Problem. How can an effective teaching process be conducted within a limited timeframe to teach students real, practical skills in individual self-defense? Five research questions were posed. Method. A diagnostic survey with a survey technique (NS1 questionnaire) was conducted on a sample of 92 students of physical education and internal security, including full-time and part-time students. The numerical data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test for independence of variables; Kramer's Phi and V; and the coefficients: Kendall's Tau-b and Tau-c. IBM SPSS 26.0 with the Exact Tests module was used. Results. It was found that students' attitudes toward self-defense and interest in the subject were independent of their field of study, physical fitness level, age, or gender. Students gave the course and the educational outcomes a very positive rating. No significant differences were found in students' opinions depending on field of study or by full-time and part-time students. There were minor differences in the most frequently cited sources of students' self-defense knowledge. Conclusions. Students are satisfied with the "Elements of Self-Defense" course. The vast majority of them positively assessed the outcomes - improved fitness and skills - and a significant portion would like to see more hours taught in this course.
Background. Pencak silat, a traditional Indonesian martial art, embodies a holistic philosophy integrating physical discipline, moral values, and social harmony. Beyond its athletic dimensions, it functions as a cultural medium for shaping psychosocial development and emotional regulation among youth. Problem and aim. Rising adolescent aggressiveness presents a public health concern influenced by cultural, psychological, and social factors. This study explores the philosophical essence of pencak silat as a potential psychosocial intervention to mitigate aggressiveness and strengthen emotional self-control. Material and methods. Using a qualitative approach, the study applied philosophical hermeneutics and literature analysis to examine primary texts, oral traditions, and scholarly sources concerning pencak silat ethics, pedagogy, and community practices. Key principles (self-discipline, respect, and harmony) were interpreted within a psychosocial framework. Results. Findings reveal that pencak silat promotes self-awareness, empathy, and pro-social behavior through its spiritual and communal teachings. The discipline's moral codes (" ("budi pekerti luhur") encourage internal balance and conflict resolution through reflective rather than reactive behavior. These elements align with the preventive dimensions of psychosocial intervention models targeting emotional regulation. Conclusions. The philosophy of pencak silat holds significant potential as a culturally grounded framework for developing adolescent psychosocial resilience. Integrating its core values into educational and behavioral programs could strengthen preventive efforts against youth aggressiveness while preserving cultural identity.
Background. This research is motivated by the low muscle power ability of wrestling athletes. Aim. This study aims to analyze: (1) the effect of the Bulgarian bag training on increasing leg and arm muscle power of wrestling athletes, (2) the difference in the effect of the Bulgarian bag training using the fast movement rhythm or using the slow movement rhythm on increasing leg and arm muscle power of wrestling athletes. Material and Methods. This research method is through a quantitative approach with a type of quasi-experimental research using a pre-test and post-test two-group design. Results. The results showed that there is an effect from Bulgarian bag training on increasing leg and arm muscle power of wrestling athletes. In the Bulgarian bag training group, the rhythm of fast and slow movements is evidenced by data on muscle power, muscle strength, power, and reaction speed, which obtained a significance value smaller than 0.05 (p <0.05). 2) There is a significant difference in the effect between the group given the Bulgarian bag fast movement exercise rhythm and the group given the Bulgarian bag slow movement exercise rhythm on increasing the muscle power of the legs and arms of wrestling athletes with a significance value smaller than 0.05 (p<0.05), proven in the average muscle power of the Bulgarian bag slow rhythm training group of 342cm; there is a difference of 253.6cm. Conclusion. This study concludes that there is a significant increase in leg and arm muscle power before and after treatment. The group that was given the treatment of the Bulgarian bag exercise with the fast movement rhythm had better leg and arm muscle power compared to the Bulgarian bag exercise group with the slow movement rhythm.
