Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a key role in carbon cycling and water quality in shallow, eutrophic freshwater systems. This study examined the spatial variability of DOM in trophically diverse streams in the & Sacute;widwie Nature Reserve (NW Poland) during early autumn circula-tion. Physicochemical analyses were combined with UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence exci-tation-emission matrices (EEMs) and PARAFAC modelling to characterize DOM sources and transformation pathways. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (12.7-37.4 mg L-1) revealed strong contrasts between tributaries. Water bodies rich in fresh organic matter (the Gunica River) contained low-aromatic DOM, whereas water bodies rich in highly humified DOM (Struga & Zdot;urawia and the Bolk & oacute;w-& Lstrok;& eogon;gi Canal) contained aromatic, terrestrially derived DOM enriched in nutrients. Optical indices (SUVA254, a280, a350, E250/E365, SR) and fluorescence pa-rameters (BIX, HIX, f4/f5) consistently distinguished autochthonous from allochthonous DOM. PARAFAC identified two humic-like components: C1, associated with less humified, microbially derived DOM, and C2, representing more aromatic, fulvic-like material. Multivariate analyses (CCA, clustering, Pearson correlations) indicated that nutrient enrichment, conductivity and humification degree were the main drivers of DOM variability. The strong positive relationship between total fluorescence and conductivity suggests that ionic enrichment enhances DOM opti-cal activity. These findings highlight the sensitivity of small, shallow catchments to natural and anthropogenic pressures and demonstrate the effectiveness of optical methods in resolving DOM dynamics.
Foliar fertilization with micronutrients is an important element of winter wheat cultivation, especially in combination with intensive agricultural practices. Micronutrients improve macronutrient utilization, plant health, and yield volume and quality. A field experiment with winter wheat of the RGT Kilimanjaro variety was carried out in the seasons 2021/2022 and 2023/2024 at the University of Rzesz & oacute;w Experimental Station in Krasne, near Rzesz & oacute;w. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of winter wheat foliar fertilization with micronutrients, i.e. zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and boron (B), as compared to the control treatment. A one-factor experiment was established on a brown soil, quality class IIIa, good wheat complex. The levels of absorbable macronutrients (P, K, Mg) in the soil were high, while the levels of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) were found to be medium. The weather conditions during the plant vegetation period varied over the years of the research, which modified the effects of foliar fertilization. The difference in grain yield between 2022 and 2023 was 1.4 t ha(-1). The SPAD (soil plant analysis development) measurement showed that foliar fertilization with Cu and Mn was the most effective treatment, increasing the grain yield by 0.19 t ha(-1) and 0.15 t ha(-1), respectively, compared to the control treatment. This was the result of an increase in the grains number per spike (GNS) and the thousand grain weight (TGW) after spraying with these microelements. Grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly after the application of Cu, Mo, Mn and Zn. Foliar fertilization differentiated the grain macronutrient and micronutrient values, but not always favorably, which resulted from synergism or antagonism between individual elements.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with brown alga (Ascophyllum nodosum) meal on selected growth performance indicators, hematological parameters, and blood iodine concentration in rams. The experimental material consisted of 18 rams of the White-headed Mutton Sheep (Polish: Bia & lstrok;og & lstrok;owa Owca Mi & eogon;sna, BOM) aged 16 months. Before the experiment, the animals were divided into three groups with comparable initial body weight: a control group (K) and two experimental groups (D1 and D2), with six animals per group. Control group rams received a standard diet, whereas the diets of animals in the experimental groups were supplemented with 5 g (D1) or 15 g (D2) of brown alga meal mixed with 500 g of ground carrots as a carrier. The seaweed supplement was administered individually once daily in the morning. In each group, animals were weighed individually at the beginning (day 0) and at the end of the experimental period (day 42) to determine body weight gain and the relative growth rate (RGR). Whole blood and serum samples were collected at the same time points to assess hematological parameters and serum iodine concentration. A significant interaction between dietary treatment and the duration of seaweed supplementation was observed for the following parameters: WBC, Ht, MCHC, and PLT. Seaweed supplementation at 5 g and 15 g resulted in higher WBC and PLT counts in group D2 and lower mean MCHC values in groups D1 and D2. At the end of the supplementation period (day 42), WBC and MCHC values decreased but remained within the normal reference ranges. A significant increase in thrombocyte production and an increase in erythrocyte parameters (RBC, Ht, and Hb) were also noted at the end of seaweed supplementation. An analysis of serum iodine concentration in the experimental groups revealed that both dietary supplementation with 5 g and 15 g of seaweed and intake duration contributed to a significant increase in this parameter.
