Objectives: Early detection of colorectal cancer through periodic screening has proved to be effective in reducing the incidence rate and mortality from colorectal cancer. Available records indicate racial and ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening in the United States. In this paper, a retrospective cross-sectional study to examine how family income, health insurance status, language of interview, length of stay in the US, perceived health status, level of education, and having a usual place for medical care affect colorectal cancer screening among African-born immigrants in the United States is presented.
Background: Breast cancer is the top cancer suffered by women worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer mortality for women living in Singapore. Unfortunately, most of breast cancer cases are detected at a later stage of disease development and cripple the outcome of the therapy. This is a study to identify potential breast cancer susceptibility gene polymorphisms.
Background: This research paper analyzes how to treat cancer with a virus. It is known since the 1960s that viruses could be used to fight against cancers.
Alteration of biomarkers is well-documented in breast cancer at locoregional recurrence or metastasis attributed to tumor heterogeneity and change in biology. There is some data about discordance between primary and metastatic sites. At the same time hormone, receptor status can change after neoadjuvant treatment and at the time of recurrence. Metastatic breast cancer without progression or recurrence after the targeted chemotherapy combination for planning maintenance therapy in Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression positive hormone receptors positive or triple-negative patient after chemotherapy. In guidelines, the time of rebiopsy has no exact time, if the time of biopsy is usually after the progression of the tumor. We presented cases in which we detected different hormone receptor statuses from the beginning without progression and before deciding on maintenance therapy. This subject is important for deciding therapy in the aspect of heterogeneous tumors like breast cancer. The important decision of rebiopsy time is debate. In this aspect, these two cases are important examples for these kinds of patients tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer is one of the most widely known entities. We found that two patients, one of whom was estrogen progesterone receptor negative HER2 3 (+++) at the time of diagnosis and the other who was triple negative at the time of diagnosis, had positive hormone receptors in the re-biopsies without progression. We aimed to discuss the tumor heterogeneity and timing of rebiopsy in breast cancer in the light of two cases.
Disintegrins constitute a group of small proteins or peptides (45-85 amino acids) that function as natural antagonists of integrin receptor-dependent cell activities. The integrins themselves comprise a superfamily of hetero-dimeric (alpha and beta chains) transmembrane cell surface receptors whose functions include cell adhesion, growth, migration, and angiogenesis. In contrast, the disintegrins comprise groups of two types of molecules, namely, a) short proteins or peptides comprising insect and animal venoms; and b) intrinsic sub domain sequence fragments or short motifs present on large mammalian metalloprotease enzymes. Certain disintegrins bind specifically to tri-amino acid sequences (RGD, LGD etc) located on integrins beta-1 and beta-3 chains of the hetero complex receptors. Binding at such sites can inhibit or block cell migration, angiogenesis, metastasis, and platelet aggregation. Recently, small disintegrin-like peptides from naturally-occurring proteins have likewise been reported to inhibit growth and adhesion functions associated with integrin-dependent cell activities. The present report describes examples of such disintegrin-like peptides and provides support for their proposed use in adjunct cancer therapy.
Human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is well-known as the “gold standard” biomarker for liver and germ cell tumors. It has also been utilized as a pregnancy screening analyte for neural tube defects as well as Down syndrome, when combined with other gestational-age dependent biomarkers. However, a lesser known and recognized property of AFP is its role in the maintenance and monitoring of fetal growth during ontogenetic development in man. Although a major function of AFP during pregnancy involves the serum transport of estrogens, fatty acids, retinoid, and other compounds, the positive and negative regulation of fetal growth is a vital additional function of AFP. Human AFP largely functions as a growth promoting agent; however, the fetal protein is able to temporarily convert to a growth inhibitory factor in stress and shock environments in the fetal milieu. The development of a transient form of AFP or its derived peptides could be harnessed for use as an adjunct therapeutic agent to treat cancer in adults.