Background. Direct preparation for competition, which takes into account the individual needs and moods of karate practitioners, is of significant importance for their form in the main event. To date, there have been few studies in this area relating to the mental sphere of competitors. Problem and aim. The aim of this article is to gain knowledge about the mood of Fudokan karate competitors in junior and senior groups during direct preparation for kata competition. Material and methods. Polish kata competitors from Fudokan karate (N=52) were examined, including juniors (n=24) and seniors (n=28). The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was used. Significance was set at 0.05. Results. No differences were found in the vigour dimension between the junior and senior groups, but differences were found in the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion dimensions. In addition, it was found that competitive experience is negatively correlated with the intensity of mood dimensions, with the exception of vigour, which is positively correlated. Conclusions. Juniors showed higher levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion than seniors, while vigour levels were similar in both groups. In addition, the following relationship was found: the longer the competitive experience, the higher the vigour and the lower the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion.
Background. Research on the psychological skills of players, based on a gender perspective is still limited, especially in elite karate athletes. Problem and aim. We evaluated the psychological skills of male and female karate athletes competing in the 19th Asian Games event in 2023 in Hangzhou, China. Material and methods. The research method used is a retrospective causal-comparative design using the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS-R-5) instrument. The sampling technique uses the Systematic Sampling technique, namely karate athletes from Indonesia, Japan, and Korea. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test (P <0.05) and cross-tabulation techniques. Results. The results showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of psychological skills between male and female karate athletes in the Asian Games. There are significant differences between the psychological skills of male and female karate athletes. This can be seen from the value or t count = 3.034 and the Sig. value = 0.007 > 0.05. Conclusions. In this study, the characteristics of psychological skills of karate athletes based on gender have significant differences between male karate athletes and female karate athletes. Psychological characteristics of male karate athletes are better than those of female karate athletes.
Background. Martial-arts training may confer multiple fitness benefits for adults, but the reliability and magnitude of these effects remain unclear due to small, heterogeneous trials. Problem and aims. Evidence on how martial arts training affects adult fitness is limited and inconsistent. This review aimed to synthesise controlled trials and estimate Bayesian pooled effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and balance. Methods. We conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Eligible studies (2014-2024; including articles available online early in 2025) included community-dwelling adults (>= 18 years) in martial arts programs lasting at least four weeks and reporting physical fitness outcomes. Data were synthesised using weakly informative priors. Results. Ten studies (N = 536; seven RCTs, three quasi-experimental) met inclusion criteria. Narrative synthesis indicated within-group improvements across fitness domains. Bayesian pooled standardised mean differences (g) were: 0.77 (95% credible interval [CrI]:-3.19, 4.95) for cardiorespiratory fitness; 0.25 (95% CrI:-0.34, 0.80) for muscular strength; and-0.72 (95% CrI:-3.74, 2.26) for balance. Heterogeneity was substantial. Posterior probabilities that the true effect exceeds zero were 76%, 90%, and 1%, respectively. All 95% prediction intervals included zero. Conclusions. Martial-arts interventions are adaptable and often improve individual outcomes, but current evidence is highly heterogeneous, yielding imprecise pooled estimates and precluding definitive conclusions. Larger, standardised RCTs are needed.
Background. Managerial strategies for boxing clubs in Central Java are the roots of sustainable achievement development. Problem and Aim. Many boxing clubs still face challenges such as facility management, funding, and branding. The aim of this study is to analyze managerial strategies focused on infrastructure, funding, training programs, and branding. Materials and Methods. Mixed research methods (qualitative and quantitative) were employed. Interviews were conducted for qualitative methods, while quantitative methods involved distributing questionnaires. The informants consisted of 5 managers, 5 coaches, and 10 athletes. The respondents were 30 coaches and club managers in Central Java Province. Data analysis was performed using percentages and thematic analysis, assisted by Excel. Results. The majority of boxing clubs face challenges related to infrastructure and facilities, which respondents consider inadequate. Club funding still relies on parental donations, and there are no permanent sponsors. In terms of training programs, some coaches have yet to implement a sports science-based approach. Clubs currently use simple methods to promote branding, but they are starting to realize its importance for attracting donors. Conclusion. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive improvements in managerial strategies, including funding diversification, coach training, and branding through public outreach and social media. This research contributes practically to the development of boxing club management and serves as a basis for policy-making in performance sports.
