Fundamental concepts about the structure of matter have been analyzed based on cause-and-effect relations leading to the postulates of quantum mechanics. The interpretation of the characteristics of a vacuum as properties of a universal carrier medium in terms of fluid mechanics has made it possible to select consistent models of the basic objects of condensed matter. The development of concepts of the structure of the photon and electron has been supplemented by descriptions of the processes of their production and transformation. The nature of electric charges and the picture of their interaction through volumetric interference fields have been discussed. The details of the structure of the atom, the sizes of electron orbits, and the internal characteristics of some elementary particles have been clarified. The physical nature of the quantization of matter at different dimensional and energy levels has been determined. The proposed solutions to problems of a quantum can be useful for the range of physicists dealing with problems that are fundamentally unsolvable in traditional terms.
The dynamics of torsional straining of a lyotropic nematic with a negative diamagnetic susceptibility anisotropy in the disulfoindantrone dye–water system in a magnetic field with an arbitrary orientation relative to the director is investigated. The turn-on times of the torsional straining are determined experimentally as functions of the squared magnetic field strength for four different values of the angle between the director and the magnetic field. It is shown that with increasing square of the magnetic field strength (at a fixed angle), the turn-on time decreases, while with increasing angle (at a fixed magnetic field strength), the turn-on time increases; the torsion turn-on time is of the threshold nature. The behavior of the turn-on time depending on the square of the magnetic field strength is described by an approximating function, the form of which has been obtained earlier from analysis of stability for the director motion equation describing the torsional deformation.
While conventional silicon photovoltaic (PV) systems suffer a performance degradation of approximately 0.5
Polymer-based composite materials are widely used in engineering applications due to their lightweight structure and tunable physical properties. However, exposure to environmental conditions such as moisture and chemical solutions can significantly influence their thermal performance. This study investigates the effect of immersion media and reinforcing materials on the thermal conductivity of epoxy-based composites reinforced with polyethylene fibers. Composite specimens were fabricated using epoxy resin as the matrix material and polyethylene fibers as reinforcement with volume fractions of 15 and 20
The results of a study on the temperature dependences of the emissivity of Fe–Co system alloys in the temperature range of 400–1600 K are presented. Based on the Foote approximation, calculations of the normal total emissivity (εtn) have been performed using the literature data on electrical resistivity. The applicability of the approximation for pure cobalt in the solid state is shown, as well as its insensitivity to the magnetic phase transition at the Curie point. Analysis of the normalized εtn curves has made it possible to identify four concentration groups of alloys with different characteristic behavior of εtn. To interpret the obtained data, an entropic approach based on similarity theory has been employed. It has been established that in the dimensionless coordinates Πq = f(ΠS), the dependences for groups III and IV coincide, indicating the similarity of the dominant charge carrier scattering mechanisms in the high-cobalt region. The obtained results confirm the applicability of the entropic approach for classifying alloys according to their radiative characteristics and identifying the generality in the physical mechanisms of transport.
This article proposes an approach to solving optimization problems where adequate estimates of the functional under study can only be obtained using simulation models of the systems under consideration. Such models include queueing network models with complex topological structures and probabilistic service time formalizations with general distribution laws. In these cases, analytical models cannot provide adequate calculation results for various model parameterizations.
We consider the climatic stability of basalt plastic composites manufactured from basalt of the Vasilyevskoe deposit in Yakutia. The results of natural tests of reinforcement and laminates confirm the advantage of these materials over glass plastics as regards their strength, moisture resistance, and stability to thermocycling. The expedience of application of basalt plastic composites in northern regions is substantiated. It is shown that in contrast to glass plastics, basalt plastics at early stages of exposure become stronger due to post-curing and reduction of internal stresses, and noticeable degradation becomes dominant after prolonged exposure ( 10 years). Analysis of thermomechanical parameters has revealed the decrease in the linear expansion coefficient and the formation of a rigid surface zone. At present, the possibility of obtaining various basalt plastic composites that are cheaper than carbon plastics and stronger than glass plastics after climatic ageing has been proved, which renders them a promising alternative for building in Northern regions.
