Objective: to analyze the relationship between the quality of dental services and the quality of life perceived by adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative epidemiological study, part of an epidemiological survey on oral health conditions among schoolchildren. Trained undergraduate students used a software developed for data collection using the QASO-A and KS-52 instruments and for building the database. The data were tabulated in MS Excel and later exported to the RStudio statistical software, version 4.3.2. Results: The sample consisted of 409 adolescents (54.3% girls; 74.1% mixed-race; 68.7% from state schools). The QASO-A showed the highest score in the Evaluation scale (8.50 ± 4.36) and an overall mean of 18.88 ± 3.88. In the KIDSCREEN-52, Feelings had the highest mean (21.84 ± 5.01), while Peer Relations/Bullying had the lowest (4.94 ± 2.35); the overall mean score was 168.70. Reliability (Ω) was ≥0.70 in almost all scales, except for Physical Activities and Health (0.66), Self-Perception (0.57), and Peer Relations/Bullying (0.63). The SEM showed adequate fit; QASO-A factor loadings were strong, while those of the KS-52 ranged from -0.20 to 0.86. The association between satisfaction with dental care and quality of life was not significant (p = 0.09). Conclusions: The results indicate that, despite the good model fit, the association between satisfaction with dental care and perceived quality of life was weak and not statistically significant, possibly due to the adolescents’ favorable epidemiological profile and the characteristics of the sample. Future studies should consider different age groups and socioeconomic contexts to enhance the generalizability of the findings.
Aim: To evaluate the effects of fluoride dentifrices containing strontium acetate/fluoride (SRA), arginine/fluoride (ARG), or tricalcium phosphate/fluoride (TCP) on enamel subjected to erosive cycling. Methods: Bovine enamel-dentin discs (n=10/group) were randomly assigned to four treatments, applied twice daily: SRA, ARG, TCP or CONT (remineralizing solution) under constant agitation during erosive cycling (0.3% citric acid, 3×/day for 5 days). Surface microhardness (KHN) and surface roughness (Sa) were evaluated at baseline (T0), on the first (T1) and fifth day (T5). Roughness profile (Rv) and enamel wear were determined. Representative 3D images and wear profiles were obtained. Enamel morphology and mineral content were assessed by SEM/EDS. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/GLM followed by Tukey/Bonferroni (α=5%). Results: All groups exhibited reduced KHN over time. SRA and ARG exhibited increased Sa, while TCP showed significantly lower treated-area Sa compared with others. CONT exhibited the highest %SHL. No differences were found among groups for Rv, enamel wear. 3D images and profiles revealed lower surface loss and smaller step heights in TCP. All groups displayed inter-prismatic dissolution with preserved mineral content. Conclusions: Although all groups exhibited reduced microhardness over time, TCP dentifrice showed the most favorable surface topography, showing lower roughness and reduced step heights.
Aim: To assess Libyan undergraduate dentistry students’ familiarity, comfort, attitudes towards treating patients with special healthcare needs (PSHCN), their opinions on instruction quality, and their perceptions of treatment needs and challenges in providing dental care to children with special needs. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire on special need dentistry (SND) was given to 239 fourth-year undergraduate dental students at the Faculty of Dentistry in Benghazi, Libya, as part of a cross-sectional, questionnairebased study that took place between February and August 2022. Results: Most students lacked a comprehensive understanding of SND definitions and expressed discomfort in managing patients with such conditions, 59.4% of dental students lack knowledge about intellectual disabilities. The highest rate of dental students who never exposed themselves to intellectual disabilities and visual and hearing impairment were 60.3% and 54.8%, respectively. Most students agreed that they should have received didactic and clinical training at the undergraduate level, and they felt their undergraduate training in SND was insufficient. Respondents were less motivated regarding clinical and behavioral management, facilities, didactic training, and degree of collaboration, but more motivated to treat PSHCN if they were compensated, had more time, had experience with oral sedation, and had hospital privileges. Conclusions: The study suggests that dental practitioners and students should enhance their understanding and awareness of the oral health requirements of PSHCN. In addition, a significant portion of students indicated a desire to pursue graduate study in this field of dentistry, even though they had little exposure to it during their undergraduate studies.
