A 14-year-old spayed female Poodle developed hypothermia following intravenous and transdermal administration of fentanyl after total mastectomy. Hypothermia was reversed immediately after removal of the fentanyl patch and injection of naloxone. The fact that opioids such as methadone alter the set point of the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus is well known. However, the clinical significance of this has been ignored in small animal practice. If persistent hypothermia of unknown cause is encountered in patients sedated with fentanyl, the fentanyl should be considered as a possible cause. In such case, the hypothermia can be effectively treated by discontinuing the fentanyl and administering an opiate antagonist.
Puerperal metritis is an inflammation of animal uterus around one month of calving. This condition is usually caused by bacterial infection of uterus and considered as one of the most economically important diseases in Indian water buffaloes. The present study was conducted to determine the clinical interventions, clinical signs, bacteriological examination and evaluation of the treatment efficacy of postpartum metritis in Indian water buffaloes. A total of 18 buffaloes with clinical signs of metritis and calving of approximately 1 month were selected for the study and examined clinically including gross external inspection, transrectal palpation of the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. Uterine discharges from the uterine lumen of each buffalo were collected for isolation of bacteria. Uterine discharge samples were cultured on general growth media and selective media for bacterial isolation. Bacteria were identified based on colony, morphological, biochemical characteristics, and confirmed by PCR based amplification of specific genes. The most prevalent bacteria in uterine discharge were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiogram revealed that most of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to cefaperazone and gentamicin with sensitivity of 88.88% and 83.33%, respectively. Buffaloes were treated with intrauterine infusion of 2% povidone-iodine and systemically with cefaperazone and hormonal treatment (cloprostenol). Buffaloes with puerperal metritis showed good clinical recovery, uterine involution with this treatment and conceived after artificial insemination.
Objective: To investigate whether methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) benefits anti-inflammation of dogs undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Animals: Fifty-seven client-owned dogs. Methods: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with myxomatous mitral valve disease that underwent mitral valve repair surgery using CPB between November 2016 and March 2017 were reviewed. This period included a period which MPSS was used for every dog (MP group) and a period which MPSS wasn't used (non-MP group). Signalment, blood test results, intra-operative events, postoperative complications, and 30-day mortality were compared between the groups. Results: There were 24 dogs in the MP group and 26 dogs in the non-MP group. Seven dogs were excluded in this study. No significant differences were observed between the MP and non-MP groups for all parameters evaluated. Of note, the three dogs that died within 30 days of surgery all exhibited postoperative acute respiratory failure and belonged to the MP group. The cause of acute respiratory failure was unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, suspected acute respiratory distress syndromes, and pulmonary edema for each case. Conclusion: The validity of using MPSS during CPB in mitral valve repair for dogs could not be verified in this study. Further studies are necessary to evaluate its relation with postoperative complications.
Objective To evaluate the effects of Epimedium extract on osteoporotic fracture healing in rats via the Notch signaling pathway. Methods A total of 60 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group, n=12), osteoporotic fracture model group (OVX group, n=12), low-dose icariin group (ICA-L group, n=12), medium-dose icariin group (ICA-M group, n=12) and high-dose icariin group (ICA-H group, n=12). Ovariectomy was performed in each group except Sham group, and the rat model of femoral fracture was established after 3 months After successful modeling, the rats in Sham group and OVX group were gavaged with 0.9% sodium chloride solution at a dose of 10 mL/ (kg.d-1), while those in ICA-L, ICA-M and ICA-H groups were gavaged with ICA solution at a dose of 50 mg/(kg.d-1), 100 mg/(kg.d-1) and 150 mg/(kg.d-1), respectively. After drug administration for 12 consecutive weeks, the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur was detected using a dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer, the content of serum osteocalcin (OC), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and estradiol (E2) was determined using kits, and the bone trabecula and changes in trabecular microstructure were detected through micro-CT scan. The protein expression levels of Notchl, Jagged1 and Hes-1 in bone tissues were determined using Western blotting. Results After drug administration for 12 weeks, the content of serum ALP and TRAP significantly declined, while the content of E2 and OC rose in ICA groups compared with those in OVX group, and they had statistically significant differences between ICA-H group and OVX group (P<0.05). In ICA groups, the trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone volume/tissue volume ratio (BV/TV) and BMD were increased compared with those in OVX group, showing statistically significant differences (P<0.05), while the trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) was significantly smaller than that in OVX group, showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Western blotting revealed that ICA obviously increased the protein expressions of Notchl, Jaggedl and Hes-1 in femoral tissues of rats. Conclusion Epimedium extract ICA exerts a good therapeutic effect on rats with osteoporotic fractures, whose mechanism is that ICA upregulates Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes-1 protein expressions, thereby regulating the Notch signal transduction pathway.
Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common surgical complication in small animal surgery. Wound infections cause suffering for the animal, increase morbidity and mortality rates, are an economical burden, and escalate and prolong the use of antibiotics. Veterinary surgical use of prophylactic antibiotics is directly extrapolated from human studies, because of the limited number of studies on animals. The purpose of this pilot study was to analyse whether preoperative prophylactic antibiotics prevented superficial SSIs on dogs; in this study SSIs are measured as exuding wounds. The study population for this prospective cohort study was collected from northern and central European veterinary practises belonging to a European veterinary care company, AniCura. Clean and clean-contaminated incisional surgeries on dogs were included. Dogs were categorized to either a nonantibiotic group (group 1) or a preoperative antibiotic group (group 2). Antibiotic administration was documented, and wound follow-up was done 7 to 10 days postoperatively to observe signs of wound infection. The wound appearance was evaluated in an appointment or by telephone consultation with the owner. Results Twenty-six out of 400 dogs (6.5%) in group 1 developed superficial SSI compared with 18 out of 316 dogs (5.7%) in group 2. We found not enough evidence that the preoperative antibiotic treatment decreased superficial surgical site infection rate (p-value 0.656). Conclusions This pilot study suggests that preoperative prophylactic antibiotics should not be used preventively on dogs in clean and clean-contaminated surgeries.
Avulsion is a very rare traumatic injury in dogs which involves complete displacement of a tooth from the alveolar socket. This paper describes the implantation and prosthetic rehabilitation of a complete displaced left maxillary lateral incisor. A 2-stage dental implant placement was applied. The primary and secondary implant stability were measured using resonance frequency analysis. Six months later and following a successful osseointegration, a metal ceramic crown was made and cemented. The dog's owner should be introduced to the treatment and possible complications as well as the dog's future diet, teeth care and regular checkups of periodontal tissues.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of canine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) on the growth of Escherichia coli that were pre-treated with antimicrobials, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, or orbifloxacin. The growth of E. coli ATCC25922 was evaluated during 2 h after a 10 min exposure to each drug (at maximum blood concentration in dogs) followed by the addition of canine PMNs. In the absence of antimicrobials, bacterial growth was significantly inhibited by 2 h co-culture with canine PMNs (p < 0.01 or 0.05). The exposure with amoxicillin or cephalexin had no significant impact on bacterial growth either in the presence or the absence of PMNs (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the exposure with orbifloxacin significantly inhibited bacterial growth either in the presence or the absence of PMNs (p < 0.01 or 0.05). Our results revealed that the canine PMNs were the primary contributors to bacterial growth inhibition. However, brief exposure to orbifloxacin (but not amoxicillin or cephalexin) resulted in significant PMN-independent bactericidal activity. We believe that the relationship with PMN may vary by antimicrobial drug, and should be taken into account, together with its antibacterial activity and risk of antimicrobial resistance, in antimicrobial treatment for bacterial infections in dogs.