Agronomic practices, including soil tillage and fertilisation, exert a profound influence on the nutritional quality of cereal grains, particularly in organic farming. This study assessed the ef-fect of soil tillage (reduced vs ploughing) and foliar application of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Methylobacterium symbioticum (single and double application) on the chemical composition of black barley (Hordeum vulgare var. rimpaui) cultivated organically. A field study was conducted in two growing seasons (2023-2024) on an organic farm located in west-central Poland. Grain was analysed for macro-and micronutrients, protein content and amino acid profile, starch, di-etary fibre, /3-glucan, and total phenols. The crop responses were influenced by the weather conditions. The tillage system had an impact on most of the parameters, with ploughing increas-ing the content of P, K, Mg, total phenols, and, under less favourable hydrothermal conditions, protein content and amino acid composition. Conversely, reduced tillage led to improved grain density. Application of M. symbioticum had a limited effect, primarily enhancing starch content following double application. However, when combined with reduced tillage, the biostimulant enhanced dietary fibre and /3-glucan accumulation. Grain yield and size parameters were posi-tively correlated with Mg, Ca, and amino acid contents, whereas micronutrient concentrations were negatively associated with grain size. Overall, the results indicate that reduced tillage combined with microbial fertilisation can improve selected quality traits of black barley grain, supporting its sustainable cultivation in organic systems.
Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, including in Poland. Despite well-documented health benefits, tea consumption may contribute to dietary exposure to chemi-cal contaminants, for example pesticide residues. This study aimed to assess consumer health risk associated with tea contaminated with pesticide residues, based on official monitoring data. The analysis used data from the national official monitoring and control programme for pesticide residues in tea (Poland, 2022, NIPH-NIH/NIZP-PZH report). Chronic exposure assessment was performed using mean and 95(th) percentile residue concentrations of selected pesticides (e.g., bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, thiamethoxam, folpet). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was calcu-lated, and non-carcinogenic risk was characterised using THQ and HI relative to toxicological reference values (ADI). Acute risk results (ARfD) for individual samples exceeding MRLs were also discussed. For compounds with available ADI values, chronic exposure was low and indicated no non-carcinogenic risk (THQ < 1, HI < 1) for both mean and conservative (P95) scenarios. For isolated MRL exceedances, acute exposure did not exceed ARfD in critical popu-lations. Anthraquinone required a precautionary interpretation due to the lack of established toxicological reference values, limiting quantitative risk characterisation. Based on official 2022 data, no health concern was identified for chronic or acute exposure to the assessed pesticide residues via tea consumption. Continued monitoring, improved mixture-risk approaches, and attention to substances with toxicological data gaps are recommended.
