HighlightsImproved Nonparametric Bootstrap Tests for Weak Joint Stochastic Dominance(i) Present a comparative analysis of populations with a dependency structure, utilizing a criterion known as weak joint stochastic dominance.(ii) Address the inconsistency issue in existing methods for testing weak joint stochastic dominance by deriving the accurate asymptotic properties of the statistic.(iii) Propose an improved bootstrap method for estimating precise p-values, ensuring the consistency of the bootstrap method and guaranteeing the accuracy of our approach.
Contextual-LAS (CLAS) has been shown effective in improving Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) of rare words. It relies on phrase-level contextual modeling and attention-based relevance scoring without explicit contextual constraint which lead to insufficient use of contextual information. In this work, we propose deep CLAS to use contextual information better. We introduce bias loss forcing model to focus on contextual information. The query of bias attention is also enriched to improve the accuracy of the bias attention score. To get fine-grained contextual information, we replace phrase-level encoding with character-level encoding and encode contextual information with conformer rather than LSTM. Moreover, we directly use the bias attention score to correct the output probability distribution of the model. Experiments using the public AISHELL-1 and AISHELL-NER. On AISHELL-1, compared to CLAS baselines, deep CLAS obtains a 65.78 named entity recognition scene.
A molecular-level understanding of the electrical double layer(EDL)on graphene is critical for the electro-chemical energy storage of carbon-based electrodes.In this work,the electrochemical interface between single-layer graphene(SLG)and an ionic liquid(IL,[EMI+][TFSI-])electrolyte is investigated by using cyclic voltammetry,electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy,in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ attenuated total internal reflection Fourier trans-form infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy.In the charge/discharge voltage range from-1.0 V to 1.0 V,the SLG is electro-chemically doped due to the interaction between adsorbed ions and SLG.For a voltage larger than 1.75 V or lower than-2.0 V,the irreversible formation of structural defects is detected on SLG,attributed to the decomposition of[EMI+][TFSI-]and the sequential reaction.In situ ATR-FTIR suggests a potential-dependent reorientation of ions:the im-idazolium ring of[EMI+]is tilted at low negative and positive polarization and then lifts away from the SLG surface at a higher positive potential(＞0.6 V),and the rearrangement of[TFSI-]causes an increased adsorption density at positive po-tentials.Our findings provide deeper insight into the EDL structure on graphene down to the molecular level and may im-pact the design of carbon supercapacitors with higher energy storage capacity.
The structural evolution and optical properties of CL-20/DNB cocrystals under high pressure are systematically studied via Raman,florescence,and absorption spectroscopy and Gaussian calculations.Interestingly,the pressure in-duced a significant change in color from colorless to yellow to red in the CL-20/DNB cocrystal sample.This phenomenon is accompanied by a redshift in the absorption edge,resulting from the enhanced hydrogen bonding interaction and the π‒π stacking effect.Additionally,the photoluminescence(PL)emission clearly increases between 1 atm and 19.5 GPa and quenches later above 20 GPa,which is also caused by the change in the lattice stacking of the cocrystal explosive under high pressure.Moreover,no structural phase transition occurs in the CL-20/DNB cocrystal at pressures ranging from 1 atm to 20 GPa according to the high-pressure Raman spectra,indicating that the cocrystal demonstrates markedly superior structural stability compared with either CL-20 or DNB when considered individual components under high pressure.
In recent years,the booming development of the e-commerce platform economy has brought new momentum to economic growth.As a crucial commercial tool for businesses operating on online platforms,the return strategy has been widely of concern in industry and academia.On the one hand,return strategies can stimulate consumer demand and in-crease sales.On the other hand,the production process typically generates significant carbon dioxide emissions.Currently,governments are paying increasing attention to carbon emissions issues,and cap-and-trade regulation is one of the most widely adopted carbon emission policies by governments.This paper utilizes game theory models to investigate the issue of returns for competitive enterprises with energy consumption differences under the backdrop of cap-and-trade regulation.The study results indicate the following:First,controlling the cap can effectively control carbon emissions.Second,when the return cost and the difference in carbon consumption between the two manufacturers are low,it is optimal for both parties not to provide return service due to restrictions from cap-and-trade regulation and competitive pressures.Addition-ally,low-energy-consumption manufacturers have an advantage in competition.Furthermore,this paper explores the changes in parameters such as the profits and production quantities of competitive enterprises with variations in the cap.Consequently,it offers favorable suggestions for the government's concerns during the implementation of carbon emis-sion policies and provides practical guidance for manufacturers'return decisions.
Airy beams have attracted much attention because of their nondiffraction,self-healing,and self-bending proper-ties.However,the existing methods suffer from a single operating frequency and a fixed radiation direction.In this paper,a single-layer hexagonal transmissive meta-atom is proposed,which enables completely independent modulation of the amplitude and phase at dual frequencies.The compact structure has high transmittance and enables precise control of the amplitude and phase at two frequencies.As a proof-of-concept,the proposed meta-atom is applied to generate microwave two-dimensional Airy beams deflected±20° at 10 GHz and 16 GHz.The simulation results prove that the deflected Airy beams still maintain self-accelerating and self-healing properties.
If the capacity of its owned warehouse is limited for a firm,then the usual practice is to rent a warehouse for storing items in excess of the capacity of its owned warehouse.This study investigates a two-warehouse pricing and in-ventory problem for a deteriorating item supply chain under the carbon tax policy.The main sources of carbon emissions include transportation,storage,and disposal of deteriorated products.Decision models for maximizing profits for retailers and suppliers are separately developed,and the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solution for this complex problem are proven through mathematical analysis.The simulation results demonstrate that compared with a purely economic mod-el that disregards carbon emissions,the proposed model achieves high profits while reducing carbon emissions.An in-crease in the carbon tax can effectively curb the overall carbon emissions of the supply chain.However,such an increase will also significantly increase the operating costs of supply chain enterprises,resulting in the contraction of the terminal market and economic benefit losses.Finally,reducing carbon emissions from storage not only boosts corporate profitabil-ity but also effectively mitigates emissions,thereby contributing to sustainable development.
