenced. RESULTS:Three flea species were identified from dogs and cats: Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché, 1835), Pulex simulans (Baker, 1895) and Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood, 1875). Rickettsia DNA was detected in 29.47% of the total flea pools through amplification of the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis in C. felis felis collected from dogs in Nuevo León, representing the first record in Mexico. Simultaneously, an unexpected finding of Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), was also identified in the same flea species, marking the first report of this pathogen in fleas worldwide. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings provide for the first time in Mexico, the molecular detection of Ca. R. senegalensis in Ct. felis felis, increases the number of Rickettsia species recorded in the country to 19. Additionally, R. rickettsii DNA was detected in Ct. felis felis. These findings highlight the need for further studies on clarify the epidemiological relevance of fleas-associated Rickettsia and to better understand their role within rickettsial systems.
INTRODUCTION:Human brucellosis remains a persistent zoonotic and occupational health challenge in endemic regions of the Middle East. Despite long-standing national control efforts, limited region-specific evidence is available from southeastern Iran. This study described the demographic characteristics, exposure patterns, temporal and seasonal trends and spatial distribution of laboratory-confirmed human brucellosis in districts covered by the Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences between 2019 and 2023. METHODS:A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using routine surveillance records of all confirmed brucellosis cases. Demographic, occupational and exposure variables were summaried using descriptive statistics, and associations were assessed using Pearson's χ2 test. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with reported livestock contact. Annual and cumulative incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated using official district census data, and spatial patterns were examined using GIS-based mapping. RESULTS:A total of 758 confirmed cases were recorded, with a mean age of 34.7 years. Females (61.3%) and rural residents (86.4%) predominated. Housewives (43.4%) and livestock farmers (33.2%) represented the main occupational groups. Reported exposures included consumption of unpasteuried dairy products (87.2%) and direct animal contact (81.9%). Livestock farming (OR 3.01; 95% CI: 1.74-5.21) and unpasteuried dairy consumption (OR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.13-3.06) were independently associated with livestock contact. Incidence peaked during spring and summer, with an overall declining trend over the study period. Higher cumulative incidence was observed in Sarbaz, Iranshahr and Dalgan districts. CONCLUSION:Human brucellosis remains endemic in southeastern Iran, disproportionately affecting rural populations engaged in traditional livestock practices. Strengthened One Health interventions including expanded livestock vaccination, community-based food safety education and integrated cross-sectoral surveillance are required to reduce transmission and disease burden.
INTRODUCTION:To address concerns about livestock as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes, there have been many recent efforts worldwide to study prescribing practices, optimal antibiotic use, and alternatives to antibiotic use. However, there is empirical evidence supporting the persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes at high densities in cattle pens for at least 2 years after cattle were removed. METHODS:We describe a mathematical modelling framework to predict and explore the dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria in food-producing animals and their immediate environments. Using the difference equation based compartmental modelling framework, we algebraically derive a formula for the relative rate of growth of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment (RAMR). RESULTS:We demonstrate that RAMR > 1 (i.e., growth) of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in feedlot environments can occur under a range of plausible conditions, even in the absence of antimicrobial use in the feedlot cattle. Our model can reproduce data observed under field conditions showing rapid growth of tetracycline-resistant E. coli in the environment despite no antimicrobials being used. Finally, we demonstrate that generic hygiene measures such as scraping pen floors are likely to reduce the density of tetracycline-resistant E. coli in the farm environment considerably, especially in cold climates. CONCLUSIONS:Farm environments such as beef cattle feedlots may be conducive to persistence or even growth of antimicrobial resistant bacteria under a wide range of plausible conditions, even in the absence of antimicrobial use. The system may be quite resilient, and even stringent cleaning will likely not be sufficient to eliminate resistant bacteria from the environment in some climates, especially where freeze-thaw cycles are uncommon.
INTRODUCTION:AI-based chatbots are increasingly used in accessing health information. However, there are significant differences in the accuracy, transparency of sources, readability and reliability of the information provided by these systems. In infectious diseases with heterogeneous clinical courses, requiring long-term follow-up and where patient information is critical, such as brucellosis, the quality of digital information sources is of particular importance. This study aims to compare the multidimensional performance of different AI-based chatbots in the delivery of health information related to brucellosis. METHODS:Eight chatbots (ChatGPT-4o, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Microsoft Copilot, Perplexity AI, Grok-1.5, Mistral Le Chat and DeepSeek) were evaluated using standardized clinical questions. Clinical accuracy, source transparency, readability/patient-friendliness, ethical safety and perceived trust level were analyzed using the QUEST, DISCERN, JAMA criteria, PEMAT-P, Ateşman Readability Index and Trust/Confidence scales. Scores were normalized to create a heat map. Subgroup analyses were also conducted. RESULTS:Significant performance differences were found among the chatbots. DeepSeek achieved the highest scores in clinical accuracy, structured information presentation and source transparency. Claude stood out with higher perceived trust in addition to accuracy and transparency. It was observed that readability and perceived trust do not always coincide, and response length alone is not an indicator of quality. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that AI-based chatbots should not be evaluated in a clinical context using a single 'best practice' approach. For public health-critical diseases such as brucellosis, selective and controlled chatbot integration tailored to the intended use may offer a safer and more effective approach.
