The intrinsic carbon in spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode materials is utilized as an in-situ reductant under vacuum at 673 K, transforming lithium into soluble Li2CO3 while reducing transition metals to insoluble oxides and metallic phases. Subsequent ambient-temperature leaching with ammonium persulfate achieves 97.13
Chronic wounds, particularly in diabetes, suffer from poor inflammation control, infection risk, and slow healing. Traditional treatments like antibiotics and skin grafts often fall short due to the complex nature of these wounds. There’s a pressing need for new therapies that combine multiple functions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a promising solution with their precise design and high surface area. This article reviews recent advances in using MOFs for wound healing, especially in diabetic cases, highlighting their potential to deliver antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic benefits through strategic design and active components. This study highlights targeted strategies using MOF composites to modulate diabetic wound microenvironments. It reviews advanced wound dressings combining MOFs with hydrogels, electrospun fibers, microneedles, and more. In conclusion, MOFs constitute a tailorable intelligent platform for therapeutic modulation. Despite remaining challenges pertaining to biosafety and toxicological profiles, industrial scalability and structural robustness, and standardized detection/evaluation systems, MOFs exhibit remarkable capacity for integrating stimuli‑responsive release, multi-mechanism combinatorial antibacterial action, and microenvironmental remodeling. Looking ahead, MOF-based nanocomposites are poised to progress toward more rational design, smarter regulatory control, and broader functional regeneration, thereby offering substantial potential to facilitate intelligent diagnostics and individualized therapy for complicated wounds.
Sm³⁺/ Eu³⁺/ Gd³⁺ based Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) conjugated nanohydrogels were synthesized via glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent as multifunctional materials for efficient dye adsorption and catalytic reduction of nitroaromatic pollutants in water. Structural and morphological analyses were done through FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy, confirmed successful interaction of lanthanide ions within the CMC matrix. Adsorption performance using Langmuir and Freundlich models was evaluated for methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and congo red (CR), demonstrating strong pH-dependent removal efficiency, and found as about 60
In this study, two novel metal-organic framework (MOF) composites, Amine-Functionalized MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-101(Fe) grafted onto Dowex resin, were synthesized via an in-situ solvothermal method for the highly efficient removal of Malathion insecticide from aqueous solutions. The integration of MOF nanoparticles onto the Dowex resin resulted in a significant improvement in the maximum adsorption capacity (Qm), increasing from 88.93 mg/g in Dowex resin to 216.6 mg/g for Cr-BDC-NH₂@Dowex, and reaching an unprecedented value of 357.1 mg/g for Fe-BDC-NH₂@Dowex. Adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of contact time and initial malathion concentration using 1 g of the adsorbent at an optimal pH of 7 and a temperature of 25 °C. The adsorption of malathion onto the amine-functionalized composites followed the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.988) and the Langmuir isotherm (R2 ≥ 0.99), suggesting a chemisorption mechanism dominated by monolayer coverage. The small atomic radius of the Fe3+ ion in Fe-BDC-NH₂@Dowex resulted in a coordination-strained and cracked morphology transforming the bead into a three-dimensional, sponge-like adsorbent with high adsorption capacity. This research not only introduces a novel class of adsorbents for malathion remediation but also demonstrates adsorption capacities not previously documented in the literature.
