The aim of this article was to analyze the portrayal of the migration crisis on the Polish Belarusian border in 2021-2022 in three Polish opinion weeklies: “Newsweek”, “Wprost”, and “Sieci”. The study aimed to determine the portrayal of events by each editorial office and whether the presented message reflected their ideological profile and political sentiments. Content analysis was used. The research results indicate that each editorial office constructed a different model of interpreting the crisis. “Newsweek” adopted a humanitarian-liberal framework, “Wprost” represented an ambivalent and analytical-political approach, and “Sieci” shaped a sovereign-nationalist narrative, emphasizing security issues, threats from Russia and Belarus, and heroizing the government and services as defenders of the border and national values. Consistent with their ideological orientation, the weeklies’ coverage not only differentiated the interpretation of the crisis but also reinforced social divisions in the perception of migrants, the role of the state, and responsibility for security.
The Intermarium concept is constantly employed in political and media discourse concerning Poland. Despite its active use, there has been several different definition since its introduction by J. Piłsudski. In this study, a brief analysis of the Intermarium concepts was presented, as seen in different historical periods from different perspectives. In addition, newly formed narratives in connection with the Russian-Ukrainian war, Russian-American changed relations and the Russia-NATO confrontation placed this concept in the centre of Russian political propaganda. As research material, Russian media and political scholars reflecting on the consequences of possible implementation of the Intermarium concept were considered. The work was conducted applying contextual analysis and the theory of political realism.
Far-right movements are part of a “non-civil socjety” characterized by the acceptance of violence as a means of political struggle, racism and xenophobia, anti-state ideology andanti-egalitarianism. It seems that such movements should not find a place in the mainstream political scene of democratic countries. However, reality contradicts this (Płatek 2015). As early as 2001, representatives of the extreme right won seats in the parliaments of Eastern European countries, and a large part of the population of these countries considers far-right activists to be defenders of traditional values. The spatial scope of the research in this article covers the region of Eastern Europe, with the following countries abstracted from it: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary. The subject of the research is the phenomenon of terrorism in the six mentioned countries and two distinguished groups: the “Visegrad countries” and the countries of the Black Sea region. The threat of terrorism in the countries surveyed remains relatively low compared to Western Europe. However, it should be remembered that the threat of endogenous terrorism may increase due to the exacerbation of social and political conflicts.
The author examines the state of colloquialization of the language of contemporary journalistic expression, comparing texts published in the liberal Polish “Gazeta Wyborcza” and the Russian “Novaya Gazeta”. The phenomenon of colloquialization in journalistic texts is considered in the context of the democratization of the societies of Central and Eastern Europe at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Other conditions are also taken into account: postmodern tendencies in various areas of culture, as well as traditions common to Slavic cultures. Parametric analysis of profanity concerns the mode of its use (narrative or quotation), semantic modifications and phrasing.
The aim of this article is a comparative study of five Polish children’s poems and their translations into Russian in which the characters are gender-differentiated in the original and in the translation. The analysis focuses on the consequences of such solutions and their impact on the meaning of the poems and their reading reception. Although the modifications introduced by the translators are not always significant, as shown in one example, in other cases characters constructed in this way are assigned different characteristics in both languages due to their gender, in accordance with gender stereotypes in the culture of the original and the translation. This, in turn, has the effect of changing the meaning of the works under study and their reception.
The collaborative efforts between Poland, Ukraine, and Great Britain in military and political spheres have proven to be successful on a global scale, i.e., the problem of Ukrainian refugees has been effectively addressed. This prompted an investigation into the practicality of establishing a triad in the future, encompassing a wide range of industries and fields. Through the application of cluster analysis, it was determined that all these states fall within neighboring clusters formed by a range of social and economic factors. Simultaneously, they are positioned on a single side of the boundary, when only the contrast between the two permanently distinct environments is taken into account. The use of the Axelrod tournament enables the simulation of the outcomes resulting from the complex interaction of the three states. By implementing specific reforms in the five key areas highlighted in this article, this type of interaction can clearly lead to success. At the same time, under certain conditions, the success of such an association is possible even without any reforms in Ukraine.