We explore optical soliton solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional Sakovich equation, one of the most widely used models in fluid dynamics which accounts for nonlinear wave propagation in multi-dimensional dispersive media. With the majority of studies done on lower-dimensional cases (including but not limited to two-dimensional), systematic analytical solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional variant remain limited, particularly those capturing diverse wave phenomena. To bridge this void, we rely on the generalized exponential rational differential function technique, a solid analytical strategy, which finds solutions between rational forms that integrate a hyperbolic and trigonometric form. Utilizing this technique with traveling wave transformations in a systematic manner, we accomplish multiple families of exact optical soliton solutions with different wave structures. The solutions obtained are compared quantitatively, demonstrated by rich 2D contours and 3D surface visualizations at various parameter ranges, highlighting the dynamical behavior of the system. The analytical solutions present critical solutions for further exploring the properties of wave behaviors in plasma physics, shallow water waves, optical fiber communications and nonlinear dispersive systems. The novel aspect of this work is that systematic generation of different solution families for the (3+1)-dimensional Sakovich equation is established using a powerful approach not used previously for this model, thus broadening the analytical toolbox for multidimensional nonlinear evolution equations and providing the core building blocks for further development of complex wave processes in fluid dynamics and nonlinear optics.
We present a systematic study of rapidity distributions and transverse momentum spectra of identified hadrons produced in Au+Au collisions at center of mass energy √(s_NN) = 62.4 GeV at relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC). The available rapidity distributions of protons (p), anti-protons ( p̅ ), p̅/p , kaons ( K^ + ), anti-kaons ( K̅^ - ), and K̅/K are analyzed for the most central collisions, while the transverse momentum spectra of non-strange and strange hadrons (p, p̅ , K^ + , K̅^ - , Lambda ( Λ ), anti-Lambda ( Λ̅ ), Cascade ( Ξ ), anti-Cascade ( Ξ̅ ), and Omega ( Ω^± )) are studied over the full range of available centrality classes. The experimental rapidity and transverse momentum distributions are well reproduced within a unified statistical thermal freeze-out model incorporating simultaneous longitudinal and transverse collective expansion. The transverse size of the expanding hadronic fireball is assumed to follow a Gaussian profile along the longitudinal direction. Thermo-chemical freeze-out parameters, including the temperature, baryon chemical potential, and collective flow velocity, are extracted. The results indicate an earlier freeze-out of multi-strange hyperons compared to singly strange and non-strange hadrons throughout the system evolution. A clear centrality dependence of the freeze-out parameters is observed, with increasing kinetic freeze-out temperature and decreasing collective flow toward more peripheral collisions. Contributions from heavier hadronic resonance decays are also included in the analysis.
This study investigates the effects of pristine carbon nanotubes and surface-functionalized carbon nanotubes modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, and 1-octadecanol on the performance of nanostructured blends based on ethylene propylene diene rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber. Particular emphasis is placed on rheometric characteristics, mechanical behavior, morphological features, abrasion resistance, swelling resistance, compression set, and crosslink density. The filler concentration was varied from zero to eight parts per hundred rubber. With increasing filler content, the minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference, and cure rate index showed consistent enhancement, accompanied by a reduction in scorch time and optimum cure time. Regardless of the carbon nanotube modification type, higher loadings resulted in increased compound viscosity, accelerated curing, elevated crosslink density, and improved abrasion resistance and hardness. Tear strength, compression set, and swelling resistance exhibited continuous improvement across all systems with increasing filler content. Tensile strength increased up to an optimum loading of five parts per hundred rubber, followed by a decline at higher concentrations, with maximum enhancements of 99, 144, 177, and 206
The third harmonic generation in collisionless plasma driven by cosh-Gaussian beam is explored in present study. The cosh-Gaussian beam gives rise to density gradients in plasma through nonlinear ponderomotive force. These density perturbations excite electron plasma wave at twice the fundamental beam frequency via V⃗×B⃗ mechanism. The nonlinear coupling between electron plasma wave and fundamental beam results in production of third harmonics. The nonlinear differential equation controlling the behavior of beam and expression for third harmonic generation conversion efficiency are derived using Wenzel–Kramers–Brillouin and paraxial theories. The influence of key laser and plasma parameters such as beam intensity, density of plasma electrons, beam dimensions, and decentered parameters on self-focusing of pump beam and yield of third harmonics are also analyzed. The self-focusing and third harmonic efficiency are found to get improved for cosh-Gaussian beam as compared to conventional Gaussian beams.