A novel magnetic nanocomposite scaffold (MPyC) was developed by synthesizing a new pyrazolone derivative of 4-(2-(4-bromophenyl)hydrazineylidene)− 5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (D3) conjugated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). To enhance the structural functionality and integrity of the scaffold, ex-situ magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were encapsulated within the CMC/D3 (PyC) composite. Cephalexin drug (CPX) was encapsulated within the polymeric PyC and MPyC carriers, which then fabricated in the form of beads by ionic gelation, followed by chemically stabilized using the crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde (GA). A comprehensive morphological and chemical characterization were applied to the prepared beads for in vitro pH-sensitive drug release approach. The MPyC scaffold showed a promising release efficiency of CPX by 99.35±4.9
Herein, the glucose-sensing performance of a CuO-branched TiO2 nanorod (B-CuO/TiO2) based heterostructured electrode, fabricated via a seed-assisted three-step hydrothermal process, was investigated. The structural, morphological, compositional, and semiconducting properties of the fabricated electrode were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and Mott–Schottky analysis. The electrochemical sensing performance of the electrode was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric current–time (i-t) measurements. The optimized B-CuO/TiO2 electrode exhibited the high sensitivity of 6764 µA mM− 1cm− 2 over a linear detection range of 5-325 µM, with a low detection limit (LOD) of 7.4 µM. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility for glucose sensing. The fabricated sensor demonstrated reliable glucose quantification in a real-world commercial beverage (Mountain Dew) sample, showing 98.5–102
The synthesis of a nanocomposite of molybdenum trioxide-gadolinium trioxide (MoO3–Gd2O3 NC) was effectively achieved by a straight forward ultrasonication technique. Subsequently, an investigation was conducted to assess the electrochemical performance of the asymmetric supercapacitor device including MoO3-Gd2O3//AC. The MoO3–Gd2O3NC has been shown to possess a significant specific capacitance of 1305 F/g by CV at 10 mV/s. The investigation of GCD reveals that MoO3–Gd2O3 exhibits a specific capacitance of 912 F/g at 1 A/g and excellent cyclic stability of 92.6
In this study, a sustainable inorganic-polymeric hybrid photocatalytic material was developed by immobilizing a mechanochemically designed g-C3N4/WO3 heterostructure into alginate-based biopolymer beads. Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis promoted close interfacial contact between g-C3N4 and WO3, leading to homogeneous dispersion, reduced particle size, and improved charge separation and transfer efficiency. Subsequently, the heterostructure photocatalyst was incorporated into a cross-linked alginate matrix to produce robust, porous, and recoverable polymeric bead structures with improved usability and reusability. Comprehensive structural and morphological characterization confirmed the successful creation of the hybrid bead architecture, revealing microrose arrangements composed of nanolayers homogeneously dispersed throughout the alginate network. The polymeric matrix ensured structural integrity, minimized catalyst loss, and facilitated repeated use without the need for secondary separation processes. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared beads was evaluated through malachite green (MG) degradation under simulated solar irradiation. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared beads was evaluated through MG degradation under simulated solar irradiation. Following a 20-min dark adsorption period, g-C3N4/WO3 alginate beads exhibited a higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency (85.6
Extensive consumption of fossil fuels has hastened their exhaustion, intensifying global energy crisis and causing severe environmental challenges. This scenario highlights the urgent need for sustainable energy conversion technologies. Among various strategies, water splitting has emerged as a promising approach for producing clean, renewable energy. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported BiFeO3 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method and investigated as an efficient electrocatalyst for water splitting. The structural, morphological, and textural features of prepared materials were thoroughly analyzed using XRD, SEM, and BET surface area measurements. BiFeO3/rGO nanocomposites prepared with both the same and different concentrations showed enhanced oxygen evolution reaction activity, with the same concentration (1:1) nanocomposite exhibiting the best performance, including a low overpotential of 251 mV and a Tafel slope of 56 mV dec⁻1. The improved activity is attributed to the uniform dispersion of rGO and efficient electron transfer. An electrochemical test was carried out in 1 molar alkaline KOH using a conductive Ni foam substrate, and chronoamperometric tests demonstrated remarkable stability over 40 h. Overall, these findings demonstrate that BiFeO3/rGO is a highly promising electrocatalyst for OER applications.