Background. Cognitive abilities such as attention and decision-making are critical components of performance in combat sports like boxing. NeuroTracker training has been proposed as a method to enhance these skills in athletes. Problem and aim. This study aimed to examine whether an eight-week NeuroTracker training program could improve attention and decision-making speed in youth amateur boxers. Material and methods. Twenty participants aged 15-18 years were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group engaged in NeuroTracker sessions lasting 15 minutes, three times per week, for eight weeks. Attention was assessed using Speed Threshold Scores, and decision-making speed was evaluated via the Witty SEM system. Measurements were conducted at baseline, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks. Data analysis employed repeated measures ANOVA. Results. Significant improvements in attention were observed in the experimental group after 4 weeks (M = 1.56, SD = 0.21) and 8 weeks (M = 1.78, SD = 0.12) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences in decision-making speed were identified between groups over time (p > 0.05). Conclusions. NeuroTracker training effectively enhanced attention among youth amateur boxers within an eight-week period. Nevertheless, its influence on decision-making speed was inconclusive, suggesting the need for longer interventions or additional sport-specific cognitive training to achieve broader improvements.
Background. Coaching science has increasingly emphasized athlete-centered, evidence-based approaches that promote autonomy, psychological development, and value-driven leadership. Globally, this shift has prompted reassessment of traditional methods. In Japan, particularly in Budo disciplines like Kendo, coaching often involves hierarchical relationships and tacit instruction. While sometimes viewed as outdated, these culturally embedded practices may still hold educational value, especially as reforms continue to reshape Japanese sports pedagogy. Problem. Previous research applied the 4Cs framework-Competence, Confidence, Connection, and Character-to explore the perspectives of elite Kendo coaches but found that these categories frequently overlapped, making them difficult to apply distinctly. Building on this, the present study shifts focus from coaches to athletes, aiming to explore what high school Kendo practitioners actually learned through their club experiences and whether their development across the 4Cs occurred in isolated or intersecting ways. Method. This study drew on qualitative data from focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 24 university athletes who had trained in high school Kendo clubs. Data were analyzed using the SCAT (Steps for Coding and Theorization) and KJ methods (Kawakita Jiro's card-sorting approach) to identify and visualize key conceptual themes grounded in participants' lived experiences. Results and Conclusion. The findings indicate that the 4Cs were not developed in isolation, but through their intersections. Everyday activities-such as cleaning and participating in group rituals-contributed to psychological stability, emotional regulation, and social awareness. Traditional Kendo coaching provides a culturally grounded and implicit form of athlete education that aligns with, and in some aspects extends, existing coaching theories.
Problem. Assessing the development of virtues in early childhood education remains a methodological challenge. Reliable tools are required to evaluate how physical activity programs, especially those based on judo philosophy, foster moral growth in preschool children. Method. The Virtue Assessment Observation Scale (VAOS) was developed and applied as a structured observation instrument. VAOS includes 11 criteria and 26 indicators, each with three levels of manifestation, focusing on four virtues: friendship, respect, honesty, and participation. The instrument was administered to two groups of preschool children aged 5-6 years (N = 24) who participated in physical activities based on judo philosophy with different frequencies: (1) twice-weekly classes and (2) once-weekly classes. Observations were conducted over an eight-week period, and non-parametric statistical methods were applied. Results. Children attending classes twice per week more frequently demonstrated virtuous behavior, particularly in friendship and respect. The scale effectively identified differences between groups. Conclusions. VAOS is a reliable and practical tool for teachers and coaches. It provides a systematic approach to integrating and assessing virtue education within preschool physical education programs.