Abiotic stress has a significant influence on plants at all stages of their development. One of the abiotic stress factors is soil water deficit, which reduces plant growth and productivity. Crop productivity during drought can be improved by biostimulants, i.e. preparations enhancing the natural immune mechanisms of plants. An experiment was conducted in western Poland to ex-amine the effect of a biostimulant containing amino acids on the biological properties of soil, measured by its enzymatic (dehydrogenase, protease) and respiratory activity, vegetative growth, and fruit quality of strawberries growing on low, optimal, and high moisture soil. The experiment showed that the soil moisture level significantly affected the parameters under study. The dehydrogenase, protease and respiratory activities in the water-deficient soil were from 27 to 47% lower than in optimal moisture soil. The average leaf weight and the content of chlorophyll a and b were also significantly lower. The plants growing in the water-deficient soil also yielded fruit with the lowest weight. In the variants where the leaves of strawberry plants had been sprayed with the biostimulant, the soil enzyme and respiratory activities as well as the average leaf weight were several dozen per cent greater than in the variants without this treatment. The content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves, the average fruit weight, and the content of soluble substances in the strawberries also increased significantly. The biostimulant was most effective in the water-deficient soil.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two aviary housing systems on the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, physicochemical and sensory properties of the breast muscle (Pectoralis major, PM) of male pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Birds were raised on a farm in a normal production cycle. At six weeks of age, pheasants were provided with access to big aviaries (control group, C). A total of 32 males and 224 females (experimental group, E) were randomly selected from among six-week-old birds, and were transferred to 32 small (20 m2) adjacent aviaries (1 male and 7 females per aviary). Pheasants in both groups were fed identical diets, but in group C, aviaries were planted with cultivated crops that constituted an additional feed source for birds. Randomly selected, 25-week-old males from C (n=8) and E (n=8) group were slaughtered. The muscles of group E pheasants had higher (p=0.031) manganese (Mn) content. The muscles of group C birds were characterized by a higher content of intramuscular fat (IMF, p=0.042), collagen (p=0.009), and copper (p=0.033), and higher aroma intensity (p = 0.048). They also had a tendency (p>0.05) to lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs; by 4.16 p.p.), higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs and PUFAs; by 1.64 and 2.51 p.p., respectively), higher nutritional quality of IMF, and scored higher for aroma desirability, taste, and tenderness. Minor differences in the properties of the PM muscle, observed between the compared groups, could result from the availability of plant-based feed in large aviaries, and its absence in small aviaries.
Environmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the most significant threats to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body through the skin, respiratory tract, and consumption of plant and animal products. The transfer of these elements to subsequent links in the food chain, and consequently into the human body, is limited by the action of biological barriers. However, it should be emphasized that excessive element concentrations reduce the effectiveness of these barriers, which poses a risk of negative impact on the environment and, above all, on human health. The safety and health quality of food is determined, among other things, by the content of undesirable elements such as cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic. The health safety of raw materials obtained from game animals is an important element in consumer health protection, especially in the context of environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to assess the health risk (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) resulting from the presence of heavy metals in the tissues of the European hare (Lepus europaeus) in the context of public health, and to verify the suitability of this species as a bioindicator. The kidneys were selected for analysis as a critical organ for xenobiotic accumulation. Cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations were analyzed in hares from the western part of the Lublin Upland. Assuming a dietary intake of 0.08 kg person year, the hazard indices (HI) were shown to be low (<0.03) and the carcinogenic risk of lead was negligible (<10-9), indicating no toxic threat to the consumer. At the same time, the statistically significant accumulation of cadmium and mercury with age confirms the hare's role as a sensitive bioindicator of environmental pressure.
Heavy metals are major pollutants in urban environments, affecting their inhabitants by having adverse effects on human health, and implicating as causes of many civilization diseases, for example cardiovascular disease. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the relationship between selected environmental pollutants, including mainly nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, benzo(a)pyrene, and others, on the risk of hypertension. Data on mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization rates by city, sex, age, and ICD-10 classification were obtained from ProfiBaza. Data from air quality monitoring stations were sourced from the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. We analyzed the annual mean values of 10 air pollutants from 2017 to 2019 in 30 Polish cities. Values from these datasets were combined, and the Pearson correlation and Lasso regression analyses were performed. A positive correlation was observed between MR, SMR, HR, SHR, and levels of Benzo(a)pyrene, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2. Stronger positive correlations between benzo(a)pyrene, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 with MR and SMR were found in males compared to females, while correlations with HR and SHR were lower in males than in females. The Lasso regression analysis revealed that HR (0.42) had the highest explanatory power, while SMR (0.05) scored the lowest. MR was most positively influenced by PM2.5 (2.91), while HR was most strongly affected by PM10 (139.78) and As (56.71). A comprehensive concerted regulatory plan and a program of health-promoting interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce urban residents' exposure to environmental factors, inducing, among other problems, cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Public awareness of the above compounds and individual action strategies to mitigate their impact should be promoted. The ubiquity of these pollutants is a serious public health threat, and should be strictly controlled by all possible national and independent institutions, especially pro-health ones.
