The hand plays a vital role in performing daily tasks with precision, relying on the strength of the hand and forearm muscles. Hand grip strength is widely used as an indicator to assess upper limb muscle performance. Several factors, including daily activities, age, and sex, can influence grip strength. This study focuses on traditional Sumatran communities characterized by non-industrialized livelihoods and sustained manual labor, such as farming and plantation work. This provides a unique context for examining how a physically demanding lifestyle modulates natural trajectories of hand grip strength outside urban or clinical settings. This study aims to evaluate hand-grip strength in the Sumatran population. The research involved a literature review, obtaining informed consent, collecting demographic data, determining hand dominance, measuring grip strength using a dynamometer, conducting data analysis, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that peak hand grip strength for both males and females consistently occurred within the 20-29 age bracket. Significant differences were also found in right-hand grip strength. Linear model analysis revealed positive correlations with sex (P = 2 × 10-4), handedness (P = 9.91 × 10-6), income (P = 0.039), and specific regions: Central Lampung (P = 0.01), Way Kanan (P = 1.86 × 10-13), and Simalungun (P = 0.01). The influence of income and regionality likely reflects differences in nutritional access and the intensity of manual labor inherent in traditional agricultural hubs. In contrast, the starting hand for measurement, age (as a linear variable), and jobs that involve passive hand use do not affect hand grip strength.
Studies of mangrove arthropods in Indonesia are limited, and research in the Banyuasin mangrove forest at Tanjung Api-Api remains scarce. Most studies focus on general biodiversity rather than on the specific ecological roles these species play in mangrove productivity. The objectives of the research are to analyze the species composition, ecological roles, and population dynamics of arthropods to understand their contributions to mangrove forest resilience. Arthropod sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, including arthropod morphology. Samples are collected from the Tanjung Api-Api mangrove forest. Arthropod specimens were subsequently identified, counted, and recorded in the laboratory. Diversity indices and community structure analyses were then used to evaluate the data. Results showed 380 individuals across multiple arthropod orders, with Decapoda and Hymenoptera emerging as the dominant groups. Key findings indicate that decapod crabs improve soil quality, while Hymenoptera enhance canopy and vegetation. Diversity revealed medium species richness, low dominance, and high evenness, suggesting a balanced community. Notably, stable dynamics between detritivores and predators control herbivore populations, whereas few pollinators suggest pollination is limited by short flowering periods. In summary, the arthropod community maintains a resilient trophic structure that underpins ecosystem processes, demonstrating that species composition and ecological roles directly support mangrove productivity.
Ratoon sugarcane cultivation systems experience declining productivity due to soil degradation, which adversely affects plant physiological capacity. This study evaluated physiological and growth responses of the Bulu Lawang ratoon sugarcane variety to hydrogel, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), and K-humate, applied individually and in combination to improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. A field experiment used a randomized complete block design with seven treatments under uniform NPKS fertilization. Parameters observed included nitrogen metabolism, chlorophyll content, gas exchange, photosynthetic rate, vegetative growth, and biomass. The combination of SiNPs and K-humate, with or without hydrogel, produced the most favorable responses, increasing nitrate reductase activity by 147%, total chlorophyll by 75%, stomatal conductance by 194%, and photosynthetic rate by 89% relative to the control, with corresponding gains in leaf area, root area, plant population, and dry biomass. Hydrogel provided no additional benefit beyond that of SiNPs and K-humate under the high-rainfall conditions of this study. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthetic rate and leaf and root area, and photosynthesis and biomass, indicating an integrated physiological response. These findings indicate that SiNPs and K-humate, rather than the hydrogel, primarily drive improvements in ratoon sugarcane productivity on degraded soils.