Background. Based on psychological resilience theory and Bandura's social cognitive theory, this study aimed to explore the influence of self-efficacy on active coping styles in a group of young martial arts practitioners and to investigate the indirect effect of positive effects. Material and Methods. This study used self-efficacy, positive affect and active coping styles scale to investigate 403 young martial arts practitioners (M=13.66, SD=1.14); their mean years of martial arts exercise were 1.36 years (SD=1.33). Results. The results revealed a positive relationship between self-efficacy, positive effect, and active coping styles among young martial arts practitioners, as well as the longer the duration of martial arts exercise and active coping styles. Self-efficacy indirectly influences active coping styles through the variable of positive effects. Self-efficacy indirectly influences active coping styles through the variable of positive effects. Conclusions. This study revealed the influence of self-efficacy on active coping styles among young martial arts practitioners by positive effect. Therefore, it is recommended that school education should actively provide martial arts courses to enhance young people's ' self-efficacy and for them to acquire positive affect, thereby improving their active coping styles.
Background. The speed of execution of specific techniques is a crucial component of athletic performance in karate kata. Accurate diagnostics of these abilities is essential for practice, therefore, we evaluated the reliability of the smartphone-based application MyJump2. Problem and aim. This study aimed to examine the intra-and inter-rater reliability of MyJump2 in measuring the execution time of sport-specific movements of top-level youth karatekas by two raters. Methods. Participants (12 female, 15.53 +/- 1.13 years) completed selected techniques that were video recorded using iPhone SE2020, and the execution time was obtained with MyJump2. Intra-rater reliability was determined by rating the same videos by an experienced and an inexperienced rater on two occasions. Inter-rater reliability was determined by comparing the ratings of the two raters. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed excellent intra-rater reliability regardless of the technique or experience of the rater (r>0.90; p<0.001). Correlations were high for the experienced rater (ICC=0.97-0.99) with mean differences 2.9-4.5 ms (0.36-1.58%) and the inexperienced rater (ICC=0.94-0.98) with mean differences 3.1-6.5 ms (1.10-1.93%). An excellent inter-rater reliability was proven for all given techniques (r>0.90; p<0.001), producing high correlations (ICC=0.94-0.99) with mean differences 4.4-8.7 ms (0.51-2.57%). We found the lowest differences within the experienced (2.9 +/- 2.8, 0.51%) and the inexperienced rater (6.2 +/- 7.8, 1.10%), as well as between the raters (4.4 +/- 2.9, 0.78%) for the kick-return technique. Conclusions. We conclude that MyJump2 is a reliable and useful tool for measuring the execution time of specific techniques in karate. We proved higher accuracy in measuring kicking techniques and the advantage of prior experience in the rater.
Background. The cover designs of women's self-defence materials are significant, as they have the ability to reinforce or challenge stereotypes about femininity, to impact perceptions, and increase awareness of gender-based violence. Problem and Aim. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the unique characteristics of these covers and any potential differences based on the gender of the author. Materials and Methods. Based on a sample of 147 book and DVD covers related to women's self-defence, in English and Spanish, this study conducted content analysis using Atlas.ti software, supplemented with inferential statistical analysis assisted by Jamovi and JASP software. Results. The findings revealed notable differences in categories such as the type of image displayed and the gender or age depicted on the covers, depending on the gender of the author of the book. Male authors were more likely to depict adult and unarmed women, while mixed-gender authorship presented more aggressive scenarios. Correlations were discovered that highlight the portrayal of women as defenceless and vulnerable, but also capable of defending themselves. Strong correlations were found between unarmed women and their general depiction (r = .87), and between unarmed individuals and undefined environments (r = .80). Conclusions. The results suggest that while book covers often portray women in traditional or stereotypical roles, there are signs of progress toward more equitable depiction. This research presents a clear message that book covers should depict women as proactive and competent, highlighting their active participation in self-advocacy. The findings underscore the importance of considering the author's gender in the creation and analysis of self-defence materials and call for further research into cross-cultural perspectives and consumer responses to these depictions.