A patient being able to accurately understand and recall medical information correctly has been shown to improve outcomes. However, many studies suggest that patient understanding about the disease and its management in oncology tends to be poor. Our study aimed to implement CareTrack, a simple, yet complete app-based information package that provides an initial appointment summary for patients with lung cancer. An iPad with the CareTrack application was provided to medical oncologists to complete at the end of the initial consultation. A printout copy was provided to patients to take home. One-week later a patient satisfaction questionnaire was administered over the phone. Five oncologists and 37 patients participated in the study. Our primary objective was to assess feasibility of the CareTrack application from the physician perspective. The average physician time to complete the CareTrack application form for each patient was 1 minute and 23 seconds, thus demonstrating that this is a quick and easy tool for physicians. Our secondary objective was to assess patient satisfaction. 97% of patients found the information provided to be useful and 100% of patients found it easy to understand. Most patients were found to refer to the CareTrack application form more than once (33/36) and used the form to remember information (34/37). Importantly, 95% of patients were comfortable seeing their cancer information displayed on the application and 86% of patients would like to receive additional information in the future if their cancer management changed. CareTrack was found to be user friendly and able to effectively provide lung cancer patients with a comprehensive yet easy-to-understand summary of their initial consultation.
The purpose of this study was to describe a nodular dermatofibrosis associated to a bilateral renal cystadenoma in a seven-year old mixed breed female dog.The patient had multiple nodules in its head, ears, limbs, chest, mamae and flank.At physical examination, it was possible to identify a volume expansion of the para-lumbar mesogastric region as well as abdominal painful sensitivity at palpation.The patient underwent abdominal ultrasound, in which it was identified cysts on the left and right renal cortical measuring 7,3 cm × 5,1 cm and 1,0 × 1,0 cm in diameter, respectively.Aspiration and cytology of the skin nodules were performed but the analysis was inconclusive.After biopsy of cutaneous nodules and renal lesions, histopathological analysis was respectively compatible with nodular dermatofibrosis and cystic renal adenoma.Due to the size of the left kidney cyst, partial nephrectomy was suggested; however the owner chose to continue only with clinical following-up.The patient survived for nine months, passing away due to the rupture of the kidney cyst.Reporting an unusual case contributes to differential diagnosis of other conditions, since both diagnosis and therapeutics of this disease are not completely defined in the scientific literature.
Previously, we have shown that the cyclic nucleotide-dependent Na/Ca exchange, which has a crucial role in the regulation of intracellular Ca homeostasis (Ca 2+ ] i ) serves as a quantum-mechanical sensor through which the biological effects of extremely weak physical and chemical signals on the cells and organism are realized [7][8][9][10].It has also been shown that the cGMP-dependent Na/Ca exchange in the forward (F) mode reverses into cAMP-dependent Na/Ca exchange in the reverse (R) mode depending on ageing.The cGMP-dependent FNa/Ca exchange can be stimulated by pM ouabain, while the cAMP-dependent RNa/Ca exchange by nM ouabain [11,12].Although, the Na/Ca exchange functions in stoichiometry of 3Na:1Ca, its effect on cell hydration depends on the initial state of organisms: in the young animals the activation of cGMP-dependent FNa/Ca exchange leads to cell dehydration, while in the old animals the activation of cAMP-dependent RNa/ Ca exchange leads to cell hydration.So they have hydration and dehydration effects on cell, respectively [13,10].
Breast self-examination (BSE) is a "procedure in which a woman inspects and examines her breasts and their accessory structures for evidence of change that could indicate an abnormal process.It is one of the three tests the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends in order to help detect breast cancer in its earliest stages" [8].The breast cancer's severity increase with age and family history of breast cancer so its prognosis will be poor thus the early identification of breast cancer signs by BSE [2,9,10] will decrease the severity of the disease through proper management during early period [7]. JustificationDespite the advent of modern screening methods, more than (90%) of cases of cancers of the breast in Sudan are detected by women themselves, stressing the importance of breast self-examination.Moreover, it is observed that breast cancer presents late in the advanced stages.Hence, in this study, we will assess the knowledge and practice of reproductive age females regarding BSE because it is a very important to reveals breast cancer symptoms on any patient in early stages by herself with less effort and cost. ObjectivesGeneral: To determine knowledge, attitude and practice of village females regarding breast self-examination. Specific:To determine the level of knowledge about self-examination.To determine practice of self-examination.To determine attitude of self-examination.To identify the relationships between sociodemographic variables (age, educational level) and level of knowledge.