Gastric cancer remains the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, underscoring the critical need for continued research to improve therapeutic outcomes. Coordination of flavonoids with metal ions results in the creation of distinctive organometallic complexes that often demonstrate improved stability and therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, a novel Isoliquiritigenin ruthenium-p-cymene complex was synthesized and optimized by utilizing various analytical techniques. The chemotherapeutic effects of complex were assessed in AGS and MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell lines through cytotoxicity, clonogenic, wound-healing, apoptosis, cell cycle, and western blot assays. In vivo safety was evaluated by acute and subacute toxicity studies, while pharmacokinetic profiling was performed through HPLC in rats. Chemotherapeutic efficacy was further investigated in MNNG-induced gastric cancer rat model over 24 weeks, followed by histopathological, immunohistochemical, qRT-PCR, Ki-67 proliferation, and TUNEL apoptosis analyses. The complex demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, reduced colony formation and cell migration, induced cell cycle arrest at S/G2 phases, and triggered apoptosis in cancer cells. Western blot analysis revealed significant modulation of β-catenin, FAK, PI3K, DNMT1, and p53 expression. Toxicological evaluation confirmed that doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg were well tolerated. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated moderate oral absorption (Tmax ≈ 3 h), AUC₀–₂₄ ≈ 25 ± 3.0 µg·h/mL, and half-life 16 ± 2.0 h. In vivo treatment demonstrated that the anticancer efficacy of the complex in MNNG-induced gastric cancer through downregulation of AKT, mTOR, β-catenin, c-Myc, GRB2, and Ki-67 expression while enhancing caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest that Isoliquiritigenin ruthenium-p-cymene complex exerts promising chemotherapeutic effects by modulating proliferative and apoptotic signaling pathways in gastric cancer.
An Ag-decorated hydroxyapatite/functionalized carbon nanotube/amphiphilic polymer (HA/fCNT/PEPE@Ag) hybrid nanocomposite was developed as a multifunctional SERS substrate by integrating dielectric, conductive, and polymeric components into a single hierarchical architecture. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals, acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs), and the amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEPE) were assembled into a homogeneous hybrid matrix that facilitates uniform Ag nanoparticle immobilization through cooperative interfacial interactions. Structural, spectroscopic, morphological, and thermal characterization confirmed the formation of a stable hybrid architecture with improved physicochemical stability. The resulting HA/fCNT/PEPE@Ag substrate exhibited enhanced SERS performance toward methylene blue (MB), with the Raman intensity of the characteristic band at 1622 cm⁻¹ increasing from 21,683 to 65,553 a.u. compared with the pristine Ag substrate. The substrate showed a linear response over the concentration range of 10⁻³–10⁻⁹ M, with a limit of detection of 2.9 × 10⁻⁸ M, a limit of quantification of 9.8 × 10⁻⁸ M, and an enhancement factor of 4.7 × 10⁶. Good signal reproducibility was achieved with a relative standard deviation of 9.1
The synthesis of a new ternary nanocomposite made from SnO2/PPy/Graphene (SPG) addresses the urgent need for effective, economical removal of Eriochrome black T (EBT), a noxious anionic dye having serious health effects such as mutation and damage to internal organs. This investigation qualitatively shows that by coating a SnO2/Graphene substrate with conductive Polypyrrole (PPy), the agglomeration of particles is prevented, thereby providing more active sites due to hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and electrostatic forces that bind the adsorbates on the surface of the adsorbent. Quantitatively, the SPG material was characterized as a mesoporous structure with an overall specific surface area of 4.15 m2/g along average pore volume of 6.88 × 10− 3 cm3/g, and average crystallite size of 4.21 nm. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), it was determined that the EBT molecular size (1.55 nm) can easily penetrate the 6.63 nm pores of the SPG, thereby predicting a removal efficiency (92.91