Although the traditional plant-based fermented food groups are important sources of microbial biodiversity, the functional and safety properties of many autochthonous species are poorly studied. The present study aimed to characterize Lentilactobacillus farraginis TV3.1.2, an indigenous isolate from Vietnamese Solanum macrocarpon (Ca phao muoi chua) and investigate its potential as an alternative to the use of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock. Based on a systematic 5-stage screening of 62 isolates, TV3.1.2 was detected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain was found to be highly resilient, with >2 Log CFU/mL remaining viable at pH 2.0 (2.29±0.49 Log CFU/mL) and 1.0% bile salts (3.50±0.61 Log CFU/mL). Moreover, TV3.1.2 displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with an inhibition zone of 30.47 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, which is indicative of the production of bacteriocin-like substance. Safety testing confirmed a non-hemolytic profile and susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics. No virulence factors (esp, gelE, cylA/M), vancomycin resistance genes (vanA/B), and biogenic amine determinants (hdc1/2, tdc) were detected by genotypic analysis. Overall, these results suggest that L. farraginis TV3.1.2 could serve as a safe and protective starter culture in food and agriculture applications compared to pathogenic lines.
Phytophthora infestans, Potato Virus Y (PVY), and Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) are major diseases that severely affect potato production and quality worldwide, including Indonesia. These pathogens pose significant threats to crop security, and effective, durable control methods are still limited. This study aimed to establish an efficient transformation system using Gene Assembly in Agrobacterium by Nucleic acid Transfer using Recombinase technologY (GAANTRY)-based gene stacking technology to generate multi-pathogen-resistant potato lines, which may reduce reliance on chemical control and support environmentally sustainable cultivation. Two Granola potato clones, Granola Indonesia (Gra I) and Granola MSU (Gra M), were evaluated for their in vitro growth and regeneration performance. Gra M exhibited vigorous vegetative growth, while Gra I showed the highest regeneration efficiency using mid-stem node explants cultured on GNZ medium. Transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ArPORT1 harboring the multigene vector pMSU2DR-02 resulted in 13% transformation efficiency and 100% regeneration with a 10-minute infection period. PCR confirmed stable integration of five resistance genes (RpiAmr1, RpiAmr3, RpiVnt1, RySto, and Rladg) without vector backbone fragments. These results demonstrate that GAANTRY-based gene stacking is an effective approach for producing potato cultivars with single T-DNA insertions carrying multiple resistance genes, providing broad-spectrum and durable resistance as a sustainable alternative to chemical control for long-term crop protection. The resulting transgenic potato lines have the potential to be utilized to improve disease resistance and productivity among smallholder farmers in Indonesia.
Seed dormancy is a major constraint to uniform germination and crop establishment in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (A. paniculata), resulting in low germination. A. paniculata is a member of the Acanthaceae family and is propagated via seeds. However, it exhibits poor germination and dormancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two commonly used methods, hot water treatment and sandpaper scarification, on A. paniculata seeds. This study aims to optimize seed dormancy-breaking methods and identify a simple yet efficient germination approach useful for both farmers and researchers. Both treatments were selected based on previous reports indicating their potential to enhance germination. To ensure consistency, the procedure is tested under controlled conditions in a plant growth chamber, following established protocols. Germination parameters, including final germination percentage (FGP) and mean germination time (MGT), were recorded. Results indicated that sandpaper scarification significantly enhanced germination, achieving an average FGP 93%, compared with hot water treatment (18.4%) and the control (7.2%) across all accessions. These preliminary findings showed that sandpaper scarification with a moistened tissue towel is an effective method for overcoming physical dormancy in A. paniculata seeds.