The FARICH(Focusing Aerogel RICH)technique was suggested as the baseline option of the particle identific-ation system for the Super C-Tau Factory project in Russia.In previous works,it was demonstrated that the FARICH sys-tem conceptual design is able to provide excellent μ/π-separation up to a momentum of 1.5 GeV/c as well as π/K-separation up to 6 GeV/c.However,there are several disadvantages of this concept exist.One of them is the impossibility of provid-ing μ/π-separation below a momentum of 0.4 GeV/c.Another disadvantage is the rather large number of readout electron-ics channels with high power consumption(up to 100 kW),which will dissipate inside the detector.We consider,with the help of the GEANT4 simulation,the optimized construction of the FARICH system which provides μ/π-separation from 0.1 to 1.5 GeV/c.
This paper presents an overview of recent experimental progress in the study of vector charmonium(like)states,and discusses the application of coupled-channel analysis in exploring their properties.The importance of a future high-luminosity tau-charm factory is highlighted,as such a facility would be highly desirable for advancing the study of exotic hadrons.
Flagellated bacteria exhibit significantly altered motility near solid–liquid interfaces,affecting key biological processes such as biofilm formation and pathogenic infection.In this study,we present a simplified in-line digital holo-graphic microscopy(DHM)system tailored for high-throughput,label-free imaging of Escherichia coli(E.coli)swim-ming in near-surface environments.By applying a sliding median filter and mean normalization,we effectively suppress speckle noise and background artifacts in holograms.We introduce a morphology-aware workflow combining a voting al-gorithm,fast Fourier transform(FFT)analysis,and Bayesian optimization to robustly estimate bacterial positions and ori-entations,overcoming instability challenges common in non-spherical scattering models.Additionally,we employ a dis-crete dipole approximation(DDA)with a Levenberg–Marquardt(LM)optimizer to simulate and fit holographic interfer-ence patterns,achieving submicron axial precision and accurate tilt and azimuth angle measurements near surfaces.Through experiments tracking E.coli near surfaces,we quantitatively characterize swimming speed,trajectory geometry,and cell body orientation with high temporal resolution,revealing critical features of near-surface bacterial motility.Our results demonstrate the feasibility of single-beam DHM for rapid,quantitative tracking of bacterial surface behavior,providing an accessible and powerful tool for investigating microbe—interface interactions in biophysical and biomedical research.
Economic growth is often accompanied by escalating ecological challenges,making cross-regional collaborat-ive environmental governance a key policy approach.However,practical constraints,such as insufficient governance capa-city,high costs,and a lack of accountability mechanisms,hinder regional cooperation in ecological protection.In response,new ecological compensation agreements have emerged.This study examines the effectiveness of the bidirectional com-pensation strategy and the impacts of various factors on upstream and downstream decision-making,with upstream-down-stream cooperation under China's newly implemented cross-regional ecological compensation agreements as the entry point.Using evolutionary game theory,a cross-regional collaborative governance model is developed,and numerical sim-ulations are conducted to explore the interaction mechanisms between participants and the factors influencing stable strategies.The findings indicate that,first,strategy stability is primarily associated with upstream regions,with compensa-tion amounts,central government incentives,upstream protection costs,and comprehensive benefits exerting varying de-grees of influence on the watershed ecological compensation mechanism.Notably,the downstream region exhibits greater sensitivity to compensation amounts than the upstream region,while forgone opportunity costs and comprehensive ecolo-gical benefits are critical drivers of upstream environmental governance.Second,the analysis of the central government's regulatory mechanism within the tripartite evolutionary game underscores the importance of a centrally led governance model in ensuring the long-term ecological integrity of the watershed and promoting fair interregional cooperation.Third,future policy-making should incorporate regional interests to establish more flexible and scientifically grounded ecologic-al compensation mechanisms,fostering coordinated cross-regional governance and achieving a balance between ecologic-al protection and economic growth.
Photocatalytic ammonia(NH3)decomposition is a key strategy for green hydrogen production and renewable energy conversion.Although conventional plasmonic metal/TiO2 composites exhibit some activity,their applications are constrained by high carrier recombination rates and narrow light harvesting ranges.To address these challenges,this study innovatively introduces the plasmonic semiconductor MoO3-x,which is characterized by broad-spectrum absorption and abundant oxygen vacancies,to construct a Cu-MoO3-x/TiO2 plasmon resonance coupling nanostructure.The construction of the Cu-MoO3-x composite stabilizes Cu via MoO3-x coating and facilitates electron transfer from Cu to MoO3-x,generat-ing more oxygen vacancies for NH3 activation.The visible localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)response of Cu,coupled with the visible to near-infrared LSPR resonance of MoO3-x,broadens the spectral response and optimizes carrier dynamics,thereby reducing the recombination of photogenerated carriers.The use of hot carriers and plasmonic photo-thermal effects synergistically accelerate surface reaction kinetics and enhance photocatalytic efficiency.In particular,the optimal Cu-MoO3-x/TiO2 catalyst results in an enhanced NH3 decomposition rate of 103.2 mmol·g-1·h-1 under full-spectrum light irradiation,representing 29-fold and 94-fold enhancements over those of Cu/TiO2 and MoO3-x/TiO2,re-spectively.This innovative design strategy transcends traditional plasmonic metal/semiconductor catalyst designs and opens new avenues for developing efficient solar-driven plasmon resonance coupling catalysts.