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is one of the surgical techniques used to stabilize the cranial cruciate ligament deficient (CCL) canine stifle joint. However, tibial tuberosity fractures have been reported to occur as one of the possible complications associated with TTA. Tension band wiring (TBW) is the gold standard to repair avulsion fractures. This is based on a previous in vitro study confirming that TBW increases resistance of the TTA fixation failure. Simultaneous bilateral procedure in 15 large-breed and overweigh dogs >48 kg was carried out prospectively. In this clinical case series, 93% of dogs recovered with only minor issues after the bilateral CCL rupture repair, showing only some infrequent or intermittent lameness. One dog required cage removal. This study has shown that the use of a tension band wire technique for TTA is an effective technique for bilateral simultaneous repair on large obese dogs. This novel configuration has the advantage of allowing removal the cage more easily later if needed and avoids any possibility of fracturing the dorsal tip of the tibial tuberosity under the patella ligament. The results of this preliminary clinical study are encouraging and warrant further investigation.
The present study aimed to evaluate the possibilities for fetal number estimation in Bulgarian White milk goats by transvaginal ultrasonography. The experiment was carried out with 64 animals submitted to estrus synchronization by intravaginal sponges for 12 days and PMSG injection at the time of sponge removal. All goats were twice mated by a fertile buck 12 hours apart after heat detection by a teaser animal Serial transvaginal ultrasound examinations with endocavity probe with a frequency of 7.5 MHz were performed at days 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 after the last mating (Day 0). Ultrasonographic criteria for pregnancy were visualization of enlarged uterine lumen and embryo. The results were compared with the parturition data. The accuracy (Ac), sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the method were calculated and processed by computer statistical software. The influence of the factor time of examination on the parameters of the method was determined by correlation analysis, and the comparison of the values of the parameters during the individual periods was performed by a non-parametric statistical method for comparison of proportions. From all pregnant goats (92.2%), 59.4% were diagnosed with singletons and 32.8% with twins. On Day 25 the values of Ac, Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV were 67.2%, 82%, 14.3%, 77.3%, and 18.2%, respectively. On Day 35, Ac (87.5%), Se (96.3%), Sp (40.0%), PPV (89.6%) and NPV (66.7%) differed statistically (P<0.05) with values for the same findings on Day 25 Similar differences were recorded for day 40 and 45, with the highest significance (P<0.001) between days 25 and 45. In conclusion, transvaginal ultrasonography can be recommended for estimation of the foetal number in goats. The most suitable period for correct diagnosis is day 45 after mating or artificial insemination.
Obesity in dogs is increasingly present in the veterinary practice. In humans, it is known that there is a significant correlation between obesity and the development of hypertension and insulin resistance (IR), a clinical picture called metabolic syndrome. In dogs, however, there are only anecdotes about the syndrome. The objectives of this study were to determine serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, homeostasis assessment of B cell function (HOMA-B), homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in dogs with different body conditions (BC) and body fat (BF) without endocrine disease. For this purpose, 76 healthy dogs were submitted to evaluation of body conditions score (BCS) and morphometry. The dogs were separated into 3 groups: optimal BC [BCS 3,4, or 5 of 9 and BF% of 13 to 27-Group 1 (G1)], overweight [BCS 6 and 7 of 9 and BF% of 14 to 38- Group 2 (G2)], obese [BCS 8 and 9 of 9 and BF% greater than or equal to 34-Group 3 (G3)]. G3 presented higher serum levels of total protein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Adipokines did not correlate to any other parameter, but the occurrence of hyperinsulinemia was higher in G3. The results have shown that obese dogs presented IR and alterations in fat metabolism.
We performed this study to characterize the difference between the inflammatory and non-inflammatory status in diseased dogs by measuring salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. In addition, we assessed whether a correlation exists between CRP levels in saliva and those in serum. CRP levels were measured in 32 client-owned dogs, which were then divided into inflammation and non-inflammation groups based on the serum CRP level. The salivary CRP level was higher in the inflammation group than in the non-inflammation group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the salivary and serum CRP levels (R = 0.866, p < 0.001). These data suggest that canine salivary CRP measurements can effectively and non-invasively detect an inflammatory state in dogs.