The documents of the Polish-Armenian colony, deposited between the 15th and the 17th centuries, are distinguished by their content diversity. These documents include a range of direct and indirect borrowings from Slavic languages, particularly from Old/Middle Polish and Middle Ukrainian, the vast majority of which (more than 200 word units) are included in linguistic studies. However, on the basis of our observations, for various reasons, more than 50 word units have been left out of the attention of specialists engaged in the study of the vocabulary of the Middle Armenian language. In this article, we have studied around 20 newly discovered borrowings and have come to a number of conclusions. The examined newly discovered borrowings are also noteworthy because they did not have a pan-Armenian distribution. They were used only in the Polish-Armenians’ speech relating to various aspects of social life, which effectively attests to the Polish-Armenians’ integration into the new environment.
Demography is a key factor requiring pension reform both in Ukraine and around the world. For many years, the country has not made radical changes to the pension rules, despite the noticeable increase in the average life expectancy of citizens and the deterioration of the financial situation of the pension fund. The aim of the article is to analyze the transformation of the Ukrainian pension system through the prism of demographic processes. It is the constitutional obligation of the state to provide pension security to citizens through the system of cash benefits, limited only to financial income. Therefore, the security of the pension system and the protection of the interests of the insured – future and current pensioners are among the most important tasks of the government. In Ukraine, as in most countries of the world, spending for this purpose is one of the largest items of public sector expenditure, and unfavorable demographic trends are potentially a source of further increases in the burden of this expenditure on the economy.
This article presents the situation of a functional first language change from Russian to Ukrainian among young Ukrainians living in Poland. The reason for such a change was the invasion of Ukraine 2022. The respondents were already living in Poland before the Russian aggression and the war situation found them in Poland and not in Ukraine. Some respondents decide to change their language of communication from Russian to Ukrainian, but there are some who decide to continue using Russian despite the fact that the speakers of this language attacked their country. Additionally, the third language is Polish, which is well known to the respondents. Their linguistic biographies and attitudes towards the two languages are described and analysed in the article.
The article concerns historical methodology. It addresses the important issue of maintaining scientific correctness in editions of historical sources concerning the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Using the example of a handwritten diary from 1921-1928 written by Edward Woyniłłowicz, a prominent Polish landowner from Belarusian lands, published in 2016, he discusses the errors and omissions made by the publishers. He draws attention to the inaccurate and incorrect reading of many words from the manuscript, especially surnames, first names and geographical names. He criticizes the lack of scientific apparatus in the form of footnotes and an index of geographical names. It lists numerous factual errors made in the personal index. At the same time, it provides guidance to other editors on how to follow scientific procedures when publishing historical sources from the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The socio-economic crisis in Ukraine after the start of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 and Ukraine’s signing of the Association Agreement with the EU increased labor migration from Ukraine to EU member states. Based on the application of A. Tymczuk’s model of media frames regarding Ukrainian labor migrants, and using a qualitative thematic and frame analysis of selected online news media in Ukraine, I conclude that the media represent the Ukrainian labor migrant as a “threat” to the economic situation of Ukraine, and as a “savior” for the economies of their host countries in the EU. At the same time, there is less media representation of Ukrainian labor migrants as a “victim” of the difficult internal situation in their country or in their host countries. This conclusion corroborates the academic debate on Ukrainian labor migration by addressing positive and negative aspects of external labor migration.
The author analyzes the program offer and changes in the structure of Polish Radio, made to meet the information and cultural needs of Ukrainian citizens who were in a war crisis after Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine in February 2022. The activities of the language editorial offices operating in Polish Radio External Service were reviewed, the content offered by Polish Radio for Ukraine was analyzed, and the groups of topics related to Ukraine were characterized. The collected material confirms the assumption that the Polish public radio has undertaken the obligation to inform about Ukraine and the Polish public radio is involved in supporting Ukraine and its citizens, as well as helping to combat Russian propaganda and disinformation about the war in Ukraine.
The Bolshevik revolution changed not only Russia, but the history of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. Expansive communism, when it could not be exported directly to the West as a result of the defeat of the Red Army on the outskirts of Warsaw in 1920, was to be spread by the revolutionary revolts of the masses, in accordance with the will of the Kremlin, transmitted through the Comintern. These were to be inspired by the Bolsheviks, and then by the Soviet state. This threat became the subject of scientific and journalistic discourse in interwar Poland, a discourse about the essence of the Bolshevik revolution, its goals and executors, about what it meant to its ideologues and how it was perceived by Polish analysts, researchers and social activists.
