Cancer is a threat to humanity in this era. The new cases are sharply increasing. The cancer death also a major problem of the recent time. In this review the various treatment options available are described. The cancer types also explained. The WHO data of various new cases of cancer are depicted in the form of graph. The alternate therapies are reviewed .These alternate therapies are a hope now for the future cancer therapy. The future prospects of cancer therapy also explained.
Background & Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents the mildest form of thyroid hormone deficiency and may be associated with adverse consequences. SCH is defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) that affects up to 10% of the adult population. The identification of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism having an increased cardiovascular risk is of great importance in the present era. The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 120 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 120 age and gender matched healthy euthyroid controls in the age group of 18-70 years were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and levels of serum biomarkers were estimated in both the groups and further compared using student t-test. Lipid profile was also correlated with the serum ADMA & IL-6 and the results were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had significantly higher levels of serum TSH, IL-6 and ADMA. Similarly, serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased and HDL-C was significantly decreased in SCH patients when compared to the same parameters of controls (p<0.001). Significant positive correlations were found among lipid profile and serum IL-6 & ADMA. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the SCH patients presented increased concentrations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors viz. IL-6, ADMA & lipid profile. The potential benefits of diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism may have possible advantages firstly by preventing the progression to overt hypothyroidism and secondly decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by starting appropriate therapy to improve lipid parameters.
Background: Golden apple snail (P. canaliculata) is an invasive pest which destroyed the wide range of agricultural crops, especially rice. It has been found to be a major pest resulting to losses in rice production. To control this pest easily farmers used synthetic molluscicides which can lead to several problems such as environmental contamination and health hazards. In view of this, some plants have been investigated for their intrinsic molluscicidal properties in an attempt to find an alternative pesticide which is not only safe and environmental friendly but also readily available and affordable. The development of the natural molluscicide would bring a healthier environment, safe to human and results to the increased food production. Hence, the study addresses the SDG 15, Life on Land and SDG 2, Zero Hunger. This study aims to determine the molluscicidal activity of chinese spinach (A. viridis) leaf extracts against the hatchability of P. canaliculata eggs. Methods: Plant samples were prepared and extracted using expression extraction method. Different concentrations of molluscicides using the extracts of A. viridis were prepared. Four experimental treatments based on the A. viridis extract concentration (i.e. 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), one negative control (distilled water), and one positive control (commercially available synthetic molluscicide) were used in the study. Results: Results showed that the leaf extracts of A. viridis altered the normal development P. canaliculata eggs. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that A. viridis is a potential alternative pesticide that inhibit the hatchability of the golden apple snail and which is not only safe and environment friendly but also readily available and affordable that will surely benefit farmers.
Background: The vast number of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) in the Philippines is one of the serious problems of rice producers. Synthetic pesticides were utilized by farmers because of its effectiveness. However, the use of chemicals result to environmental pollution, eradication of non-target organisms and unsafe products due to the toxicity of applied chemicals. This study introduce the key and response to this environmental problems through extraction of cashew apple (Anarcadium occidentale Linn.) as an alternative molluscicides which is environmentally friendly and effective pesticide against golden apple snail. The development of the natural molluscicide would bring a healthier environment, safe to human and results to the increased food production that addresses the Sustainable Goal Development such as Life on Land (SDG 15) and Zero Hunger (SDG 2). Methods: The golden apple snails were collected at the pond, nurtured, raised and allowed to lay eggs. The hatched eggs were nurtured until they reached the adult stage. The cashew apple were collected and extracted using manual juicer. There were six treatments with three replications. The golden apple snails were subjected to the different treatments and observed within eight hours. The percentage mortality in each treatment were computed. Results: After eight (8) hours of exposure of the golden apple snails to the different treatments, the pure extract of cashew apple (T1) obtained 93.3% mortality which is comparable with the commercially available synthetic molluscicide (T6-positive control). Conclusions: The results indicated that the extract of cashew apple is a potential molluscicide that may improve the food safety (rice) and protect the health of every Filipino farmers.