Background. Based on the assumption that physical activity is a component of the educational process, engaging in physical activity can promote some personality traits and affect the quality of life. Objective. A quantitative study was conducted to test whether self-control is a mediator in the relationship between physical activity and quality of life, and also to test the effect of the type of physical activity practiced on the level of self-control. Methods. A total of 346 individuals aged between 18 and 60 were investigated using the questionnaire method. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS, version 29 (correlations and variance analyses), while mediation analysis was conducted using the bootstrapping method (Model 4 in macro-PROCESS). Results. The existence of a partial mediation of self-control in the relationship between physical activity and quality of life was confirmed. In addition, the effect of the type of physical activity practiced on the level of self-control was confirmed. Conclusions. The results emphasize the role of physical activity (with a focus on martial arts and sports) in shaping self-control and its impact on quality of life.
Background. While throwing is the most important skill in judo, the majority of match time involves gripping exchanges (kumite). However, the roles of either arm in kumite are not well understood. Problem and aim. This study examines how judo athletes use their arms during kumite. Material and methods. A survey of 239 Japanese collegiate judo athletes was conducted. The survey covered judo athletes' tsuri-te and hiki-te use in kumite, sex/gender, competition level, and weight categories. First, chi-square tests were performed to examine the relationships between arm use and competition level, gender, and weight category. Additionally, an analysis was conducted to compare the functional differences between tsuri-te and hiki-te. Results. No significant associations were found between arm use and competition level, gender, or weight category for either tsuri-te or hiki-te. However, a comparison of tsuri-te and hiki-te revealed that tsuri-te was primarily used for lifting and relaxing, while hiki-te was predominantly used for pulling (p < 0.001). Conclusions. No differences in the role of either arm were found between competition levels, sex/gender, or weight class, suggesting that the intentions for using tsuri-te and hiki-te differ and that arm use is a general and basic technique. It is essential for judo athletes and coaches to understand the role of each arm when practicing the overall movement during kumite.
Background. Kickboxing and martial arts share foundational elements in their training regimes, emphasizing body awareness, stance stability, precise footwork, shadowboxing, and various striking techniques. These disciplines are renowned for their ability to integrate physical performance with cognitive engagement, promoting both motor skills and mental agility. Problem and Aim. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of acute non-contact kickboxing exercises on cognitive performance, heart rate (HR), and mood states in secondary school students specializing in kickboxing. The investigation aimed to explore whether different training modalities-pad work and punching bag exercises-impact these parameters differently. We also compared their effects with a control condition (CC Materials and Methods. Thirteen kickboxing-trained students (8 males, 5 females; mean age = 16 +/- 0.2 years, mean body mass = 60.1 +/- 8 kg) were recruited. They participated in one of the following three sessions in a randomized order: (i) a punching bag session, (ii) a pad work session, and (iii) a CC. Cognitive performance, HR, and perceived exertion were evaluated both pre-and immediately post-session, while mood states were assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire immediately following each session Results. The findings revealed that the pad work condition significantly enhanced cognitive performance compared to both the punching bag condition (p = 0.04) and the CC (p < 0.001). For mood states and perceived exertion, the punching bag condition was associated with higher RPE and fatigue subscale values compared to the pad work (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively) and the CC (p < 0.001). Conversely, the pad work condition resulted in higher vigor subscale values compared to both the punching bag condition and the CC (both p < 0.01). Post-exercise HR values did not significantly differ between the pad work and punching bag conditions (p = 0.15). Conclusions. Based on the results, practitioners are encouraged to incorporate pad work into training regimens, particularly before tasks requiring high levels of visual attention in kickboxing. This modality appears to offer cognitive benefits and favourable psychological outcomes, making it an effective strategy for enhancing attentional performance and overall mood.
Background. Vovinam, a martial art embedded with rich Vietnamese cultural elements, is increasingly popular among young people. Beyond the physical benefits, Vovinam serves as a vital tool for preserving cultural values, respecting educators, and instilling discipline and life skills in Vietnamese youth. Problem and Objective. Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Theory, this study aims to identify the key motivators encouraging students to practice Vovinam. The stimuli examined include perceived health consciousness and perceived exercise benefits. The organism focuses on the need for physical activity and national identity, while the response is sustained practice. Methods. An online survey of 494 Vietnamese Vovinam practitioners conducted from January to February 2025 was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results. Findings reveal that health consciousness and perceived exercise benefits significantly influence the need to exercise. The necessity for physical activity strongly predicts continued engagement in Vovinam among young people. Notably, national identity moderates the relationship between exercise needs and ongoing practice. Conclusions. This research highlights the motivational and cultural factors driving the participation of Vietnamese young people in Vovinam. The insights gained can assist educational institutions and policymakers in promoting Vovinam to foster national pride and enhance physical health.
