Coping with stress in families is rarely an individual process and often extends beyond the couple subsystem to involve parents and children jointly. Although dyadic coping has been extensively studied, no validated instrument currently exists to assess how families cope with stress at the triadic level. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Triadic Coping Inventory (TCI), a self-report measure designed to capture coping as a coordinated, systemic process operating across parent-child dyads, the couple subsystem, and the family triad. Participants were 632 French-speaking individuals living with at least one child aged 5-14 years. Using a split-sample design, exploratory factor analyses were conducted on 60% of the sample and confirmatory factor analyses on an independent holdout subsample (40%). Results supported a multidimensional structure comprising four parent-child dyadic coping factors, four couple-level dyadic coping factors, and two family-level triadic coping factors distinguishing positive and negative triadic coping. Internal consistency was acceptable to excellent across subscales, with stronger reliability observed for family-level coordinated coping dimensions. Construct validity was supported through theoretically coherent associations with attachment insecurity, emotion regulation, individual coping strategies, and relationship satisfaction. Criterion-related validity analyses showed strong associations between triadic coping dimensions and relationship satisfaction, and incremental validity analyses demonstrated that TCI subscales explained substantial additional variance in satisfaction beyond attachment dimensions. Together, these findings support the TCI as a reliable and valid instrument for assessing triadic coping processes in families with school-age children. The TCI offers a novel tool for advancing research on family stress regulation and for informing clinical assessment and intervention targeting family-level coping dynamics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Family routines play a vital role in children's language and literacy development. However, limited research has examined how specific literacy-related family routines contribute to children's developmental trajectories and whether these associations are bidirectional over time. This longitudinal study investigated the potential reciprocal associations between specific literacy-related family routines and language development among 1,959 children in Taiwan over 3 years from age 3. Utilizing regularized structural equation modeling and reciprocal cross-lagged panel models, the findings revealed that visiting libraries/bookstores, teaching phonetic symbols, singing nursery rhymes, and discussing past events significantly correlated with language skills at age 3. Specifically, teaching Mandarin phonetic symbols, expanding responses, and discussing past events predicted steeper language growth trajectories than early engagement in nursery rhymes. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a dynamic, reciprocal relationship: Children's initial language skills influenced subsequent family routines, which, in turn, predicted future language gains. These findings highlight the critical role of consistent, early literacy routines and underscore the bidirectional nature of the home environment and child development within culturally specific contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Parenting stress plays a central role in influencing both parents' and children's well-being among mothers experiencing homelessness who have young children in their care. However, limited research has examined the efficacy of housing interventions in reducing parenting stress and promoting children's behavioral outcomes. Using a randomized longitudinal experimental design, we examined the effects of an integrative housing intervention, ecologically based treatment (EBT), on the longitudinal change of parenting stress among a sample of young mothers experiencing homelessness with substance use disorders. We further examined whether parenting stress served as a mediator to transmit the effects of the intervention to children's problem behaviors. An intent-to-treat sample of 240 mothers was randomized to one of the three conditions: EBT (n = 80), housing-only (n = 80), or services as usual (n = 80). Follow-up assessments were completed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postbaseline. Results showed that mothers receiving EBT reported a faster decline in parenting stress within the 6-month treatment period compared to those receiving housing-only. Further, decreased parenting stress within the 6-month treatment period mediated the association between the treatment condition (e.g., EBT vs. housing-only) and decreased children's problem behaviors over 12 months. Findings support the efficacy of EBT in reducing parenting stress among young mothers experiencing homelessness and, importantly, elucidate the longitudinal mechanism of change connecting EBT, parenting stress, and children's problem behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Play is a critical component of early child development, supporting cognitive, physical, social, and emotional growth. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing caregivers' intentions to engage in play with their children, using the theory of planned behavior, to better understand how to enhance developmental opportunities through play. As part of a larger play-promotion study, caregivers of 18- to 36-month-old children (N = 442; 53% 25-34 years old; 96% female; 70% Spanish-speaking) completed surveys assessing theory of planned behavior constructs (behavioral intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) from July 2022 to December 2023. A multiple linear regression model was estimated by regressing behavioral intentions on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control while controlling for sociodemographic factors. The model explained 27% of the variance and was significantly related to behavioral intentions (p < .001). While attitudes (β = .27, p < .001) were significantly and positively related to behavioral intentions, subjective norms (β = .09, p = .06) and perceived behavioral control (β = .01, p = .79) were not significantly related. None of the sociodemographic factors significantly related to behavioral intentions except language (β = -.33, p < .001), such that Spanish-speaking caregivers had lower intentions to play with their children compared to English-speaking caregivers. Findings suggest that caregiver attitudes and language are key factors influencing their intentions to play with their children. The results highlight the importance of fostering positive attitudes toward play and considering linguistic and broader cultural differences in designing intervention programs to promote developmental opportunities for children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This study examined the association between children's coping strategies and mental health problems, focusing on both the pattern (relative use of distinct strategies) and level (overall frequency of use). In a sample of 240 children (ages 9-12 at baseline; 88% White; 49% girls) whose parents were recently divorced, we used a structural equation modeling-based approach to criterion profile analysis to determine whether coping patterns and levels independently predicted mental health problems at five time points and whether the relations differed across developmental stage (middle childhood and adolescence). Results showed that the pattern of coping predicted mental health problems more strongly than the overall coping level. Findings highlight the importance of understanding coping within the broader context of family transitions and relationships, offering implications for advancing theory, research, and interventions aimed at promoting resilience among children experiencing family stressors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Building on family systems theory and lifespan views on aging, the present study investigates how the experiences of grandchild-related bliss (i.e., the subjective fulfillment and joy of having a grandchild) are related to grandparental couples' partnership-related and general well-being. We hypothesized both (a) actor effects (i.e., a grandparent's grandchild-related bliss is positively associated with this grandparent's well-being) and (b) partner effects (i.e., a grandparent's grandchild-related bliss is positively associated with the partner's well-being). We used the actor-partner interdependence model to distinguish these kinds of effects. The data were collected at two measurement time points, which were 4 weeks apart. The sample consisted of 163 heterosexual grandparental couples who cohabited and had a first grandchild (up to 8 years old). No actor effects were found for grandmothers. However, the grandfather's grandchild-related bliss was associated with the grandmother's reports on relationship quality and meaning in life (partner effects). For grandfathers, grandchild-related bliss was positively associated with their relationship quality, satisfaction with life, and meaning in life (actor effects). Unexpectedly, the grandmother's grandchild-related bliss was negatively associated with the grandfather's relationship quality (partner effect). These findings provide new insights into the gendered family experiences of grandparents and expand our knowledge regarding the psychological well-being of older romantic couples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
As ethnoracial diversity continues to reshape the sociocultural landscape of the United States, adolescents from immigrant-origin families increasingly navigate multiple cultural reference points-often extending beyond the traditional heritage-host (i.e., heritage culture and White host culture) cultural paradigm. Most research on cultural orientations remains grounded in this binary framework, overlooking youth's potential engagement with other minoritized cultural streams, such as Black American culture. At the same time, less is known about how youth's multidimensional cultural orientations shape family dynamics and how youth's cultural orientations interact with family-based cultural processes, such as racial-ethnic socialization. Drawing on survey data from 175 Latinx adolescents, this study examined the following: (a) how youth's orientations toward Latinx, White, and Black American cultures were associated with youth-reported maternal support and mother-youth conflict and (b) whether these associations were moderated by youth's reports of parental cultural socialization and cultural mistrust. Results revealed that engagement with each cultural stream was positively associated with maternal support and that cultural socialization shaped the relation between