To evaluate the correlation between paraneoplastic syndrome and clinical outcomes, 54 dogs with multicentric lymphoma that received the same induction chemotherapy, including cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone, were retrospectively analyzed. Paraneoplastic syndrome was defined as a diagnosis of anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or hypercalcemia at the first blood examination and cancer cachexia and fever at first presentation in dogs with lymphoma. The complete remission rate and progression-free interval were significantly higher and longer in dogs without paraneoplastic syndrome than in dogs with paraneoplastic syndrome (P = .046 and P = .024), respectively. Anemia was significantly associated with a decreased progression free interval in univariable Cox regression analysis and decreased survival time in multivariable Cox regression analyses (P = .036 and P = .041). Multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that dogs with thrombocytopenia had significantly longer survival time (P = .016). These findings indicate that anemia can be a negative prognostic factor and thrombocytopenia can be a positive prognostic factor in canine lymphoma.
Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is viral pathogen causing severe diarrhea, respiratory system infections, and winter dysentery in calves. In the present study, we detected BCV in diarrhea newborn yaks in Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), China. The molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of BCV were performed by using the hemagglutinin (HE) gene and nucleocapsid protein (N) gene. The two genes sequencing homology were 99.0% to the reference strains (China isolates). The phylogenetic trees were all composed of four major clusters, the QTPA strains always were located in the same cluster along with the China strains. The evolutionary rate of BCV HE gene and N gene was estimated to be 4.1805x10(-4) and 1.3338x10(-4) substitutions/site/year. This study is a timely investigation for BCV and provides the epidemiological information of this virus in QTPA. Therefore, further studies are needed to carry out to determine the prevalence of BCV infection in yaks and other calves of diarrheic disease, and the study highlights the urgency to develop effective measures to control BCV in QTPA of China.
White fatty tissue is an extremely important tissue through the whole spectrum, but it is also a source of non-tumorous changes, including tumorous changes. Early diagnosis followed by surgical intervention markedly improves the prognosis. In this process, the veterinary pathologist plays an important role due to examination of white fatty lesions, which lead to a final diagnosis with clear differentiation between a non-tumorous changes, benign, or malignant tumours. The objective of this work is to describe our experiences with white fatty lesions diagnosis in dogs. One lipoma, one infiltrative lipoma, one fibrolipoma, one angiolipoma, one inflammatory lipoma, one nodular panniculitis, one well-differentiated liposarcoma, and one pleomorphic liposarcoma are described. In well differentiated tumour, for the gold standard remains haematoxylineosin staining. From the microscopic point of view, part of the fatty lesions and tumours can be mistaken for different histopatho-logical units, but with different prognostic significance. Here especially other poorly differentiated mesenchymal spindle, cellular, or spiral tumours types can resembling poorly differentiated liposarcoma. Even for some experienced veterinary pathologists this not a problem. Nevertheless, we suggest additional histochemical and immunohistochemical investigations. Currently well known and standardised methods like Oil Red "0", Sudan black, Vimentin, Cytokeratin, and S-100 antibodies are discussed. Also for this, reason information from clinics is very important and veterinary pathologists need to be in closer relationship with clinical colleagues and communication should be more specific and informative.Y
Three dogs with chronic kidney disease were treated with Azodyl for more than 1 year. Azodyl induced a significant improvement in appetite, as well as an increase in body weight, improvement in lethargy, and decrease in blood urea nitrogen and/or creatinine levels, allowing for the discontinuation of fluid therapy.