Rockwool is one of the most popular substrates in soilless cultivation. Mineral wool has good physicochemical properties, and it is an inert, sterile substrate free from pathogens, toxic and ballast substances. It is a substrate with optimal conditions for the development of the root system, maintaining an optimal air-water ratio. Due to the lack of exchange sorption, it is possible to precisely control the nutrition of plants. In most crops, rockwool is used in one cultivation cycle; therefore, the aim of the conducted research was to determine the possibility of reusing wool in the cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Zeralda F1, the effect on its yield, and chemical composition. The influence of increasing concentrations of nickel in the hydroponic solution on the yield of lettuce and its chemical composition was also studied. The research factors were two types of rockwool (new and re-used) and increasing concentrations of nickel (0-control; 5 and 10 mg dm-3). The plants were grown in a greenhouse in a closed system without nutrient recirculation. It was found that rockwool could be reused for lettuce cultivation. No differences in lettuce yield were found between growing in new and re-used rockwool. The authors compared the content of individual components and heavy metals in lettuce leaves grown in two types of rockwool, to which no nickel was introduced. The higher contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, nickel, lead and cadmium were found in lettuce grown in re-used rockwool. On the other hand, in lettuce grown in new rockwool, higher contents of phosphorus and sulfur were found. Nickel in concentrations of 5 and 10 mg dm-3 of the nutrient influenced a higher greenness index of lettuce leaves. Increasing concentrations of Ni did not sig-nificantly affect the content of nitrogen, sodium, and copper in lettuce leaves, while the content of other nutrients and heavy metals depended on their concentration.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sex on meat quality, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) in DanBred crossbreds. The experiment was performed on a total of 201 598 DanBred hybrid pigs. A total of four groups were analyzed: 42 178 gilts, 47 515 entire males, 87 045 surgically castrated males, and 47 515 immunologically castrated (IM) males. Fattening began at a body weight of 31 kg. The animals were housed in groups and fed a complete diet in a four-phase system. The fattened pigs were slaughtered after 94 days of fattening. Lean meat content, fat thickness, and thickness of the longissimus lumborum muscle were measured on the warm right side of the carcass. After cooling, 12 muscle samples were collected from each group between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. pH24 values, color parameters, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile were measured. Lean meat content in the carcass was highest in entire males (59.61%) and gilts (60.13%), and lowest in castrated (IM) males (58.41%). Gender significantly influenced meat color saturation. Crude fat content was significantly lower in entire males and gilts than in castrated fatteners. Entire males had significantly lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) content and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. Gender had no effect on the chemical composition of longissimus dorsi muscle, except for dry matter content, crude fat content, and acidity. Further studies of larger sample sizes are needed to confirm or refute the current findings.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of graphene oxide (GO), nanoparticles (NPs), and quercetin (QC) applications in alleviating salinity stress in two Mentha species: Mentha piperita (peppermint) and Mentha spicata (spearmint). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Foliar applications of GO, NPs, and QC were conducted over three consecutive days at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 mg L-& sup1;. Following a 48-hour interval, salinity treatments (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) were subsequently imposed through soil irrigation. Phenolic compound contents in leaves were analyzed after treatments, and data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test (p<0.05). The treatments significantly affected the accumulation of phenolic compounds under salt stress. GO application enhanced chlorogenic, hydroxybenzoic, and salicylic acids, while QC increased caffeic, vanillic, and quercetin contents. NP treatment generally promoted the biosynthesis of several phenolic acids, including catechinhydrate, p-coumaric, and rutin. In salt stress experiments on M. spicata and M. piperita, chlorogenic acid content varied among treatments. In M. spicata, the highest level was observed in 25 mg L-1 GO + 50 mM NaCl (9.22 g kg(-1)), while in M. piperita, the maximum was recorded in 25 mg L(-1 )GO + 100 mM NaCl (6.49 g kg(-1)). The lowest levels (0.00 g kg(-1)) occurred in several treatments, including controls. These findings indicate that the use of nanoparticles and bioactive compounds can mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress by modulating phenolic metabolism in Mentha species.