The aim of the current study is to determine the virulence genes of E. faecalis and polymorphism in these bacteria. A total of 300 females who visited the outpatient clinics in the Maternity and Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniya city, Iraq were enrolled. For twenty isolates of E. faecalis that showed dense growth when cultured on the specified culture media, then the sensitivity to antibiotics was tested, and then the virulence genes were determined for each isolate, where the results were shown there are statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the presence of virulence genes in the tested bacterial isolates. (where the genetic analysis by PCR showed the presence of all virulence genes, except for isolate 3 of the gene esp (Enterococcal surface production protein), and isolates 11, 12, 15, 16 and 19 of the hly gene (haemolysin production). ERlC results showed the most of the isolates share a DNA segment of length 1500, 1000 bp, and 2000 pb. The curve also shows that most of the isolates lack the presence of the segment of length 500 pb. As for the pieces of 700, 600 and 400 bp, they showed a very high heterogeneity between the isolates. ln conclusion, most genes responsible for virulence factors were positive, except for hly, which showed positive results for nearly more than half of the isolates, that the virulence factors of said bacteria are a major focus of infection in said bacteria, and if these genes are not available, they are unable to hit or stick to the surface of the vagina. There were two types of genetic polymorphism in strains, one of which is caused by horizontal transmission between strains via plasmids and other horizontal transmission methods, and the other is caused by vertical transmission through mutations that occur between generations, causing high resistance to some antibiotics. vitality.
In this study, we are interested in the epilepsy seizures problem. Indeed, we used binary SVM to predict the ongoing seizures and multiclass SVM to predict different states of patients' epilepsy. Brain activity is used as an efficient source for predicting seizures, it's recorded in Electroencephalography (EEG) segments signal. We propose and compare in this paper, three ideas select channels: the highest frequency channels, the channels of the left part of the head, and the channels of the right part of the head. A features extraction stage is important to produce a rich and relevant dataset, in effect, 22 features are calculated for each segment of 5 min from EEG signal. A binary SVM is used to predict the ongoing seizures named pre-ictal, and a one-versus-all multi-class SVM is used to predict four classes (pre-ictal, ictal, inter-ictal, and post-ictal). A classification rate toward 97%, on the selected channels corpus, was achieved by SVM (binary and multiclass) with the majority of patients.
Growing competition has necessitated the need for constant innovation and improvement for all the organizations; so as to survive. Customer’s have become more calculative and desire maximum value for money. At the same time, the quality of the product also plays a significant role in satisfying a customer. Customer Satisfaction has become the key to success. To emphasis on this aspect of marketing, an attempt has been made to study the customer’s satisfaction, their loyalty and their demand in relation to Cadbury Products. This study is an empirical study based on primary data where the sample for the study consists of 100 respondents. The data for the study has been collected using questionnaires. Secondary sources of data include internet, books and magazines. The data collected have been analyzed using basic statistical tools such as tables, graphs and charts. Such analysis has formed the base for the conclusions and recommendations of the study.
Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) is a gram-negative bacteriam.it cause plague disease. Between 30% and 100% of untreated patients die, with pneumonic plague being the deadliest. Chloramphenicol Streptomycin and tetracycline are the three main antibiotics that are used for plague treatment. Even if antibiotics are given right away, 16% of people with bubonic plague and more than 50% of people with pneumonic plague die. The number of plague cases and epidemics over the past 15 years has increased to the point where the disease is now considered reemerging. Researchers have discovered that some strains of the plague are immune to the most effective medications now in use to treat the disease. Y. pestis is worrisome since there is no effective vaccination, it must be treated with antibiotics, and it has a history of being used as a bioweapon. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a worldwide problem. It has been revealed that two strains of Y. pestis are highly resistant to eight antimicrobial medicines used for cure. Additionally, it is resistant to a number of commonly used antibiotics, including ampicillin, kanamycin, and spectinomycin. In subtractive genomics approach the bacterial total proteome is gently nethermost to a few numbers of probable targets for drug. The steps which are applied in this method to detect targets proteins which are non-similar to human and are vital for bacteria and contribution of the sorted out proteins in bacterial pathways of metabolism that are vital for continuity of pathogen. In this study the approach of subtractive genomics is applied on proteins of Y. pestis and culminated with 4 proteins that may be powerful drug targets and novel zestful molecules can be designed against them to cure the bacteria associated infection.