The aim of this article is to examine the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Ciril I, official statements about the Russian-Ukrainian war, concentrating on the issue of how both participants of the conflict are presented. The analysis was based on the sermons of Ciril I, that the patriarch has given from Feb. 2022 to Feb. 2024. The sermons were studied in concordance with the principles of pragmalinguistics. The sermons of the Russian patriarch were identified as evidently partial, because the goal of his statements is to effect on the attitude to war of his listeners. It must be admitted that the demeanour of Ciril’s hearers should totally correspond with the Russian authorities’ perspective. The analysis has proved that the character of the vocabulary and the types of the strategies of communication used by Ciril I in his sermons let us treat them as one of the crucial elements of Russian propaganda for war.
The paper explores gender disparities in the global labour market through historical and contemporary perspectives, addressing the challenges and progress in female labour force participation. It highlights systemic barriers such as gender norms, discrimination, and contextual constraints, emphasizing the economic benefits of narrowing gender gaps. Utilizing frameworks like the Gender Employment Gap Index and data from the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Reports, the study examines regional and temporal variations in gender equality. Particular attention is paid to the situation of women in Europe, including Poland and Ukraine. A review of the world literature helps highlight the importance of a historical perspective in economic empirical research. Historical insights reveal the influence of socio-economic systems and cultural norms, while recent case studies – such as Ukraine during wartime – illustrate shifts in female economic roles. The paper underscores the critical role of integrated policy measures – from education and healthcare to childcare provision – in achieving economic gender parity.
The article deals with the conceptual foundations of the „Polish-Multilingual Dictionary of False Friends of the Translator” (Warsaw 2022). The dictionary is based on words from 17 Indo-European languages. This is the first lexicographic work of its kind. The initial lexical units are Polish words from the lexical and grammatical group of everyday vocabulary. The article deals with the structure of the dictionary and the principles of sememe description. The problems of correlation between the meanings of the words included in this lexicographic work and the possibilities of theoretical conclusions are analyzed. Dictionary entries are material for typological, comparative, comparative-historical, and etymological studies.
Deviant syntagmatic constructions of the explanatory type with the preposition о are widespread in the oral public discourse. Most often, the violations occur for two key reasons: either because of the omission of a locutive, mental-cognitive or informative-communicative marker (verb or noun) obligatory for such constructions, which serves as their syntagmatic core, or because of the substitution of such a marker by a unit with related semantics, which does not imply the use of a construction with the expletive case. Both elliptical omission and lexical substitution of the syntagmatic core are based on metonymic shifts at the level of inner speech, in which the planned construction with the prepositional expletive is subjected to mental reduction in the course of oral utterance.
The article presents several critical and journalistic statements devoted to Joseph Brodsky’s poem On the Independence of Ukraine, written several months after the country gained statehood and political independence from Russia. Some of their authors (e.g. Oksana Zabuzhko) accuse the poet of a chauvinist and imperial approach to Ukrainian sovereignty, and treat it as part of the cultural world of Russia. Friends and admirers of Brodsky’s work (e.g. Adam Zagajewski, Aleksander Fiut) react to this text differently. They seek justification for the poet’s attitude, although they often express surprise and lack of understanding of why he wrote a poem with such an expression. They have also appeared works which, using an objectified conceptual apparatus (e.g. Yevgeny Breydo), try to defend the poet against the accusations made by critics.The article is the first part of the study dealing with this issue; the second will be devoted to searching for the intellectual and psychological premises that led to its creation.
The purpose was to diagnose the scale and dynamics of changes in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in a group of Central and Eastern European countries (EU-10) under the conditions of the modern VUCA economy - volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, especially with regard to the complexity of these countries’ jurisdictions and the level of quality of governance. UNCTAD data in 2019-2023, Global Business Complexity Index data and Worldwide Governance Indicators were used. In 2020 EU recorded a significant decline in FDI inflows, especially in Slovakia. Some countries (Bulgaria and Hungary) recorded an increase, while Poland maintained its 2019 investment level. Between 2022 and 2023, FDI inflows continued to decline, especially in Slovakia and Slovenia, while Estonia, thanks to its liberal investment policy, recorded an increase, although it did not reach pre-pandemic levels. Among countries with the complex regulations were 7 of the EU-10. Changes in FDI screening policies within the EU were aimed at protecting the strategic interests, leading to a reduction in investment inflows and a deterioration in relations with third countries. The quality of governance had a significant impact on the attractiveness. In terms of the quality of government regulation, Estonia remains a leader.
