Pyeongwee-San extract (PWS) is a traditional Korean medicine currently used to improve digestive function and restore appetite in individuals recovering from post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), demonstrating remarkable anti-inflammatory effects. In an in vitro model, we observed that PWS and its active compound hesperidin regulated the expression of key proteins, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), which are essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry. Our findings demonstrate that the treatment with PWS and hesperidin in stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1 cells) led to a reduction in the transcription and translation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. PWS and hesperidin suppressed the transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1), which is linked to ACE2 expression. Moreover, PWS and hesperidin blocked the phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cellular signaling pathways associated with ACE2 expression and inflammatory responses. In summary, our findings suggest that PWS and hesperidin hold promise in alleviating COVID-19 by modulating the AP-1, PI3K and MAPK pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and inflammation. However, additional research in viral infection animal models is required to fully understand the therapeutic mechanisms of PWS and its clinical implications related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Hybrid polyaniline (PANI)-based nanocomposites incorporating ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were developed via a solution-casting technique to improve the structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties of conducting polymers for optoelectronic and pressure-sensing applications. Structural characterization confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles within the PANI matrix, with crystallinity increasing up to the PZT-10 composition. Optical studies revealed an indirect band-gap reduction to 1.91 eV, indicating enhanced polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The DC conductivity increased to 4.184 × 10−6 S cm−1, primarily due to improved interfacial charge transfer and polaron hopping facilitated by the hybrid ZnO–TiO2 fillers. Dielectric measurements showed a decrease in dielectric constant and dielectric loss with increasing frequency, while the PZT-10 nanocomposite exhibited the lowest tangent loss and the highest pressure-dependent capacitance. These results demonstrate that the optimized PZT-10 nanocomposite possesses enhanced multifunctional properties, making it a promising material for optoelectronic devices, dielectric components, and pressure-sensing applications.
Schiff base derivatives containing triazole scaffolds have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in medicinal chemistry and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. However, the electronic structure–reactivity relationships and biological interaction profiles of newly synthesized derivatives such as triazole-based Schiff bases are not yet fully understood and require comprehensive theoretical investigation. This study aims to synthesize 3-Ethyl-4-(2-acetoxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)− 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (EMDT) and to systematically investigate its structural, electronic, optical, and biological properties using quantum chemical and computational approaches. The molecular geometry of EMDT was optimized using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP and B3PW91 levels with the 6-311G+(d,p) basis set using Gaussian 09W software. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbital (FMO), Natural Bond Orbital (NBO), and Mulliken atomic charge analyses were performed to determine electronic distribution, reactive sites, and intramolecular interactions. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were evaluated in terms of dipole moment, mean polarizability, and first hyperpolarizability. Molecular docking simulations were carried out against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using crystal structures 1O8A and 8QHL. In addition, pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties were assessed using ADMETlab 2.0. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies of EMDT were − 6.9891 eV and − 6.9600 eV, respectively, indicating a narrow energy gap consistent with moderate chemical reactivity. MEP and Mulliken charge analyses identified distinct electrophilic and nucleophilic regions within the molecule. NBO analysis revealed significant intramolecular charge transfer and hyperconjugative interactions contributing to molecular stability. NLO calculations showed enhanced nonlinear optical response compared to standard reference molecules. Molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable binding affinities of − 8.30 kcal/mol and − 8.90 kcal/mol toward AChE, indicating strong ligand–enzyme interactions. ADMET analysis suggested that EMDT exhibits acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness behavior. The integrated computational results indicate that EMDT possesses stable electronic characteristics, significant intramolecular interactions, promising nonlinear optical properties, and favorable binding affinity toward acetylcholinesterase. These findings suggest that EMDT can be considered a potential candidate for further exploration in both pharmaceutical research and advanced functional material applications.