Aim: This study compared the expression of virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients undergoing different endodontic clinical cases. Methods: For the biofilm-forming capacity, a reference strain (E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and four clinically isolated E. faecalis strains were analyzed by counting the colony-forming units, scanning electron microscopy, and optical density measurement. The gene expression of the collagen-binding protein (ace), aggregation substance (asa), endocarditis antigen (efaA), cytolysin (cylA), protein surface (esp), gelatinase (gelE), and histidine kinase (fsrC) was evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: All strains were capable of forming biofilms in vitro; however, the reference strain exhibited significantly lower biofilm formation than the clinical isolates. The majority of virulence genes were expressed across all strains, with no significant differences between the clinical groups. Notably, expression of the asa gene was detected only in isolates obtained from root canals associated with apical periodontitis. Conclusion: In conclusion, all E. faecalis strains showed biofilm-forming capacity, but analysis of virulence genes showed the expression of asa only in strains isolated from patients with apical periodontitis.
Aim: This study aimed to report the use of high-viscosity glass ionomer cement for functional and esthetical rehabilitation of a 6-year-old boy with DGI-II. Methods: Using a working cast, templates for all teeth requiring restoration were made and used to make an addition silicon replica. With the aid of the silicone templates, all primary teeth with weariness and the permanent molars newly erupted were respectively restored and covered with high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC). Results: Following-up of 12 months were made. The early diagnosis and treatment of teeth with DGI-II play an essential role in the dental preservation and child’s functional, esthetical and psychological aspects. Conclusion: In this case report, the boy changed his shy behavior to a more communicative one, came back to smile besides being able to eat normally again, impacting his quality of life. The rehabilitation with replica technique and high-viscosity glass ionomer cement can save chair time, because DGI-II is a condition that needs continuous return to the dentist regarding challenging adherence of any adhesive restoration materials.
Aim: To determine the prevalence of persistent pain in endodontic patients. Methods: Six electronic databases (EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched, along with the gray literature (Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses). The review used a random-effects model for meta-analysis of proportions and assessed the risk of bias based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Results: The review included 16 articles (seven cohort studies and nine cross-sectional studies) published in English from 1994 to 2022. Fifteen of them were selected for meta-analysis. The combined prevalence estimate was 5% (95% CI = 0.01 – 0.10). The risk of bias was moderate in four studies and low in the others. Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of persistent pain after endodontic treatment was approximately one in every 25 patients.
Casado (2017) described a low-cost and practical method for sex estimation of adult skulls using precision calipers to evaluate anatomical landmarks. Aim: This study aimed to validate this method in Brazilian skulls. Methods: Measurements of 202 skulls (118 male and 84 female) were collected, according to Casado (2017). Results: The results were very promising. Except for the external occipital protuberance, the anatomical landmarks were related to sex (p < 0.0001). The anatomical landmarks from both sexes were included, and 72.16% of the skulls were correctly classified. The individual percentage per sex was similar, with 71.40% accuracy in male skulls and 72.92% in female skulls. Conclusion: The method efficiently identified sex differences in anatomical landmarks of Brazilian skulls regardless of age and ancestry.
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating neuropathic pain condition characterized by brief, recurrent paroxysms of intense, electric shock-like pain, triggered by light stimuli within the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Although the symptoms are distinctive, TN is frequently misinterpreted as odontogenic pain, leading to inappropriate dental interventions before the correct diagnosis is made. Aim: to identify the first healthcare professional consulted by patients with TN, evaluate the number of unnecessary dental procedures performed, and determine the time elapsed between symptom onset and correct diagnosis among patients referred to a tertiary public university center. Methods: Seventy-eight patients fulfilling clinical criteria for TN were included. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire administered during consultation. Results: The mean patient age was 66 ± 10.9 years. The maxillary (V2) and/or mandibular (V3) branches were affected in 82% of cases, with dentists being the first professionals consulted. In contrast, when the ophthalmic (V1) or combined V1–V2 branches were involved, patients more frequently sought physicians. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.019). Overall, 52 patients (87%) underwent unnecessary dental treatments, mainly extractions. A positive correlation was observed between diagnostic delay and the number of extractions performed (r=0.309; p=0.040). No significant associations were found between diagnostic timing and age, sex, pain characteristics, or first professional consulted. Nevertheless, patients diagnosed within 12 months were 80% less likely to have undergone dental extractions. Conclusions: These results highlight the persistent underdiagnosis of TN and the urgent need for ongoing education and awareness among dental and primary healthcare professionals.