Existing dental restorative materials are largely inert and used to restore lost tooth components. In this article, we will look back at the progress that has been made on a new class of bioactive materials that can not only restore the loss of tooth structure but also serve as therapeutic agents. Replacement of lost minerals, inhibition of recurrent caries, neutralization of acids, repulsion of proteins, suppression of biofilms and acid production, demonstration of low cytotoxicity similar to current resins, protection of dental pulp, and promotion of tertiary dentin formation are all possible with remineralizing and antibacterial composites and bonding agents. The ability to ion release and prevent caries is a promising use for this emerging class of bioactive materials.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the interaction between hyper-video navigation tools (buttons, cognitive maps, and hot spots) and cognitive style (independent of cognitive field / dependent according to the cognitive field) ا on the learning rate of the students at the Department of Education Technology. An experimental approach was used to compare six experimental groups (3*2). The research sample consisted of sixty sixth-grade students from the Department of Learning Techniques, College of Education, University of Jeddah. An embedded figure test (Embedded Figure Test) was used for e-learning technology to determine who is independent of the cognitive field and who is dependent according to the cognitive field. The research sample was divided into six experimental groups, each with ten students. An electronic achievement test was created to measure the learning rate of students. The results showed that the buttons were the appropriate navigation tool for both the independents and the dependents in the cognitive field. That is because the buttons take into account the individual differences between the students, it was concluded that it is the most appropriate tool for roaming through the hyper-video.
The phrase capital structure refers to the sum of all long-term funding sources. These long-term sources of funding include equity share capital, reserves and surplus, preference share capital, loans, and debentures. A corporation must decide how much of its own funds and outside funds, particularly debt financing, it should have. WACC and a firm's value are impacted by the amount of finance. There are four capital structure theories for this, including the traditional, M&M approach, net income, and net operating income.
Background: Non-compliance is one of the major reasons of CL related complications. Various research studies have been done over the past three decades to find reasons for patient non-compliances. Use of CLs over the recommended replacement schedule has been one of the major reasons leading to CLs complications. It is evident that the CLs user are often unaware of their non-compliance towards lens care and maintenance regimen. Even after introduction of daily disposable lenses and one-step multipurpose solution non-compliance towards CLs use is still a major problem in CLs patients. The complications due to patient noncompliance can be sometimes irreversible. This research will help us understand CL user reasons of intentionally or unintentionally being non-compliant to recommended replacement frequency. Method: All CL users willing to share their experience participated in this questionnaire based online survey which was designed with the help of focused group discussion. Results: Most of the CL wearer prefer buying pairs for at least 6 months at a time. Almost 80% of CL wearers do not replace their CL as per MRRF. 70% of those who participated wore CL for more than 10 hours per day. The male and female ratio is almost equal in the participants participated in the research. Conclusion: Research done in the past suggest incomplete knowledge imparted to the wearer or CL forgetting the instructions given to them at dispensing. Research also suggest some CL wearer knowingly are non-compliant to MRRF. This study tries to find loopholes in a CL practice by finding reasons of non-compliance as per CL wearers prospective and probable suggestion from the user itself. An ECP is a paramedical person who has the right to prescribe them, whether according to MRRF or as per their knowledge of the patient’s ocular status. For e.g., an antibiotic medicine is supposed to be prescribed for 3 days or 5 days, once or twice is decided by the medical practitioner prescribing. As this research shows over 50% of the CL wearer said that their 'ECP said its okay'.
Hantaviruses belong to the Bunyaviridae family as a separate genus. It is currently known that there are over 20 serogenotypes/ seroserotypes and that a number of new types are under investigation. The types of Hantaviruses which infect rodents tend to be specific to specific hosts and are primarily found in specific rodent species. As a result of the various types of Hantaviruses and their target organs, Hantaviruses can cause a variety of diseases. There are two major diseases in the world: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hemorrhagic fever with the syndrome (HPS). A new strain of Hantavirus has been observed in progressively increasing numbers within the world as a result of an accelerating increase in Hantavirus cases throughout the world, which represents an issue of public health of great concern across the globe. Hantavirus disease is a relatively new disease, however, its spectrum continues to expand as the number of recognized virus types continues to rise. It has been reported that Hantavirus causes human disease in the British Isles, but at this point, the disease is largely unknown. Hanta viral infection may be underestimated, especially in developing countries, due to its mild asymptomatic nature and lack of standardized laboratory diagnosis in hospitals. There are no simple standardized laboratory diagnoses in hospitals due to its asymptomatic and non-specific nature. Presented is an overview of what is currently known about hantaviruses and hantavirus infections, including their properties, classification, laboratory diagnostics, treatment, and prevention.