The influence of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths of 207 and 222 nm on the performance properties of fluoropolymer composites was investigated. A fluoropolymer composite with carbon fiber, widely used in the automotive industry, was chosen as the object of study. It was found that irradiating the fluoropolymer for 1 h with UV radiation at a wavelength of 207 nm leads to an increase in wear resistance by 19
We propose a unified dark-sector interpretation of dynamical-ledger quantum gravity in which context drift, forced by moving-reference modular bookkeeping, admits an effective local completion that behaves cosmologically as both cold dark matter and a time-dependent vacuum response. The dynamical ledger adds a compulsory drift term to fixed-reference balance; under a representability hypothesis this drift compresses to a conserved stress tensor that can be treated as a single dark sector. On homogeneous backgrounds, conservation of the single drift-sector tensor implies an exact exchange identity for its vacuum-like/matter-like decomposition, where the vacuum-like piece has equation of state p = - ρ and the matter-like piece can behave as dust. We argue that a nonabelian completion provides a plausible route to a mass gap supporting a cold component, while covariance together with screen-scale coarse-graining motivates a leading background-effective vacuum response whose reduced running-vacuum parameterization can be taken of H2 type. The framework produces algebraic constraints tying vacuum fraction and dark-matter fraction at the background level.
The current study investigates enhanced third harmonic generation of q-Gaussian laser beam in undersense plasmas. The relativistic-ponderomotive effects are collectively considered in current study. The simultaneous effect of relativistic-ponderomotive forces induces redistribution of plasma electrons thereby leading to density perturbations in plasmas. This density perturbation produces electron plasma wave at twice the fundamental frequency through V⃗×B⃗ mechanism. Excited plasma wave and fundamental wave nonlinearly interacts thereby producing efficient third harmonic generation. The nonlinear equation governing beam waist dynamics and expression for third harmonic conversion efficiency are derived using WKB and paraxial approximations. Impact of laser-plasma parameters on self-focusing of fundamental beam and third harmonic conversion efficiency are systematically analyzed. The results provide physical understanding of how structured q-Gaussian laser beams nonlinearly interact with underdense plasmas.
Valleytronics has emerged as a rapidly developing field in recent years. However, transmitting information via valley currents faces significant challenges. In most candidate materials, the lack of intrinsic symmetry protection facilitates intervalley scattering. This mixing of valley currents from the K and K ' valleys disrupts the directional integrity of carrier flow. Indeed, spin-valley polarization can reduce intervalley scattering probability, thereby improving the accuracy and stability of valley-current transport. In this work, we use a local electric field in zigzag germanene nanoribbons (ZGeNR) exhibiting the quantum Hall (QH) effect to achieve the quantum spin-valley Hall (QSVH) effect, generating two counter-propagating spin-valley polarized currents. Subsequently, applying a global electric field separates these two oppositely polarized currents in energy, yielding a singly spin-valley polarized current. This system can be employed to design programmable polarized current sources and shows promise for realizing singly spin-valley polarized Andreev reflection.
Hydraulic jump is an important phenomenon in water resource engineering. Present study involves linear stability analysis of St. Venant equations for hydraulic jump in an open channel under steady flow conditions. Frequency of perturbed flow is studied numerically with respect to flow depth and Froude number (Fr). It is observed that angular frequency (ω0) of flow achieves the peak at critical Froude number Fr = 1. Effect of roughness coefficient and bed slope on the frequency of the flow reveals that frequency peak increases with roughness coefficient, but an increase in bed slope reduces the frequency. Further, study of the characteristics of angular frequency (ω0) and wave number (k) of hydraulic jump shows the stability in supercritical, subcritical and critical flow regimes. The study shows the propagation of perturbations in different flow regimes and the effects on the stability due to influence of roughness and slope.
A renormalization-group mechanism for the resolution of spacetime singularities is formulated on the basis of the Relativistic Zero Point (RZP) principle. The quantum vacuum is modeled as a geometric medium described by an order parameter Θ, whose flow is constrained by Functional Renormalization Group (FRG) equations. A scalar-tensor truncation yields a non-Gaussian fixed point (NGFP) with parameters ξ≈ 0.65 , λ_*≈ 0.42 , and ν_*≈ 1.00 . The resulting transition Θ→ν_* replaces classical divergences with a smooth bounce horizon. The formulation consolidates previous developments [1, 2] and integrates the scalar-tensor RZP construction [3]. Phenomenological predictions include a tensor-to-scalar ratio r ∼ 0.025 , a gravitational-wave dispersion scale ϵ∼ 8.3 ×10^ - 8 , and expected post-merger echo delays of order Δ t ∼ 4.2 ms.