Aim: Older adults are an increasingly significant group of consumers of cosmetic procedures, particularly minimally invasive aesthetic treatments. However, scientific data of these procedures in older populations remain limited. This study evaluated the self-perception of facial aesthetics and quality of life among older adults who have undergone minimally invasive facial rejuvenation procedures. Methods: Older adults who seek aesthetic treatment at a Dental School were recruited. They underwent treatments such as botulinum toxin injections, dermal fillers, microneedling, collagen biostimulators, chemical peels, and facial threads (experimental group, n = 61). Older adults who had not undergone any aesthetic procedures were also recruited (controls, n = 61) Satisfaction with facial appearance and health-related quality of life were assessed using the Brazilian version of the Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall Scale (FACE-Q) and the Portuguese version of World Health Organization Quality of Life for Older Persons (WHOQOL-OLD) questionnaire, respectively. Data were analyzed using exploratory methods and independent t-tests (α = 0.05). Results: Older adults who had undergone aesthetic procedures reported significantly lower satisfaction with their facial appearance (P < .001). However, they demonstrated a significantly higher overall quality of life (P = .024). Conclusion: Although minimally invasive aesthetic procedures may enhance the overall quality of life in older adults treated in a Dental School, they do not necessarily increase satisfaction with facial appearance. Results should be interpreted with caution, as they may not be generalized to all older adults, particularly those who do not wear dentures.
Aim: to evaluate advances in dental pulp regeneration and challenges for regenerative endodontic therapies, particularly nervous tissues and their components. Methodology: for the analysis of this narrative review, a search for relevant articles was conducted across various scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, covering the period from 2000 to 2023. The inclusion criteria were set to primarily encompass original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that demonstrated relevance to the topics of interest. Results: neurogenesis occurs during pulp repair but is impaired by ongoing lesions due to reduced vascular supply. The results suggest that while various therapeutic approaches using biomaterials are being explored, efficient neural regeneration though achieved in some studies remains a significant challenge. Conclusion: Several studies have demonstrated the return of pulp sensitivity and the formation of neural tissue. However, despite growing interest and promising results, challenges remain to be addressed, the variability in individual responses and the complexity of tissue revitalization mechanisms, which are not yet fully understood.
Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, acceptance, and use of irrigant activation techniques during root canal treatment (RCT) among Brazilian endodontists. Methods: Participants received an electronic questionnaire consisting of 16 questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics, professional profile, and irrigation protocols. Responses were collected from June 2022 to October 2023. Data were analyzed descriptively and using Chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 282 endodontists responded to the survey. Most were female (61.3%), with an average of 14.5 years since dental school graduation and 10.2 years of specialized training in endodontics. Most respondents were from the southern (49.6%) and southeastern (32.3%) regions. Of them, 44.3% worked exclusively in private practice and 31.6% combined private practice with academic roles. Sodium hypochlorite (75.9%) and EDTA (92.9%) were the predominant irrigants used during RCT. When asked to rank the reasons for their primary irrigant selection, antimicrobial capability was considered the most important and to clean isthmuses and ramifications, the main reason to use activation methods. In total, 78.3% of respondents consistently used irrigant activation, with 69.5% employing it after chemomechanical preparation. Passive ultrasonic irrigation was the most popular technique, followed by the Easy Clean instrument. Workplace setting significantly influenced the frequency of irrigant activation usage (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, most Brazilian endodontists employ irrigant activation techniques and prefer sodium hypochlorite and EDTA as irrigating solutions, aligning their practices with global standards. This web-based survey highlights the integration of contemporary scientific knowledge into endodontic practice.