Personalized attributes of a given neoplasm within a given individual patient attest to the highly specific emergence stage as reflected and further evidenced by patterns of evolution and de-evolution of stem cells and of their immediate progenitor cells. Constitutional determination is an incremental degree of sensitivity as borne out by given variants of histologically evolving carcinomatous types and as further involved by metastatic spread within the body. Determined patterns of constitution are induction phenomena in their own right and further conform to the emergence phase as central to any further instituted dimensions of cell multiplication, growth and spread of the malignant cells. It is in terms of such emerging patterns that constitutional parameters of progression are inherently linked to hierarchically determined systems for further patterned progression and spread of the malignant cells.
Malignant cells undergo a metabolic transformation to satisfy the demands of growth and proliferation. This metabolic reprogramming has been considered as an emerging hallmark of cancer. It is well established that most normal cells get energy first via glycolysis in the cytosol that is followed by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHO) under aerobic conditions but when oxygen is scarce, glycolysis rather than OXPHO for energy supply. However, cancer cells prefer to perform glycolysis in the cytosol even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon first observed by Otto Warburg and now famously known as ‘’Warburg effect’’ or ‘’aerobic glycolysis’’. Such reprogramming of glucose metabolism has been validated within many tumors, and increased glycolysis facilitates biosynthesis of biomass (e.g., nucleotides, amino acids and lipids) by providing glycolytic intermediates as raw material. Besides the dysregulation of glucose metabolism, metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells has been characterized by aberrant lipid metabolism, amino acids metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and other bioenergetics metabolic pathways. However, the two noticeable characteristics of tumor cell metabolism are the Warburg effect and glutaminolysis, which, respectively, demonstrate the dependence of tumor cells on glucose and glutamine. Investigation on these metabolic changes would uncover fundamental molecular events of malignancy and help to find better ways to diagnose and treat cancer. This review aimed at appraising recent findings related to the drivers of glucose and glutamine metabolism reprogramming, their crosstalk in cancer cells, and their potential in cancer therapy.
Copyright: © 2016 Rovigatti U. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: Ugo Rovigatti, Department of Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 55139, Florence, Italy, Tel: +39-3895608777; E-mail: profrovigatti@gmail.com
First generation targeted oncolytic peptides consisted of synthetic lytic peptides conjugated to human chorionic gonadotropin or LHRH [5-7]. They selectively kill . needed to improve the survival of patient. EP-100 is a novel oncolytic peptide that is being developed to selectively target surface luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors. It has been reported that approximately 80 % human ovarian cancer cells and their recurrences over-express LHRH receptors. EP-100 consists of an LHRH receptor-targeting ligand conjugated to a novel lytic peptide (CLIP71). EP-100 was tested in vitro and in vivo for activity in LHRH receptor overexpressing OVCAR-3 cells. LHRH receptor-negative SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells were used as negative controls. Cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations (0.001-100 μM) of EP-100 or unconjugated CLIP 71 for 1 to 24h. Viability was measured by formazan conversion assays. In addition, LHRH receptor expression in cancer cells was determined by immunohistochemistry and quantified by a computerized image scoring system: 0 for no receptor expression and 3 for maximum receptor expression. In vivo efficacy of EP-100 was conducted in nude mice implanted with OVCAR-3 cells Nu/Nu , , Cell viability was determined using formazan conversion assays
Adipocytes, apart from their critical role as the energy storage depots, contribute to the composition of the tumor microenvironment. Our previous studies based on a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation model, have revealed a novel source of adipocytes from HSCs via monocyte/macrophage progenitors. Herein, we extend these studies to examine the role of HSC-derived adipocytes (HSC-Ad) in tumor progression. When cultured under adipogenic conditions, bone marrow-derived monocytic progenitors differentiated into adipocytes that accumulated oil droplets containing triglyceride. The adipokine array and ELISAs confirmed secretion of multiple adipokines by HSC-Ad. These adipocytes underwent further development in vivo when injected subcutaneously into C57Bl/6 mice. When co-injected with melanoma B16F1 cells or breast cancer E0771 cells into syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice, HSC-Ad not only accelerated both melanoma and breast tumor growth, but also enhanced vascularization in both tumors. Conditioned media from HSC-Ad supported B16F1 and E0771 cell proliferation and enhanced cell migration in vitro. Among the HSC-Ad secreted adipokines, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) played an important role in E0771 cell proliferation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was indispensable for B16F1 cell migration, whereas HGF and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) collectively contributed to E0771 cell migration. Expression levels of receptors for IGF-1, HGF, and PDGF-BB correlated with their differential roles in B16F1 and E0771 cell proliferation and migration. Our data suggest that HSC-Ad differentially regulate tumor behavior through distinct mechanisms.