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a critical enzyme in purine biosynthesis, catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the conversion of IMP to XMP. IMPDH exists in two isoforms, IMPDH1 and IMPDH2, with IMPDH2 being the predominant isoform in proliferating cells such as Human erythroleukemic K562 cells (K562). Inhibiting IMPDH disrupts nucleotide balance, impairing DNA/RNA synthesis and cell growth. This study compares two IMPDH inhibitors: mycophenolic acid (MPA), a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor affecting both isoforms but more potently IMPDH2, and Sappanone A (SPA), which covalently binds Cys140 on IMPDH2, allosterically blocking the catalytic site. Both inhibitors deplete nucleotide pools, disrupt the cell cycle, and modulate stress responses. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were examined using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry. Erythroid differentiation was measured by benzidine staining. IMPDH activity was spectrophotometrically measured. Gene expression of p21, p53, c-MYC, FOXO3a, E2F1, Caspase-9, and IMPDH1/2 was assessed by qRT-PCR. IMPDH2 localization and rod-and-ring (RR) structures were examined via immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Both MPA and SPA caused dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in K562 cells; however, SPA induced greater apoptosis and G2 phase arrest, upregulated p21, p53, and Caspase-9, and also increased c-MYC, while MPA induced G1 arrest, mild apoptosis, erythroid differentiation, and formation of RR structures. These findings indicate that MPA and SPA exert distinct cellular effects through IMPDH inhibition in K562 cells, with MPA promoting mild apoptosis, G1 phase arrest, erythroid differentiation, and IMPDH structural modulation, whereas SPA induces stronger apoptosis and G2 phase arrest without differentiation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of modifying micron-sized mZnO powders with nY2O3 nanoparticles in the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 wt
We present a systematic extension of the black hole–string correspondence to Reissner–Nordström (RN) spacetimes, establishing a consistent framework for analyzing charged black holes within string theory. In addition, we identify the physically admissible region in the mass–coupling ( M – g_s ) parameter space, demonstrating that the transition curve separates black hole and string phases while excluding the superextremal regime ( Q^2 > G_N M^2 ), where classical horizons cease to exist. We analyze entropy matching at the correspondence scale r_+ = ℓ _s . At this point the horizon area becomes fixed, A = 4πℓ _s^2 , leading to a universal Bekenstein–Hawking entropy S_BH = π / g_s^2 . The charge dependence enters implicitly through the critical coupling g_s^crit(M,Q) that determines where a given charged configuration intersects the crossover curve. We show that electric charge shifts the correspondence to systematically weaker coupling compared to the neutral case and organizes the admissible phase space into a wedge bounded by extremality ( Q^2 = G_N M^2 ) and the string crossover curve. The resulting phase diagrams provide a complete macroscopic mapping of charged RN configurations within the correspondence framework.
In this article, the geometric process (GP) is employed to conduct statistical inference for accelerated life testing under constant stress, using type-I censoring within the Power function distribution (PFD). The lifespans of test items forms a GP as stress levels increases. The maximum likelihood estimation approach is applied to obtain both point and interval estimates of the model parameters. In addition, Bayesian estimation is carried out via the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure, incorporating the squared error loss function (SELF), the general entropy loss function (GELF), and the linear exponential loss function (LINEX). The performance of these estimation methods is evaluated through simulation studies, and their practical applicability is demonstrated using two real datasets.
In this paper, we study n-secondary submodules and introduce the concept of weakly n-secondary submodules. Then we investigate some basic properties of this class of submodules.
Let 𝔄 be a prime * -algebra containing a nontrivial projection, and let Ψ = {ψ _m}_m∈ℕ be a family of nonlinear mappings satisfying ψ _m(A_1 ♢ _1 ⋯♢ _n A_n+1) =∑ _[ r_1+⋯ +r_n+1=m ]ψ _r_1(A_1) ♢ _1 ⋯♢ _n ψ _r_n+1(A_n+1) for all A_1, A_2, ⋯ , A_n+1∈𝔄 and n ≥ 2 . In this article, we prove that Ψ ={ψ _m}_m∈ℕ is an additive higher * -derivation, except in the case where n is even and ♢ _2u-1 = · , ♢ _2u = ∘ for 1 ≤ u ≤ [n/2] . For this exceptional case, a conjecture is proposed in the paper. As applications, we characterize the structure of such nonlinear mixed bi-skew Jordan-type higher derivations on factor von Neumann algebras.
This paper investigates a coordinated search problem in three-dimensional space when the target location is random and described by a spatial probability distribution. The search region is modeled as a spherical domain centered at the origin and partitioned into N symmetric spherical sectors, each assigned to a search agent. Within its sector, each agent performs an expanding radial search combined with systematic scanning of spherical surfaces. Using spherical coordinates and a probabilistic decomposition of the domain into successive spherical shells, an analytical expression for the expected detection time is derived. The optimal search strategy is obtained by minimizing the expected detection time with respect to the sequence of expansion radii. For the case of a spherical normal distribution, explicit probabilistic expressions are obtained and recursive relations are established that characterize the optimal radii ensuring monotone spatial coverage. The analytical formulation further allows asymptotic analysis with respect to the number of searchers, showing that the expected detection time decreases as the number of coordinated agents increases. Numerical experiments illustrate the theoretical results and highlight the influence of key parameters on search efficiency. The proposed framework extends coordinated sector-based search models from planar environments to three-dimensional domains and provides a scalable mathematical basis for multi-agent search operations under spatial uncertainty.