Aim: To assess the impact of brushing using 5 different toothpastes on the roughness and microhardness of CADCAM materials. Methods: A total of 400 specimens (14 × 5 × 2.5 mm) were fabricated using four different materials: 2 resin composites (Lava Ultimate, LU; Cerasmart, CE), 1 polymerinfiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic, VE), and 1 lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, EM). Twenty specimens of each material were brushed (100,000 cycles) using three types of toothpastes: 1 regular (Colgate Total 12, CT), 2 sensitivity (Sensodyne Pro-Enamel, SP; Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, CS), and 2 whitening (Oral-B 3D White, OB; Colgate Luminous White, LW). Surface roughness (Ra) and microhardness (KHN) were measured before and after brushing. The data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Bonferroni-Dunn multiple comparison and Wilcoxon tests (α=.05). Results: For CE, the post-brushing Ra using SP was significantly lower (P=.017) than the other toothpastes. For EM, the post-brushing Ra using SP was significantly higher than CS (P=.017). In general, the toothpastes increased the material Ra (P<.02), except for SP, which decreased the Ra of LU and CE (P<.007) and had no effect on VE (P>.05). Only CE brushed using LW showed an Ra higher than 0.2 μm. KHN did not differ among toothpastes within each material before or after brushing. The sensitivity toothpastes significantly increased KHN values of all materials after brushing, while a significant reduction was observed with the other toothpastes (P<.05). Conclusions: Sensitivity toothpastes decreased surface roughness of the resin composites LU and CE and increased hardness of all other materials. Regular and whitening toothpastes increased surface roughness and decreased hardness of most restorative materials.
Aim: To evaluate the effects of different doses of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable extract (ASU) on the progression of induced periodontitis in rats. Methods: Thirty-five rats underwent induction of periodontitis by inserting ligatures around the upper second molar of one hemiarch, while the second molar of the other hemiarch was left without the ligature. The animals were subsequently randomly distributed into 5 groups according to the administered solution: CTR: Saline solution (SS); ASU1: ASU at a concentration of 0.3 g/kg/day; ASU2: ASU at a concentration of 0.6 g/kg/day; ASU3: ASU at a concentration of 1.2 g/kg/day; ASU4: ASU at a concentration of 2.4 g/kg/day. The solutions were administered daily, by gavage, from the day of insertion of the ligatures until the day of euthanasia of the animals, which was performed 15 days after the periodontitis induction. The analysis of the distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the top of the bone crest (BC) and the % bone volume was performed using micro-CT. The inflammatory infiltrate was evaluated by stereometric analysis. One-way ANOVA complemented by Tukey test was used to compare the different groups with the significance level of 5%. Results: ASU groups presented smaller JCE-BC distances than the CTR group (p<0.05). The CTR group had a lower number of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix and a higher amount of inflammatory cells than the ASU groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: ASU promoted reduction against bone tissue resorption and in the inflammatory pattern, mainly at concentrations of 0.3 g/kg/day to 1.2 g/kg/day.
Background: Ameloblastomas (AM) and Odontogenic Keratocysts (OKC) are benign odontogenic lesions with potential for growth and local expansion and are considered aggressive in many cases. Despite being histologically distinct, they exhibit similar imaging characteristics, complicating radiographic diagnosis. Aim: This is an exploratory and descriptive case series study which aims to reevaluate and detail six cases diagnosed as AM and OKC, focusing on the trabecular characterization of the lesions through fractal dimension (FD) and pixel intensity (PI) analyses on panoramic radiographs (PR). Results: Radiographic features were reassessed, and diagnoses were confirmed for each case. Additionally, two analyses were conducted to characterize the bone pattern of the lesions. FD and PI were calculated using Image J® software. All cases were located in the mandible. The mean age for the AM patients (n=3) was 35.33 years, with a sex distribution of 2 females and 1 male. In one case, the lesion appeared as a radiolucent-unilocular image. The mean FD and PI values were 1.24 and 74.67, respectively. The mean age for OKC patients (n=3) was 32.33 years, with a predominance of males (2:1). The mean FD and PI values were 1.33 and 98.75, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that the FD values in this sample were most similar between the two pathologies, preventing differentiation based on FD alone. However, the PI values suggested that the AM lesions were less dense than the OKC lesions.