Background: Several mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of bone tumors can be made, especially in non-specialized centers. Implanting conventional prostheses on an unrecognized bone tumor causes contamination of the entire region with dramatic consequences for prognosis. Purpose of our study was to try to understand which is the best way to deal with these patients. Does previous surgery affect prognosis? Does external hemipelvectomy achieve a better overall survival and local control than limb salvage surgery? Hypothesis: Demolitive surgery, scarifying the involved limb ensures better local control of the disease and improves life expectancy. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all patients with bone sarcomas at the site of a total hip arthroplasty (THA) over the years 2000-2012. After reviewing the preoperative imaging and histological slides, 11patients had a THA implanted on an unrecognized hip sarcoma. Diagnosis was chondrosarcoma in 10 patients and osteosarcoma in one. Five patients were immediately treated with external hemipelvectomy. Results: Five of 11 patients (45%) died of disease at a mean time of 34 months (range 2-82 months), 4 are alive with disease and only 2are continuously disease free. Six of eleven patients (55%) had a local recurrence at a mean time of 17 months (range 3-36 months); six of these patients had conservative treatment. Conclusions: Although a very rare event, failure to recognize an occult malignant bone tumor during total hip arthroplasty associates with poor survival rate. Outcome after limb saving surgery is disappointing due to a high rate of local recurrences. According to our experience external hemipelvectomy provides better local control but this condition remains a dramatic event.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has poor prognosis even with various treatment options. Unfortunately, resistance develops quickly and novel therapies are needed. Exportin-1 (XPO1) is a nuclear export protein upregulated in many types of cancers. Inhibition of XPO1 by selinexor (KPT-330), an oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compound, leads to nuclear accumulation of tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs), cell cycle arrest and cancer cell death. Selinexor is being evaluated in Phase I and II clinical trials in many different cancer indications (see clinicaltrials.gov for details) including lung cancer (NCT02351505). To date, selinexor has been given to >1400 patients and has shown good tolerability with manageable side effects. In this study the effects of selinexor on NSCLC cell growth and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Selinexor inhibited tumor cell growth and clonogenic formation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cell lines regardless of genetic background (EC50: 25-700 nM). The XPO1 cargo proteins p53, p21, IκB, E2F4, and survivin demonstrated strong nuclear localization after 4 to 24 hour treatment with selinexor followed by apoptosis (i.e. PARP, caspases-3 and -8 cleavage). Selinexor altered the localization of the NF-κB inhibitor IκB and functional evaluation of NF-κB in A549 and NCI-H1299 revealed transcriptional repression with EC50 values similar to the inhibition measured in cell proliferation assays. A549 xenografts in mice treated with selinexor showed markedly greater tumor growth inhibition (%TGI=81% at 20 mg/kg selinexor vs vehicle, p<0.0001) versus cisplatin-treated mice (%TGI=13% at 5 mg/kg cisplatin vs vehicle, p=0.06) when compared to vehicle. Using IHC on paraffin embedded tissue, treated tumors showed reduced cell proliferation (Ki67) while inducing nuclear accumulation of p53, p21, FOXO1, survivin, NF-κB and IκB. In NSCLC, selinexor forces nuclear retention of TSPs, inhibits tumor growth and NF-κB transcriptional activity, and induces cell death regardless of p53 status. These data demonstrate therapeutic potential for the treatment of NSCLC.