Metal–air batteries are promising energy-storage systems because of their high theoretical energy density, low-cost active materials, and potential suitability for flexible, wearable, and large-scale applications. However, their practical development remains limited by electrolyte leakage, insufficient ion transport, unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, metal-anode corrosion, dendrite formation, sluggish oxygen reactions, and poor long-term rechargeability. Polymer electrolytes offer a safer and more designable alternative to liquid electrolytes, but their performance depends strongly on the rational incorporation of functional additives. This review critically examines polymer electrolyte additives for metal–air batteries, focusing on how additive chemistry regulates ion transport, mechanical integrity, interfacial stability, metal deposition, corrosion suppression, and oxygen reduction/evolution reactions. The review further illustrates their mechanistic impact on interfacial phenomena at both the anode and cathode regions, comparing how additive-mediated interfacial kinetics differ across representative metal anodes. Unlike broader reviews on polymer electrolytes or general metal–air battery components, this work emphasises additive-centered design principles and additive-mediated mechanisms in polymer electrolyte-based systems. The review traces the evolution of additives from early plasticizers, salts, and inorganic fillers to multifunctional nanocomposites, ionic liquids, redox mediators, metal–organic frameworks, and bio-derived additives. Particular attention is given to additive effects at metal-anode and air–cathode interfaces across representative Zn-air, Li-air, Al-air, Na-air, Mg-air, and related systems, while distinguishing direct metal–air battery evidence from transferable mechanistic insights obtained from adjacent electrochemical systems. Recent progress in multi-additive formulations, wide-temperature operation, operando characterisation, modelling, machine-learning-assisted screening, safety, sustainability, and scale-up considerations is also discussed. Finally, the review identifies future directions for developing safe, scalable, and industrially relevant polymer electrolyte additives capable of enabling more durable and practical secondary metal–air batteries.
In the present work, hybrid nanostructures based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Fe-MOF were successfully synthesized and evaluated for bifunctional applications in water splitting and electrochemical energy storage. The structural and physicochemical properties were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and elemental surface mapping, confirming the uniform integration of all components. Electrochemical studies demonstrated enhanced catalytic activity toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The optimized Fe-MOF/RGO/Fe3O4 composite showed overpotentials (η₁₀) of 274 and 250 mV for HER and OER; respectively, and Tafel slopes of 112 mV dec⁻¹ for HER and 99 mV dec⁻¹ for OER, which indicate its efficient reaction kinetics. The catalyst maintained stable performance over 6 h of continuous operation across different potential ranges. For supercapacitor applications, the hybrid material delivered a high specific capacitance of 321 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, an excellent rate capability of 83
Efficient electronic packaging materials require a balanced combination of thermal conductivity, low dielectric response, mechanical reliability, and processability. In this work, a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) mediated BNNS@POSS@SiCNW-OH line-plane heterostructured filler was designed for high viscosity silicone rubber (SR) composites. Over the nanofiller, silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNW) were first treated by a hot alkali process to obtain hydroxylated SiCNW (SiCNW-OH) with oxygen-containing surface groups and reduced dielectric contribution. A trimethoxysilane-functionalized POSS coupling agent was then synthesized and acted as a molecular bridge to chemically connect boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and SiCNW-OH, forming BNNS@POSS@SiCNW-OH heterostructured fillers (BPS-OH). The POSS coupling layer simultaneously improves filler-filler connection, filler-matrix compatibility, and interfacial dielectric matching. After incorporation to SR, the BPS-OH fillers promoted the formation of 2D/1D thermal transport network at relatively low filler loading. At 10 wt
The textile industries discharge dye-contaminated wastewater into the water bodies, which poses a significant ecological challenge due to the toxicity of organic dyes. The present report portrays the fabrication of PVDF/ZnO@MWCNTs composite membranes (CMs) through an ultrasonication technique, and the dye degradation efficacy of the prepared CMs was examined against Methylene blue (MB). Structural characterization confirmed the formation of hexagonal-phase wurtzite-type ZnO NPs with P6_3mc space group and also integration of ZnO@MWCNTs nanocomposites (NCs) within the PVDF matrix showed biophasic formation of NCs with increased crystallinity from 37