Background: Globally obesity rates have more than doubled since 1980 from 5% to 10% in men and 8% to 14% in women. At least 2.8 million people die each year globally, as a result of being overweight or obese. Objective: to study correlation of pulmonary function abnormalities with Serum Lipids and Physical Parameters. Materials & Methods: This was a prospective study done on 40 obese patients during the period from January to December 2012 attending to the Dr. D. Y. Patil Hospital, Mumbai. Results: Obesity is associated with decreased FVC, FEV1, MMEFR, and Restrictive Pattern of PFT. Obese individuals who have undesirable range of hypercholesterolemia tend to have restrictive pattern of pulmonary function test. Undesirable range of hypertriglyceridemia is not associated with any significant abnormality. Body Indices and duration of obesity do not have any significant correlation with lung volumes. Conclusion: It was concluded that Obesity is associated with decreased forced vital capacity. Body mass index, waist hip ratio and triceps fold thickness do not have any significant correlation with lung volumes.
The number of medical data warehouses is expanding quickly these days. As a result, it is difficult for us to predict or analyse these facts in order to uncover hidden knowledge that is valuable. For forecasting medical analysis, many machine learning methods and tools are employed. The most prevalent and well-known malignancy, particularly among women, is breast cancer. It ranks among the leading global causes of death. The sole remedy is early detection, which lowers the mortality rate from breast cancer. Breast cells can develop into cancer, which is known as breast cancer. Breast cancer has recently become a highly serious disease, not just in India but also in other nations. The primary goal of this research is to diagnose breast cancer patients as early as possible. Three machine learning approaches Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression are employed for the early detection and prevention of breast cancer patients. These techniques help reduce waiting times and human and technical errors in breast cancer diagnosis. By employing these methods, we can increase the number of lives saved and decrease the death rate by maximising early diagnosis of breast cancer. The likelihood that an infection will be successfully treated depends on precisely identifying and locating it as soon as possible using logistic regression and SVM. A significant obstacle to the diagnosis of breast cancer is the classification of the appropriate machine learning technique. Thus, in order to analyse risk levels that contribute to prognosis, we developed a model for a breast cancer early prediction system. Doctors can diagnose breast cancer using this experimental study, and patients can benefit from early therapy to prolong their lives.
Using the internet and the World Wide Web, digital advertisers reach potential customers and current ones with promotional messages to get new ones and strengthen ties with the ones they already have. The Internet is a promising platform for establishing two-way communication between companies and their clientele. Marketers are investing more and more in online advertising because of consumers' widespread usage of the internet. This study employed a descriptive research strategy. This study's findings on consumers' buying habits online can be used to gauge the effectiveness of digital marketing campaigns. One hundred fifty locals from Kerala gave the research team invaluable first-hand accounts. The findings of the study indicate that consumers' purchasing decisions were affected by online advertising. Customers, however, consider digitaladvertising to be an entry point into a dialogue with the company whose products they buy.
Background: Non-compliance to manufactures recommended replacement frequency is expected to result in ocular complications. While many reports the percentage of people who are non- compliant, only some report pay attention to the care and maintenance instructions that eye care practitioners provide to their patients. The goal of this study is to draw attention to the instructions imparted by eye care practitioner to their user and explore the measure taken by them to reduce contact lens non-compliance. Method: Eye care practitioner from Mumbai who were willing to provide consent and share their experience participated in this anonymous online survey which was designed with the help of focused group discussion with a panel of experts. Results: Majority of eye care practitioner had 5 years or more clinical experience in the field of contact lens. About 81% contact lens users in their practice were between the age of 20-29 years. These eye care practitioners believed their contact lens user non-compliant to replacement schedule of contact lens, was 35% due to forgetting the actual day of replacement, 46% as they forget to reorder their lenses, 33% believe to do this to save money, 41% believe contact lens user have lack of time and 36% believe they don’t change their lenses as there is no discomfort in continuing. Of all 55% of eye care practitioner agree in giving written information, SMS or telephonic reminder and agreed that increase in follow up would improve compliance. However, 57% of eye care practitioner strongly agree that contact lens practice should be restricted to Eye care practitioner only to increase compliance in contact lens users. Conclusion: Reminders to follow up and to buy contact lens as per their previous purchase can help in reducing majority of non-compliance to replacement schedule. In addition, eye care practitioner strongly agrees to restrict contact lens practice to Eye care practitioner only.