Latinx and Black American cultural orientation and maternal support. This study expands existing models of cultural orientation and highlights the relational value of maintaining at least one meaningful cultural anchor within Latinx family relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Parental warmth plays a critical role in child development and can have long-term impacts on attachment and other psychosocial outcomes. Perinatal depression-depression occurring during pregnancy or the first year postpartum-can hinder parenting practices such as parental warmth, as symptoms of depression may render mothers less sensitive and responsive to their children's cues and needs. This study explores whether recipients of Mothers and Babies (MB), a cognitive-behavioral perinatal depression preventive intervention, exhibit greater parental warmth than participants receiving community-based home visiting care as usual. Using data from a substudy of a longitudinal observational study, we assessed verbal and physical expressions of warmth among 103 mother-child dyads via virtual observational assessments at 42 months postpartum. Warmth was operationalized using two codes from the Brief Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between MB and control participants in either the amount or quality of verbal and physical warmth exhibited toward their children. These findings suggest that, while MB is effective at reducing perinatal depressive symptoms, it may not yield sustained effects on parental warmth, suggesting the potential need for postpartum booster sessions tailored toward parenting outcomes. Strengths include the use of direct observation and the engagement of a low-income, racially and ethnically diverse sample; limitations involve sample size and the length of time between intervention receipt and observational assessment. Future research should explore how to enhance the intergenerational impact of MB and other evidence-based perinatal depression interventions, by targeting parenting behaviors more directly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) parents due to long-standing disparities and disruptions in gender-affirming care. Heightened stress related to stigmatized gender identity during the pandemic may have generalized to additional stressors in their daily family life, such as parental stress and interparental conflict, which in turn may predict TGNB parents' daily mood. However, little is known about how identity-based stigma relates to TGNB parents' daily mood responses to family stressors. Using daily diary methods, this study examined whether parental stress and interparental conflict were associated with parental negative mood at both the between-person and within-person levels during the pandemic and whether lifetime gender identity microaggression exposure moderated mood reactivity to these family stressors. Data were drawn from 79 TGNB parents (Mage = 40.61, SD = 9.35; 85.90% White) in the United States who completed a baseline assessment and an 8-day follow-up daily diary survey from May to June 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multilevel modeling results showed that both family stressors were associated with parental negative mood at the between-person and within-person levels. Within-person associations were contemporaneous only, with no evidence of prospective next-day effects. Cross-level interactions revealed that lifetime gender identity microaggression exposure attenuated the mood reactivity to interparental conflicts, such that interparental conflict only predicted daily increases in parental negative mood for TGNB parents with lower to moderate lifetime exposure to gender identity microaggressions. These findings identify daily family stress processes as potential intervention targets to support TGNB-parent families' well-being during public health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Online parenting interventions can reduce barriers to receiving support for parenting during early childhood. As parents with mental health challenges are at greater risk of experiencing such barriers, increasing access to novel supports for child behavior and parenting is critically important for promoting health equity for parents and their young children. The present study tested the effects of an online parenting intervention, the Family Check-Up Online (FCU-O), on parenting skills, self-efficacy, and parent stress at a 12-month follow-up and whether improvements to parenting self-efficacy (PSE) explained intervention effects on parenting skills. The FCU-O is a mobile web-based parenting support app that includes telehealth coaching support. Participants were 356 parents of toddler to preschool-age children who endorsed either depressive symptoms or current or past substance misuse at baseline. Parents who were predominantly White and non-Hispanic (72%) and female (93%) were randomized to the FCU-O or a waitlist control. The FCU-O was associated with significant improvements to PSE and parenting skills, including positive behavior support, limit setting, and proactive parenting. Additionally, improvements to PSE partially mediated direct effects of the FCU-O on positive behavior support, limit setting, proactive parenting, and parent stress. Our findings have implications for the utility of online parenting interventions for underserved families and support the importance of promoting PSE to maximize intervention benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as physical, sexual, or psychological violence perpetrated by a romantic partner. When IPV occurs prenatally, it can affect the developing stress regulatory system of the fetus and confer risk for later behavior problems. Postnatal exposure to IPV is also linked to greater behavior problems in children, potentially due to the way that high-stress home environments can interfere with the development of self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity, on the other hand, is an important parenting factor that promotes children's adaptive self-regulation. The present study (N = 446) examined whether maternal sensitivity influences the impact of maternal prenatal and postnatal IPV exposure on children's behavior. Findings revealed that prenatal IPV exposure predicted greater externalizing and internalizing behavior at child age 2.5 years. Postnatal IPV exposure was not associated with children's externalizing and internalizing behavior. However, the interaction between maternal sensitivity and postnatal IPV was significantly associated with child internalizing behavior. Follow-up analyses identified a significant positive association between postnatal IPV and child internalizing behavior at low levels of maternal sensitivity but a negative association between postnatal IPV and child internalizing behavior at high levels of maternal sensitivity. This suggests that some mothers can be highly sensitive caregivers or perhaps become even more sensitive caregivers, in the face of IPV exposure, which may protect children from the detrimental effects of IPV exposure on some aspects of adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The transition to parenthood marks an important turning point for parent-grandparent dyads, as parents' needs for grandparental support increase and grounds for both emotional closeness and conflict arise. Guided by a life-course perspective, this study investigated changes in parent-perceived emotional closeness and conflict between parents and grandparents throughout the transition to parenthood, as well as linkages with parental symptoms of anxiety and depression. Longitudinal biannual questionnaire data of 385 Dutch first-time parents (37.9% male) covering several years before and after the birth of a first child were analyzed using piecewise latent growth models. The results indicated an average decrease in emotional closeness and no change in conflict posttransition, which differed significantly from the stability in emotional closeness and decline in conflict found pretransition. On average, mothers and fathers did not differ in their perceptions of parent-grandparent relationships, and the associations between relationship quality and symptoms of distress were mostly evident at intercept. After the transition, parents who reported less decrease in closeness with grandparents tended to experience a stronger decrease in depressive symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms. These findings were interpreted in the context of parental expectations, gender norms, individual variability, and methodological limitations. Future studies should examine the temporal ordering of the changing dynamics between parents and grandparents during this key life transition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Bedtime routines established before the age of 5 are one of the most beneficial practices for children's sleep and are often used in interventions and recommended by pediatricians. However, for parents experiencing poverty, maintaining a bedtime routine can be challenging due to employment constraints and other factors. Using the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the present study assessed maternal nonstandard employment (i.e., night, weekend, variable shifts), child externalizing behavior, and maternal social capital as predictors and moderators of bedtime routine use and activities (i.e., physical contact, communication, hygiene, and nutrition) at age 3. The sample included 1,364 children (52.5% boys; Mage = 35.66 months, SD = 2.40 months) and their mothers (Mage = 28.69 years, SD = 6.07 years; 50.04% non-Hispanic Black, 23.88% non-Hispanic White, and 22.26% Hispanic, 3.82% "other"). Results showed that maternal nonstandard employment was associated with a lower probability of using a bedtime routine and communication activities. Higher social capital was also associated with a higher probability of using bedtime routines, hygiene, and communication activities. Mothers with children who show higher levels of externalizing behavior were more likely to have bedtime routines and use hygiene and nutrition activities. Higher levels of social capital eliminated the difference in the probability of using a bedtime routine by employment type. Finally, the positive association between externalizing behavior and communication activity use was only significant for mothers in standard employment. Results illustrate the importance of considering a family's social context when designing bedtime routine interventions and bedtime activities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This study examined children and adolescents' anticipated disclosure to their mothers regarding hypothetical situations of harming and being harmed by a friend, along with their expectations about their mothers' responses. A total of 196 participants (92 boys, 104 girls) across