This study investigated genetic variation associated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treatment in in vitro–grown shoots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Agria, Marfona, and Lady Olympia using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Shoot-tip explants were exposed to different EMS concentrations and exposure durations, and regenerated plantlets were analyzed to evaluate molecular polymorphism. Out of 24 ISSR primers screened, 11 produced clear and reproducible polymorphic banding patterns. ISSR analysis revealed differences in band profiles among cultivars and treatment combinations, indicating treatment- and genotype-associated genetic variation. The highest polymorphism level was observed in the Agria cultivar, while lower levels were recorded in Marfona and Lady Olympia. Cluster analysis (UPGMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed partial grouping of samples according to genetic similarity, with some EMS-treated individuals displaying divergence from control samples. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that most genetic variation was distributed within cultivars, while a smaller proportion was attributed to differences among cultivars. Overall polymorphism was slightly higher in EMS-treated samples compared with controls, suggesting that EMS treatment may contribute to detectable molecular variation under in vitro conditions. However, ISSR markers detect dominant banding patterns and do not directly confirm specific mutation events. Therefore, the observed variation should be interpreted as EMS-associated genetic diversity rather than confirmed EMS-induced mutations. These findings demonstrate that ISSR markers can be effectively used as a preliminary tool to assess genetic variation induced under mutagenic conditions in potato breeding materials.
The Daitari Iron Ore Deposit in the Singhbhum Craton, India, hosts ultrahigh-grade blue dust, a naturally occurring friable and powdery hematite-rich iron ore, with Fe2O3 contents up to 95.52 wt
Currently, many coal mines involve the mining of ultra-close coal seams. The extraction of the upper coal seam leads to a complex stress environment and well-developed fractures within the rock mass of the lower coal seam, which severely compromises the stability of the roadway surrounding rock. Consequently, these factors pose significant challenges to the rational layout of roadways and the design of support schemes, especially for coal seam spacings below 10 m, no relevant studies have been documented in existing literature. To address these issues, the rational layout and support technology of the mining roadway in the No. 3 lower coal seam were investigated in this study, with the Chaili Coal Mine serving as the engineering background. It addresses the difficult problems concerning rational roadway layout and support under a coal seam spacing of only 5 m. Through a comprehensive approach involving theoretical analysis, DEM numerical modeling, FEM numerical modeling and field measurements, The stress and displacement distribution patterns of the roadway in lower coal seam under various location conditions have been analyzed. The results indicate that an inward location 4 m from the goaf is the optimal position for the roadway layout. During the mining process of the upper coal seam, the floor is severely affected by mining disturbances, resulting in significant rock mass damage. The floor damage zone is categorized into a crushed zone and a fracture zone from the surface downwards, with depths of 5 m and 10.6 m, respectively. Based on these findings, a combined support technology of “prestressed bolt-mesh-cable + steel ladder + anchor beam” was proposed. Borehole imaging revealed that the rock mass remains relatively intact at medium depths within the roof. The measured surface deformations of the roadway obtained from field monitoring are 70 mm, 67 mm, 75 mm and 86 mm, respectively. These results verify the effectiveness of the support scheme in controlling both shallow and deep surrounding rock. The findings provide a reference for similar engineering projects.