Aim: This cross sectional in situ study aimed to evaluate the physical properties and color stability of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based resins used in provisional crowns. Methods: Twelve cubic specimens with 5mm edges of conventional self-, heat-polymerized acrylic resins, 3D-printed, and CAD-CAM milled PMMA resin were fabricated. Surface roughness, Knoop microhardness, wettability, and color stability were evaluated. Utilizing a split-mouth design, 8 cubes were randomly placed in a palatal intraoral appliance worn by 12 volunteers. Specimens were exposed to erosion extra-orally with 15 mL of cola-based soft drink (Coca-Cola®) three times daily for 5 minutes over 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis (α = 0.05). Results: PMMA resins exhibit comparable surface roughness and wettability under non-erosive and erosive conditions (p>0.05). However, self-polymerized and 3D-printed acrylic resins exhibited significant differences in microhardness after exposure to the erosive environment (p<0.05). CAD-CAM milled acrylic resins showed superior color stability compared to the other resins (p <0.05). The simulated erosive environment significantly alters the physical properties and color of provisional crown resins. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that heat-polymerized and CAD-CAM acrylic resins exhibit superior behavior under non-erosive and erosive conditions, which may indicate better clinical performance, especially when indicated for longer-term use.
Aim: To determine the prevalence, location, shape, size and base length of maxillary sinus septa using cone beam computed tomography, in order to provide critical anatomical information for safe and accurate surgical planning, particularly in procedures such as sinus lift surgeries. Methods: CT images of 198 patients were selected. The images were analyzed using XoranCat® software. All patients were classified according to sex, age and type of dentition. The existence and number of septa were investigated. If septa were present, their locations were determined and the height and length of their base were measured. The septa were classified as buccopalatal, sagittal or transverse. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence, location and morphology of the septum within the maxillary sinus according to the different variables. The Pearson Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used, adopting a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results: Septa were found in 99 patients studied, thus indicating a prevalence of 50%. No significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the frequency of septa according to dentition type, gender and different age groups. Most of the septa found were in the middle region, with a prevalence of 52.5%, and the buccopalatal orientation was the most frequent (75.5%). The mean height and base length found in this study were 6.12 ± 3.32 and 6.61 ± 2.38 mm, respectively, with the highest measurements found in the middle region. Conclusion: Making a detailed anatomical study by tomographic images essential before sinus floor elevation surgeries and other maxillary procedures, including diagnosis and treatment planning in implantology and sinus pathology.
The aging process induces morphophysiological changes that significantly impact oral health, necessitating specialized endodontic care in older adults. Systemic diseases common in this population, such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions, further complicate treatment outcomes by influencing pulp and periradicular structures. Key age-related alterations include pulp chamber reduction, dentin sclerosis, and bone loss, which challenge conventional endodontic techniques. Aim: To address these issues, this review conducted a search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between 2010 and 2024, using keywords related to endodontics and aging, and selecting studies relevant to clinical practice. Results: This review highlights the interplay between systemic health and oral pathophysiology, emphasizing the need for tailored clinical strategies to enhance treatment predictability. Evidence indicates failure rates of approximately 26% in geriatric endodontics, frequently associated with suboptimal treatment quality, comorbidities, and microbial persistence. A comprehensive preoperative assessment, integrating medical, pharmacological, and dental histories, is critical to mitigate risks and optimize outcomes. Specific considerations include anesthesia modifications, calcified canal management (using microscopy or ultrasonics), and drug interactions (NSAIDs with antihypertensives). Successful treatment hinges on addressing both technical and systemic factors: precise canal preparation, antimicrobial protocols, and thermoplastic obturation improve longevity, while interdisciplinary collaboration ensures patient safety. Sedation may benefit anxious individuals, and postoperative monitoring is advised for high-risk cases. In conclusion, endodontic success in older adults relies on adapting techniques to age-related anatomical changes while managing systemic complexities. Conclusion: This review synthesizes evidence-based recommendations to guide clinicians in delivering effective, safe care for aging populations.