three age groups (Mages = 8.57, 12.47, 17.58 years, respectively) considered two hypothetical scenarios in which they were described as harming or being harmed by a friend (order counterbalanced). Overall, participants were more likely to expect (a) disclosing and (b) receiving more supportive responses and fewer negative judgments when they described being harmed compared to harming a friend. Surprisingly, however, participants expected their mothers' responses to be more helpful when they had harmed a friend. Finally, participants who expected their mothers' responses to be more helpful were more likely to anticipate disclosing future incidents of peer harm, although this association was moderated by age and gender. Overall, the findings suggest that anticipated maternal responses that may foster supportive environments can encourage openness when discussing emotionally laden experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Parental childhood trauma exerts profound impacts on both their own and their offspring's psychopathological problems such as depressive symptoms. The underlying mechanisms of these effects, particularly from the perspective of parent-child interdependence, still need further exploration. This study adopted the actor-partner interdependence model to investigate the associations between parental childhood trauma and parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, and the mediating roles of parental and adolescent emotion regulation difficulties in the relations. This study included 125 eligible parent-adolescent dyads from Northwest China, with data collected at two time points across a 1-year interval. Parents aged 33-69 years (Mage = 41.19, SD = 7.19, 58% mothers) were invited to complete the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale at T1 and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at T2, and adolescents aged 13-16 (Mage = 14.41, SD = 0.53, 50% girls) were asked to complete the face-word Stroop task assessing emotion regulation difficulties at T1 and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at T2. Results showed that parental childhood trauma at T1 predicted both parental and adolescent depressive symptoms at T2. In addition, parental childhood trauma at T1 affected parental depressive symptoms at T2 only via parental emotion regulation difficulties at T1, and parental childhood trauma at T1 affected adolescent depressive symptoms at T2 via both adolescent and parental emotion regulation difficulties at T1. These findings suggest an actor-partner interdependence mechanism underlying the associations between parental childhood trauma and their own and offspring's depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Parental burnout has gained global attention in recent years due to its effects on family functioning and the well-being of both parents and children. While numerous risk and protective factors have been identified, limited research has examined how group dynamics relate to parental burnout. Our current cross-sectional, cross-cultural study investigated the associations and underlying mechanisms linking perceived social support, parents' personal social comparison, and critical comparison and shaming by family members (CCS) to parental burnout. The sample included 1,373 parents from the United Kingdom and Vietnam (Mage = 37.90, SD = 7.93 years). Our results indicated that perceived social support was negatively correlated with parental burnout, whereas personal social comparison and critical comparison and shaming by family members were positively correlated with parental burnout, with similar patterns observed across both countries. We also tested an exploratory moderation model and found that, in the Vietnamese sample, but not the U.K. sample, the protective effect of perceived social support was stronger among parents with higher levels of personal social comparison. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating group-dynamic factors (e.g., perceived social support and comparison) into prevention and intervention programs for parental burnout and offer new directions for future research in this field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The present study examines how specific aspects of emotion-focused parenting behaviors influence children's concurrent emotional development. One-hundred eighteen mother-child (6-10 years) dyads completed this two-part study. Part 1 involved a series of mother-completed online questionnaires about mother and child's emotion regulation capacity and general mother and child mental health. Part 2 involved mother-child interaction tasks (i.e., snakes and ladders game) played online to measure emotional validation, as well as a brief child attachment interview. Latent profile analysis revealed a four-profile solution, including "bear" parent (high supportiveness/low validation; 24.37%), "orca" parent (high supportiveness/moderate validation; 26.89%), "wolf" parent (high suppression/low validation; 10.08%), and "eagle" parent (low supportiveness/high validation; 36.97%). Overall, maternal emotion-focused behaviors, specifically supportive and validating responses to children's negative emotions, were found to be significantly related to children's concurrent emotion regulation and psychosocial adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Marital conflict is a well-documented family stressor linked to youth maladjustment. However, limited