Iron is a multifunctional trace element that plays a key role in the growth and development of the human body at all stages of its life. This element is a nutrient that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through food. Iron deficiency develops when the amount of iron in the diet is insufficient, leading to anemia and other pathological changes in the body. Iron is an essential ingredient in many food products, and with a measure of willingness, it is possible to ensure an adequate intake of this element. Limited research has examined the mineral content of plant or animal-based foods, especially iron. For this reason, this paper used M & ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence methods to examine the concentration and properties of iron in foods. The results of studies using M & ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy present the chemical states of iron naturally occurring in food products. Such studies have not been conducted before. The content of other essential micro-and macronutrients for our body, such as zinc, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, was also determined. Such knowledge is particularly rele-vant in the current environment, with an increasing number of people adopting a plant-based diet. Our research is based on products readily available in supermarkets or butcher shops. Among others, we used products such as black olives, soybeans, pumpkin seeds, beef, pork, and poultry liver. The research shows that just 100 grams of animal products provide an adequate daily dose of iron. The iron in these products is primarily heme iron, with only beef spleen, pork spleen, and pork liver containing nonheme iron. The plant-based products studied should not be considered a sufficient source of this element in the daily diet. However, these products contain significantly more magnesium and calcium than animal products.
The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional value of feed mixtures and premixes produced by selected feed manufacturers in southeastern Kazakhstan for dairy farms. The feed mixtures produced in the analyzed feed mills differed significantly (p <= 0.01 and p <= 0.05) in terms of their basic nutrient content. The amino acid, mineral, and vitamin composition of the feed mixtures was neither monitored nor balanced, except in the Good-Zhem feed mill, as the facilities did not produce mineral-vitamin premixes. For research purposes, the Kormovik and Vet Effect feed mills developed premixes for lactating cows, dry cows, and young cattle aged 6-12 months. The premixes contained high levels of minerals, including Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Se, and I, as well as vitamins A, D, and E. For high-yielding cows from the OST group and for cows in the first dry period (period I), an antioxidant was added at levels of 177 mg kg-1 and 95 mg kg-1, respectively. Additionally, for low-yielding cows and cows in the second dry period (period II), supplementary vitamins were included: K, B1, B2, B4, B5, B6, B9, B12, and PP. The experimental premixes used in cattle feeding on the JSC AIC Adal farm allowed the maintenance of milk yield in cows, kept there at the level of 8 000 kg of milk. The research shows that including a premix in cattle feed rations helps to balance ratios in terms of their nutritional value and content of minerals and vitamins, which ultimately enables better use of the animals' genetic potential.