Combination therapy has more popularity and various merits over monotherapy (conventional dosage forms). Bilayer tablet technology is the best and most recent used example of combination dosage formulation. In the last decade, the single-dose formulation has the combination of two or three active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) increased in pharmaceutical industry. It is known for promoting patient convenience and compliance by reducing the number of dosages and enhancing the bioavailability of dosage forms. Bilayer or multilayer tablets are innovative forms of conventional oral drug delivery systems. Bilayer layer can be the only technology that has been used in different APIs for synergistic effect, to enhance the bioavailability or to avoid the interaction between the incompatible substance by separating them physically, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles (sustained release or controlled release, etc). The goal of this review is to give a general overview of the development and production of bilayer tablet technology and to highlight the issues encountered during the production of bilayer tablets as well as the expected solutions to these problems.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of high dose radiotherapy 63 Gray (Gy) with or without concurrent chemotherapy in Esophageal Cancer (EC) patients of North-East, India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All reported EC patients belonging to different states of North-East and treated with radical intent with high dose radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy during the period 2017-2018 (2 years) at State Cancer Institute (SCI),Gauhati Medical College (GMC), Assam, India were included in the study. This study was retrospective in nature and two years retrospective data were analyzed for clinical outcome. Statistical analysis of data was done using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Disease Free Survival (DFS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Total 105 patients were treated during the period. All patients received a total dose of 63 Gy radiation. Out of 105 patients, 76 patients (72.4%) received concurrent chemotherapy and 29 patients (27.6%) not received chemotherapy only due to co-morbidities. Here, at first follow up, 89 (84.8%) patients showed complete response, 10 (9.5%) showed partial response and 6 (5.7%) showed progressive disease. Treatment related toxicities were assessed. None of the patient developed > Grade 2 toxicity. Further, Median Disease Free Survival (DFS) was 13 months with estimated mean was 16.98 months. Also, Standard Error (SE) =1.683, Confidence Interval (CI) =13.682-20.279. CONCLUSION: The high dose radiation (63 Gy) with concurrent chemotherapy as weekly regimen of Cisplatin or Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin is an effective definitive treatment of Stage I – IVA EC with acceptable toxicity. Median DFS is minimal in EC irrespective of the treatment. The rate of survival is decreasing rapidly before the median DFS and the rate of survival is constant after the Median DFS.
Background: Every year, over half a million women continue to lose their lives during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. Although, pregnancy and childbirth are a normal process Pregnancy can sometimes present life-threatening health problems for a mother and her baby. These problems are called obstetric emergencies. An obstetric emergency may arise at any time during pregnancy, labor and birth. This study aimed to determine the emergency obstetric complications which occurred during labor and delivery, and evaluate their associations with socio-demographic, obstetrical characteristics and fetal complications. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 women who attended the delivery room of Maternity Teaching Hospital. The tool that used was an examiners-made questionnaire, containing 3 parts: demographic characteristics, obstetrical history, and emergency obstetrical complications which occurred during labor and delivery. The data were analyzed through frequency, percentage and Chi-Square test using the SPSS statistical program. Results: Mean age of respondents was 30.15 years. We have found that the 39% of cases developed complication. Among the complications, most common problems: high blood pressure, postdated delivery, bleeding before delivery, difficult labor, premature rupture of membranes and prolonged labor respectively. Conclusions: The burden of emergency obstetric complications during labor and delivery is high. Efforts should be made at both the community and hospital levels to increase awareness regarding emergency obstetrical problems and reduce its associated morbidity and mortality.