Embryonal carcinoma is a type of aggressive testicular cancer, specifically a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor, that tends to grow rapidly and spread outside the testicle. Bleomycin and etoposide are the most common chemotherapy combinations for this cancer. This study aimed to investigate inhibitory effects of bleomycin and etoposide combination on proliferation and migration of NCCITs as embryonal carcinoma cells. According to the MTT assay, bleomycin and etoposide showed cytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 127 and 105 μM respectively. The combination of bleomycin and etoposide at a fixed molar ratio of 1:1 produced an additive cytotoxic effect (IC50: 55 μM for each drug) as demonstrated by combination index calculation and isobologram analysis using CompuSyn software. In combination therapy, bleomycin and etoposide indicate favorable dose reduction vs. as a single drug (DRI > 1). According to real time PCR analysis, combination of etoposide and bleomycin for 48 h reduced expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers; vimentin (80
Measles persists as a major public-health challenge in Ethiopia, where recurrent outbreaks are driven by suboptimal routine immunization and high susceptibility among children. To characterize these dynamics more accurately, this study investigates a fractional-order measles model using the Caputo derivative, enabling the incorporation of memory and hereditary effects that are not captured by classical integer-order formulations. Model parameters, including the fractional order, are calibrated using weekly Ethiopian measles incidence data. The best-fit model corresponds to α = 0.86 and yields a 3.4% reduction in Root Mean Square Error together with lower Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion values compared to the integer-order model. Within this framework, a fractional optimal control problem is developed by introducing time-dependent vaccination and treatment controls. The optimality conditions derived via Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle are solved numerically to evaluate alternative intervention strategies. Quantitatively, the combined vaccination–treatment strategy reduces the final number of infections by 94% relative to the uncontrolled scenario at α = 0.86 and achieves a 60% reduction compared with its integer-order counterpart; it also lowers the total control cost by approximately 28% under fractional dynamics. Overall, the fractional model provides a more flexible representation of measles transmission by accounting for delayed response and long-range temporal effects inherent in real epidemics. The findings demonstrate that optimally timed, memory-aware vaccination strategies can significantly reduce both disease burden and implementation cost in settings such as Ethiopia, where gaps in routine immunization continue to sustain measles circulation.
This work investigates relativistic electron radiation in a gyro-klystron device, incorporating the effect of beam energy spread and initial perpendicular velocity component. In an optical klystron a drift or dispersion section separates two undulator sections of identical length. Similarly, a dispersion section separates two solenoids of identical length in the gyro-klystron. Based on the cyclotron maser interaction concept, the gyro-klystron produces radiation at the cyclotron resonance frequency when an electron performs helical motion in the first solenoid. The influence of the initial perpendicular velocity component on spectral properties of gyro-klystron is shown in the paper. Findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining a low energy spread parameter to ensure efficient beam–wave interaction. The study shows an effective inverse relationship between energy spread and spectral gain of gyro-klystron, the effect of increasing initial perpendicular velocity component consistently enhances gain and intensity across all values of energy spread parameter. As a result, higher perpendicular velocity values mitigate the beam quality requirements while broadening the operational range of the gyro-klystron. It is also reveals that dispersion strength increases, phase coherence improves, and the spectral bandwidth narrows, indicating stronger resonance. An analytical treatment has been applied for the formulation of the gain expression.
Producing TiO2 thin film by reactive DC sputtering has attracted considerable interest owing to its widespread applications in optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Three TiO2 thin films were prepared on glass in situ by reactive DC sputtering at various oxygen flow rates without heat treatment, with good film uniformity. The films were examined for structural and optical properties. X-ray diffraction reveals better crystallinity is in films produced at a moderate O2 flow ratio (in an argon blend). UV-Visible absorbance reveals that the films have band gaps at 3.80 (for Ar:O2 90:10), 3.75 (for Ar:O2 80:20, and 3.65 eV (for Ar:O2 70:30). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the formation of the Ti–O bond.
The demand for environmentally benign ferroelectric oxides has intensified in recent years, driven both by ecological concerns and the search for high-performance multifunctional materials. Sodium zincate (Na2ZnO2) has emerged as a material of interest owing to its chemical robustness, non-toxic nature, and structural adaptability. Nonetheless, its relatively wide electronic bandgap and only moderate ferroelectric activity restrict its usefulness in advanced electronic and optoelectronic systems. In the present work, nickel (Ni) was introduced at the zinc site to overcome these drawbacks, with the aim of simultaneously tailoring the structural, electrical, and optical behavior of Na2ZnO2. Polycrystalline ceramics with Ni concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 mol
The changes in vegetation cover in Mecca City, Saudi Arabia, from 2014 to 2024 are analyzed in this research, utilizing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat imagery. The NDVI provides valuable information on vegetation density and health, offering insights into environmental changes over time. The findings suggest that the city witnessed a positive shift in vegetation health over the span of ten years, mainly attributed to an increase in precipitation (66.9 mm, measured as the difference in mean annual rainfall between 2014 and 2023 derived from CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data), representing a notable departure from the decade-long baseline) and human-driven water conservation initiatives, though the statistical significance of this trend relative to long-term climatic norms warrants cautious interpretation given the limited record length. The vegetation in the research area was classified into four groups: Dense Vegetation, Moderate Vegetation, Sparse Vegetation/Bare Soil, and No Vegetation (Water/Urban). The research revealed a 2.07
Recently, some classical operators have been modified by incorporating the compactly supported wavelets. In this work, we present a modification of the Szász operators by using the concept of wavelets. We compute the moments and central moments, and investigate various approximation properties associated with these operators.