Aim: To evaluate whitening toothpastes by analyzing labels, active ingredients, prices, commercial appeal, pH, and characteristics of abrasives. Methods: 18 whitening toothpastes and 4 regular toothpastes sold by different manufacturers were assessed. The pH of the slurry was determined in triplicate, and the percentage of solid weight by desiccation. The abrasive particles were sieved and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average price (BRL, USD) was established, the labels were analyzed for advertising approach, type of abrasive, and presence of fluoride, and the whitening active ingredients were categorized as abrasive, chemical, or optical agents. The data were analyzed using the Mann- Whitney test to compare regular and whitening toothpastes (α=0.05), and the categorical data were analyzed by absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The toothpastes had a pH close to neutral or > 7, with no difference between whitening and regular toothpastes (p=0.173). Whitening toothpastes had solids between 26.70% and 66.46% and did not differ statistically from regular ones (p=0.394). The average price of regular toothpastes is lower than that of whitening toothpastes (p=0.033). Concerning whitening toothpastes, the most common abrasive was silica, the chemical agent was sodium pyrophosphate, and the optical agent was blue covarine. SEM analysis revealed that some whitening toothpastes presented amorphous particles of different sizes, unlike the composition of regular toothpastes. In addition, three whitening toothpastes did not contain fluoride in their composition. Conclusion: The whitening toothpastes can differ from regular toothpastes in terms of price, advertising, and the shape and size of the abrasive.
Objective: To evaluate the serological response to hepatitis B vaccination among health care workers (HCWs) in a dental teaching institution in South India and to assess factors influencing seroprotection. Methods: This observational cohort study included 217 HCWs from a dental teaching hospital. Participants received the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine according to the standard three-dose schedule (0, 1, and 6 months). Anti-hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers were measured two months after completion of vaccination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroprotection was defined as anti-HBs ≥10 mIU/mL. Associations between seroprotection and demographic variables, including age, gender, ethnicity, and number of vaccine doses, were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-tests. Results: Among the participants, 203 (93.5%) completed the three-dose vaccination schedule. The overall seroprotection rate was 89.2% in the three-dose group and 85.7% in the two-dose group, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.691). Younger participants (≤30 years) demonstrated significantly higher seroprotection rates (p=0.034) and higher mean anti-HBs titers (p=0.049). No significant differences were observed between males and females (p=0.501). Seroprotection varied significantly across ethnic groups, with Malaysian participants showing the highest response rates (p=0.05). Conclusion: Although hepatitis B vaccination provides substantial protection among HCWs, a proportion of individuals remain non-seroprotected despite completing the recommended vaccination schedule. Age and ethnicity significantly influence vaccine response. These findings highlight the importance of post-vaccination antibody monitoring and the need for targeted revaccination strategies in high-risk populations.
Introduction: Failures in orthodontic treatments using bands may be related to deficient properties of GICs. Incorporating graphene into GICs for cementation is an option to improve this material and reduce failures. Aim: The purpose is to evaluate the effect of adding reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the mechanical and optical properties of glass ionomer cements (GICs) for luting. Methods: Samples of 6 different GICs (Meron, GC Gold Label, GC Fuji Plus, Riva Luting, Vitro Cem, and Vidrion) with and without graphene incorporation at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% were prepared. Cohesive strength (CoheS), compressive strength (CompS) and Shear Bond Strength (SBS) tests were conducted using a universal testing machine (EMIC). Color change was assessed using the CIELAB system and particle dispersion was observed with Optical Microscopy (OM). Data was tabulated and analyzed with Jamovi software (p<0.05) using descriptive and correlation analyses with One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, based on the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Results: The incorporation of rGO significantly increased the compressive strength of Vidrion (0.5%) and the cohesive strength of GC Gold Label and GC Fuji Plus, although it caused perceptible chromatic changes in all tested cements. Conclusion: The addition of rGO to GICs enhanced the mechanical properties of some GICs and altered the color of all GICs.