The present case reports an unusual case of vertically transmitted Theleria annulata induced corneal opacity in day old crossbred cattle calf. The case was presented with history of severe dejection, sternal recumbency, anorexia, pyrexia, clouding of eye, and no response to ceftriaxone and meloxicam administration for last 2 days. Clinical examinations revealed absence of prescapular lymphadenopathy and presence of exophthalmos and corneal opacity. Fecal floatation, complete blood count, blood smear, and lymph node biopsy examination were performed to make a confirmatory diagnosis. Blood smear reveals presence of several piroplasm organisms in erythrocytes. Case was efficiently and safely managed by using single deep Intramuscular injection of Buparvaquone at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight along with long acting oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg body weight every third day along with supportive therapy. The combination was well tolerated by the calf with complete recovery with subsidence of corneal opacity within one week.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important viral pathogen of the cattle industry worldwide. BVDV has a very broad host range and can infect domestic and wild ruminants as well as swine. Recently, the goat industry has increasingly developed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). However, very limited information is available about BVDV infection in goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of BVDV infection in goats and determine the subtype of BVDV circulating in the ROK. Between 2018 and 2019, a total of 659 blood samples were collected from Boer goats in the ROK. All these goats did not exhibit any clinical signs. Thirtyone (4.7%) samples were identified to be positive for BVDV infection by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'- untranslated region revealed that 27 samples and 1 sample were classified into BVDV1b and BVDV-2a, respectively. BVDV-1b isolates identified in goats exhibited genetic variation. This may have occurred under the following scenarios: interspecies transmission, pre-adaptation in goat, and goat-to-goat transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BVDV-1b infection in goats in the ROK. The results have important implications for goat production. These results suggest that goats may act as virus reservoir hosts for BVDV infection. The information highlights the importance for the control and prevention of BVDV infection in goats.
This study analyzed the impact of carbofuran (CF) on blood parameters, serum biochemistry, and histopathological examination of immune organs of cattle egret. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in RBC count, PCV (%), Hb, MCH, MCHC, MCV, basophils (%), and monocytes (%) in CF exposed cattle egret. Lymphocytes (%) of CF exposed cattle egret were significantly (P<0.05) high, while lymphocytes (%), eosinophils (%) were significantly (P<0.05) low. Significantly high (P<0.05) values of ALT, AST, and creatinine were found in serum samples of CF exposed cattle egret, but they have significantly (P<0.05) low value of blood urea nitrogen. In CF exposed cattle egret mild lymphocytic depletion in some bursal follicles, mild to moderate necrosis and lymphocytic depletion in spleen and plasmacytosis in the cortical region followed by mild degenerative changes in immune cells were found in the thymus. It can be concluded that exposure to CF has a signifi-cant impact on hematological, biochemical parameters while causing hepatic perturba-tion and histological changes in immune organs of cattle egret.
Objective The goal of this study is to compare the performance of two assay methodologies for the measurement of fructosamine in canine serum and plasma. This study is not intended to validate either reagent, but to highlight differences between these reagents. Background Serum fructosamine is used clinically to examine average glucose level over a one to two week period. Determination of serum fructosamine can eliminate the necessity of multiple serum glucose measurements since it is not affected by short-term fluctuations in blood glucose levels. It is one of the most common alternatives used for assessment of glycemic control in diabetic patients. Methods A Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) fructosamine assay and a FructosaminaseT fructosamine assay were tested for correlation, precision, stability, and interference for the measurement of fructosamine in canine serum and plasma. Results The NBT assay is more precise but low and intermediate fructosamine values were indistinguishable compared to the FructosaminaseT assay. High levels of lipid, hemolysis, or icterus may interfere significantly with both methodologies. Conclusions Both assays are useful for measuring serum and plasma fructosamine levels in canine samples but they do not correlate well and cannot be used interchangeably. Storage conditions, matrix used, (serum or plasma), and interference from lipemia, icterus, and hemolysis affect these assays differently. This highlights the need to interpret patient results carefully, particularly when they may come from multiple laboratories or clinics.
Intersexual individuals have both female and male genital tissues. We have described a case of an intersexual pig, which was identified during veterinary inspection of pigs at slaughterhouse. This organ represented ovotestis. Half of its tissues was represented by ovarian tissue resembling ovary by polycystic ovary syndrome. Another half was represented by testicular tissue with signs of germ cell aplasia. These observations can contribute to understanding the expression of intersexuality and intersexuality-reduced infertility in pigs, whose should be withdrawn from commercial and reproductive breeds. The careful analysis of reproductive organs of pigs with veterinarian diagnosis "intersexuality" by various methods is recommended.