In field experiments, the grain yield, grain quality and weed infestation of winter durum wheat were evaluated in conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) systems. The C/N ratio in the soil was also assessed on all plots. In the CT system, shallow ploughing and pre-sowing ploughing were performed after harvest; in RT - the shallow ploughing and pre-sowing ploughing were replaced by cultivating; and in NT - glyphosate spraying was performed on the stubble field. The grain yield of winter durum wheat was higher in CT than in RT and NT systems. Also, more spikes per m2 were found on the CT than on the RT and NT plots. Furthermore, the grain weight per spike and the 1000 grain weight were higher in the crops from the CT than from the RT and NT systems. Higher contents of total protein, wet gluten and starch were determined in wheat grains harvested from the CT plots than from the RT and NT plots. Also, the crop from the CT system had higher values of grain density and grain uniformity compared to the crop from the RT and NT systems. The tillage systems differentiated the number of weeds per m2. On the RT and NT plots, the number of weeds and their air-dry weight were higher compared to the CT plots. The RT and NT plots were dominated by weeds of the upper level (they accounted for 51.3-54.2% of the weed number), whereas the CT plots were most densely infested by the weeds of the upper (31.9%) and the middle (35.5% of the weed number) levels. The most favorable C/N ratio occurred on the NT plots, and the least beneficial one on the CT ones.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementary K and Mg mineral fertilization on winter spelt yield and grain quality. Two 4-year field experiments investigating the effects of mineral fertilization on winter spelt (Triticum spelta L.) were conducted on Zgni & lstrok;ob & lstrok;oty and Budziszewo organic farms with a long history of organic management. The first experiment was established on medium-heavy soil, and the second experiment-on heavy soil. Patentkali fertilizer was applied at 66.4 kg K ha-1 and 16.1 kg Mg ha-1, and sulfate of potash (Kalisop) was applied at 66.4 kg K ha-1. Since both fertilizers contain sulfur (S), supplemental S was supplied at 45 kg ha-1 (Patentkali) and 23.9 kg ha-1 (Kalisop). Winter spelt cv. Schwabenkorn was grown on medium-heavy soil. Soil pH was slightly acidic; content of available K was very low, and the content of available P, Mg, and S was moderate. Wheat spelt cv. Oberkulmer Rothkorn was grown on heavy soil. Soil pH was neutral; P content was low; K content was very low; Mg content was very high, and S content was moderate. The preceding crops were red clover in Zgni & lstrok;ob & lstrok;oty (medium-heavy soil) and ley in Budziszewo (heavy soil). In the first experiment, the average spelt yield was 5.94 ha-1 of hulled grain and 4.27 t ha-1 of dehulled grain. Dehulled grain yields increased by 16.6% in response to mineral fertilization with K and Mg, and by 10.2% in response to K fertilization. Fertilized spelt produced larger grains with higher protein content. In the second experiment, the average spelt yield was also relatively high, at 5.76 and 4.20 t ha-1 of hulled and dehulled grain, respectively. Spelt yields tended to be higher when mineral fertilizers were applied to heavy soil. Protein content and concentrations of P, K, Mg and Ca in grain did not differ significantly between treatments fertilized with K+Mg and the unfertilized control treatment.
In the era of sustainable economy and the European Green Deal, a strong emphasis is placed on a better balance between nature, food systems, and biodiversity. Bio-based fertilizers are recovered from various by-products and biomass types to close nutrient cycles and reuse nutrients in food systems. Meat and bone meal (MBM) can be a viable alternative to organic fertilizers because it is a relatively rich source of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. A four-year pot experiment was conducted in Poland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (MBM) on the yields of four crops, the content of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plants, and selected chemical properties of soil. Four fertilization treatments were established: 1) NPK (mineral N, P, K fertilization); 2) 0.2% MBM; 3) 0.4% MBM, and 4) 0.8% MBM per 10 kg of soil per pot. Each year, MBM was applied before sowing as a substitute for NP fertilizer. Intensive MBM fertilization (0.8% MBM) contributed to increased crop yields, N and P concentrations and uptake by plants relative to the lowest MBM dose. The values of the analyzed parameters were comparable in the treatments fertilized with higher doses of MBM and with mineral NPK. The only exception was the highest total P content in the seeds of oilseed rape fertilized with the lowest dose of MBM. Soil mineral N and plant-available P concentrations increased with increasing MBM doses. The results of the study indicate that MBM can completely replace mineral P fertilizers and partially replace mineral N fertilizers, and its dose should be adjusted to meet the nutrient requirements of crops.