To overcome the high ignition temperature and sluggish combustion kinetics of boron, this study exploits the “father-son” cascade effect of a copper-based energetic coordination polymer (ECP), Cu(4-ATZ)ₙ(4-ATZ = 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole) (ECP(Cu)), for in-situ combustion enhancement. B/ECP(Cu) composite microspheres with B: ECP(Cu) mass ratios of 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 were prepared via droplet microfluidics, exhibiting spherical morphology, mean diameters of 97.7–144.8 μm, narrow size distribution (span: 0.40–0.50), and good flowability (angle of repose: 22–26°). Thermal analysis revealed a two-stage cascade: ECP(Cu) (“father”) decomposes exothermically at 250–273 °C, generating in situ CuO nanoparticles, which subsequently react with boron via a thermite reaction at 755–769 °C (2B + 3CuO → B₂O₃ + 3Cu, ΔH ≈ − 1200 kJ/mol). Among the formulations, B20-4ATZ (20:80) exhibited the best overall performance, delivering the highest flame temperature ( 1026 °C), the longest combustion duration (0.79 s), and a moderate ignition delay (32.5 ms), whereas B15-4ATZ burned excessively fast and B25-4ATZ showed delayed ignition and weak flame intensity due to insufficient CuO supply. Post-combustion XRD and SEM–EDS analyses confirmed the reduction of CuO to Cu and Cu₂O, providing direct evidence for the father-son thermite mechanism. These findings demonstrate that balancing gas release (father) with oxidizer availability (son) is essential for maximizing boron combustion efficiency, and establish droplet microfluidics as an effective fabrication strategy for advanced boron-based energetic composites.
The advancement in the area of electrode materials is critical for the continued progress of energy storage technologies. Transition metal oxide nanocomposites, particularly ZnMn2O4–CuO, are promising candidates in the supercapacitor realm as it offers multiple valence states, resulting in the improved electrochemical efficiency. To further strengthen the electrochemical characteristics like capacitance, stability and energy density, these TMOs were integrated with a conducting polymer and carbon nanotubes using an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method followed by freeze-drying. This paper presents in detail the synthesis, structural analyses and electrochemical performance evaluation of ZnMn_2O_4 -CuO/PANI/MWCNT hybrid system. The quaternary nanocomposite exhibits a nanofibrillar texture with an average diameter of 32 nm having sufficient voluminous pores, creating an effective contact area for electrochemical reactions. The quaternary sample has a high surface area of about 114 m2/g with a pore radius and pore volume of 16.12 nm and 0.91 cm3/g, respectively. The synergistic interaction between constituent elements, unique porous morphology and high specific surface area of ZnMn_2O_4 -CuO/PANI/MWCNT electrode delivers a maximum specific capacitance of 693 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Moreover, the composite electrode material has a high capacitance retention over 50,000 charge/discharge cycles and an energy density of 18.22 Wh/Kg, underscoring its potential for energy storage technologies and favouring their seamless incorporation into next-generation portable electronic applications.
The increasing contamination of water resources by organic pollutants has become a critical environmental concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and resistance to conventional treatment methods. Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach for wastewater remediation; however, conventional powder-based photocatalysts suffer from significant limitations, especially the difficulty of post-treatment separation from the reaction medium. This not only complicates the recovery process but also increases operational costs and limits their practical applicability. To address these issues, a freestanding Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/PDAAQ nanocomposite film was successfully synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAAQ) within MXene layers. The integration of PDAAQ effectively expanded the interlayer spacing from 1.23 to 1.51 nm, suppressing restacking and facilitating improved charge separation. Optical studies revealed band-gap energies of 2.63 and 1.85 eV for MXene and the composite, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the charge-transfer resistance decreased from 3 Ω for pristine MXene to 1.6 Ω in the dark and further to 0.5 Ω under illumination for the composite. As a result, the MXene/PDAAQ nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving 100
This study comparatively investigates the influence of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(heptaisobutyl octasilsesquioxane) propyl methacrylate (PDMS-b-POSS), hydroxyapatite (HA), and Cloisite® 30B nanoclay (NC) on the curing, mechanical, swelling, effective network density, and morphological properties of NBR/HNBR (70/30 phr/phr) composites. The incorporation of all three nanofillers increased the minimum and maximum torque while reducing the scorch and optimum cure times, indicating improved curing behavior. Tensile strength and 100