research has examined protective factors that may buffer these effects in Mexican-origin families, where cultural values emphasizing familial harmony may intensify the negative impact of marital conflict. Guided by family systems theory, this multi-informant, longitudinal study investigated how mother- and father-reported marital conflict related to youth-reported adjustment and whether sibling closeness moderated these associations. Participants included 246 two-parent Mexican-origin families with two adolescent siblings (49.59% girls, Mage = 14.49, SD = 1.85 at Time 1), assessed across three time points. Multilevel moderation models were used to examine between-family, within-person, and cross-level effects. Results revealed that, within families, increases in parent-reported marital conflict over time were not significantly associated with decreases in youth depressive symptoms or risk behaviors. However, compared to other families, higher levels of mother-reported marital conflict were associated with greater youth-reported depressive symptoms and risk behaviors. Further, sibling closeness moderated the association between father-reported marital conflict and youth depressive symptoms at the between-family level. Specifically, in families characterized by high sibling closeness, lower levels of marital conflict were linked to fewer youth depressive symptoms. However, in families with low sibling closeness, youth reported elevated depressive symptoms regardless of marital conflict levels. These results highlight the nuanced ways marital conflict relates to youth outcomes and underscore the importance of examining multiple family subsystems at multiple levels. They also inform culturally relevant frameworks by identifying sibling closeness as a potential protective factor in family-based interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Research suggests that viewing sex as being imbued with sacred qualities (nontheistic sexual sanctification) often links religiosity to higher sexual satisfaction. However, some have suggested that religiosity can also lead to less sexual satisfaction through negative sexual attitudes, such as guilt or inhibited passion. To understand how religiosity differs based on combinations of nontheistic sexual sanctification and negative sexual attitudes, data from three exploratory studies (Study 1: 1,615 individuals; Study 2: 1,695 individuals; Study 3: 481 mixed-gender couples) were analyzed using latent profile analysis. This approach identified groups based on levels of nontheistic sexual sanctification and negative sexual attitudes (i.e., guilt, inhibited passion). Group differences in these profiles were tested in relation to religiosity and sexual quality indicators, including satisfaction, desire, frequency, and orgasm consistency. Across all three samples, we found profiles of no guilt/yes sanctification or no inhibition/yes sanctification who tended to be high in religiosity and report positive sexual experiences. There were also several yes guilt/yes sanctification or yes inhibition/yes sanctification profiles, who also tended to be high in religiosity and have more mixed outcomes in their sexual relationships. Finally, although less prevalent, some profiles, such as yes guilt/no sanctification or yes inhibition/no sanctification emerged particularly for women, who tended to be lower in religiosity and have worse sexual outcomes overall. These results highlight the complexity of mixed positive and negative attitudes toward sexuality and how they connect to religiosity and sexual outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Family meals are widely recognized and studied as a cornerstone of youth well-being. However, the indirect associations linking family meals to youth well-being remain underexplored. The current cross-sectional study examined the family dinner frequency and family environment quality and two primary youth outcomes: youth depressive symptoms and positive youth development. A total of 166 parent-youth dyads (youth Mage = 15.2, SD = 1.35, 51% boys, 47% girls, and 2% nonbinary or transgender; parent Mage = 41.2, SD = 4.83, 36% men, 63% women, and 1% nonbinary) living in the United States completed an online survey in the summer of 2021 or 2022. Using the common fate model, within the structural equation modeling framework, the present study incorporated reports from parents and youth on dinner frequency, family cohesion, and family conflict as dyad-level constructs to test the research aims and examine dyad-level processes. More frequent family dinners were associated with better youth well-being, as indicated by lower depressive symptoms (R² = .186, β = -.33, p < .001) and higher positive youth development (R² = .346, β = .50, p < .001). Moreover, the association between family dinner frequency and youth depressive symptoms was explained by family cohesion (β = -.23, 95% CI [-5.206, -1.276]) and family conflict (β = -.31, 95% CI [-8.710, -1.614]). Similarly, the association of family dinner frequency and positive youth development was explained by family cohesion (β = .25, 95% CI [0.096, 0.326]) and family conflict (β = .27, 95% CI [0.085, 0.501]). Findings suggest that efforts to encourage more frequent family dinners should prioritize not only the frequency of family interactions but also the quality of the interactions during time spent together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