Background. Analysis of the biomechanical parameters of kicks in karate is crucial for improving techniques, minimizing the occurrence of injuries, and optimizing their effectiveness. This case analysis also contributes to the development of scientific knowledge, which could have long-term implications for training and improving techniques. Problem and aim. The purpose was to compare kinetic and kinematic parameters and to analyze the effect of the presence of a target on the biomechanical parameters studied. This research is crucial for understanding the differences in the preservation of kick techniques depending on the presence of a physical target. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 11 young women practicing karate. The lower limb isometric strength was measured. The joint range of motion was analyzed, while the dynamography platform was used to assess the athletes' balance during kicks. Quartiles were used to calculate the data about the kinematic parameters of three kick techniques with and without a target. The Spearman's correlation was calculated between the kinematic parameters of each kick technique and isometric strength. Results. Analysis showed significant differences for the Mawashi-Geri kick (Hip Rotation, COP Path Length, and 95% Confidence Ellipse Area), Yoko-Geri (Knee Flexion, COP Path Length, and 95% Confidence Ellipse Area), and Mae-Geri (Pelvic Tilt, Pelvic Rotation, and COP Average Velocity). Spearman's rank correlation analysis confirmed strong relationships between kinetic and kinematic parameters for individual kicking techniques. Conclusions. The study's findings confirm the significant effect of a physical target on changes in the biomechanical parameters analyzed, which is an essential observation in improving kicking techniques in martial arts and sports.
Background. The traditional Balinese game of Mepantigan is a game of Balinese cultural heritage and tradition. Problem and aim. The problem is whether there is a difference in the effect of the traditional Balinese game Mepantigan on the static balance of junior Pencak Silat athletes. This study aimed to determine the effect of the traditional Balinese game of Mepantigan on the static balance of junior Pencak Silat athletes in Buleleng Regency Material and Methods. This research utilized a quasi-experimental method, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The samples of this study consisted of junior Pencak Silat athletes at Club Bakti Negara Banyuning (BNB) in Buleleng Regency who were selected by simple random sampling of 33 young people, consisting of 21 boys and 12 girls, with an age range from 10 to12 years. Result. 1) there was a difference in the effect of those taking part in the traditional Balinese game of Mepantigan on the static balance of junior Pencak Silat athletes, 2) there was no difference in the effect of those taking part in conventional training on the static balance of junior Pencak Silat athletes, 3) there was a difference in the effect on both groups and in a follow-up test, it was found that the traditional Balinese game of Mepantigan in Pencak Silat training had better results than those using conventional training. Conclusion. It was found that the traditional Balinese game of Mepantigan had a positive effect on the static balance of junior Pencak Silat athletes.
Background. Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a high-intensity combat sport that exposes athletes to substantial biomechanical stress, often leading to musculoskeletal injuries. Knee injuries, particularly those affecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), are of significant concern due to their impact on an athlete's performance and career longevity. Problem and Aim. This video case report presents a unique instance of ACL and PCL distension in an MMA fighter. The aim is to describe the injury mechanism and diagnostic findings. Material and Methods. Video footage from the match was utilized to analyze the recorded injury mechanism. Subsequently, the patient was examined using MRI, and a comprehensive case description was provided. Results. The injury occurred during a grappling sequence, where rotational and compressive forces on the knee joint led to ligamentous stress. MRI confirmed diffuse distension of the ACL and PCL without rupture or secondary joint damage, showing increased signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. Conclusions. This case highlights an uncommon pattern of ACL and PCL distension in MMA, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate rehabilitation strategies. The findings contribute to the growing understanding of injury mechanisms and management in combat sports, supporting the role of conservative treatment in cases of ligamentous distension without rupture.