Exposure to blue light (400-500 nm), derived from sunlight and artificial light sources such as electronic devices and indoor lighting, has been linked to harmful biological effects. Prolonged exposure can reduce antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress, cellular dysfunction, and DNA damage. Caesalpinia sappan (secang wood) contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds with known antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Indonesian secang wood and its effects on fibroblast viability and collagen synthesis following blue light exposure. Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine flavonoid and phenolic content, while antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. Fibroblast viability was analysed using the MTT assay, and collagen synthesis was measured using the Sirius Red assay. The extract demonstrated high flavonoid (5.93 mg QE/100 g) and phenolic content (2.86 mg GAE/100 g), along with strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 7.8 µg/mL), exceeding that of the reference herbal extract (Artemisia capillaris). In fibroblasts exposed to blue light, treatment with secang wood extract significantly improved cell viability and collagen synthesis compared to untreated controls. In conclusion, secang wood ethanol extract exhibits potent antioxidant activity and enhances fibroblast function after blue light exposure.
The gonggong conch Laevistrombus turturella is a highly valued seafood due to its excellent taste, high nutritional quality, and economic importance. However, increasing demand continues to rely on wild harvesting, raising concerns about overexploitation. Sustainable aquaculture is therefore essential, yet constraints persist, particularly regarding the suitability and availability of natural feed. Metabarcoding offers a high-resolution approach for identifying planktonic organisms as potential feed candidates, surpassing the accuracy of conventional visual methods. This study used DNA metabarcoding to characterize the gut content of L. turturella and to identify priority natural feed biota. The technique detected more than 10 times as many taxa as visual inspection, providing a clearer understanding of the species dietary profile. Ostracoda and Bacillariophyceae emerged as key candidate groups, with Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros spp. identified as the most suitable species based on their nutritional value, cell size, and culture tolerance. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing natural feed formulations to support the aquaculture of L. turturella.
Alternative splicing is a key mechanism that enhances transcriptome and proteome diversity in eukaryotes. While canonical GT–AG splice sites have been extensively characterized, non-canonical combinations remain poorly understood, especially in plants. Previous studies have mostly focused on model species and major crops, leaving many plant lineages unexplored. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of splice-site usage across 11 plant species representing diverse crops. Using high-quality RefSeq annotations, we extracted all introns within coding regions and quantified the frequencies and diversities of canonical and non-canonical splice sites. Normalized intron counts revealed that the relative proportions of non-canonical classes are stable across well-annotated genomes, while their diversity increases with the total number of introns. We further observed that non-canonical splice sites are more frequent in introns of extreme lengths, suggesting that intron architecture may influence splicing precision. A small number of recurrent non-canonical combinations (GA–AG, GT–AA, GT–AT, and GT–GG) were consistently detected across species, indicating that these motifs are evolutionarily tolerated and may arise through single-nucleotide substitutions. These results indicate that non-canonical splicing is an evolutionarily conserved feature of plant transcriptomes and provide new insights into splice-site variability beyond model species.
Apis cerana has a broad distribution across mainland Asia and exhibits high variation in wing venation. However, studies on wing venation variation in the Indonesian archipelago have mainly focused on Sumatra and Java. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze wing venation variation in Kalimantan and the relationship between A. cerana in the Sundaland region, including Sumatra and Java. Geometric morphometric methods were applied using 19 wing venation landmarks, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree analysis. The results showed that A. cerana from South Kalimantan exhibited the greatest variation in wing shape, whereas samples from West Kalimantan displayed relatively conserved wing size and shape, as indicated by low variation. Landmarks 11, 16, and 17 contributed a high value of wing venation variation within A. cerana Kalimantan and across Sundaland. The PCA revealed that A. cerana from Kalimantan was generally separated from those of Sumatra and Java. This pattern was supported by the NJ tree, which showed distinct clustering between Kalimantan and the other islands, although several samples from Banten and Jambi clustered with Kalimantan. These findings highlight the biogeographic pattern of A. cerana across Sundaland and the potential of wing-venation geometric morphometrics for digital species identification in Indonesia.
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive soil bacteria known for decomposing organic matter and producing secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes, which contribute to pathogen suppression and soil health. This study aimed to isolation of actinomycetes from the cabbage rhizospheric and evaluate their antagonistic activity against X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causative agent of black rot disease in cabbage. The study consisted of four main stages: isolation, selection, characterzation, and identification of potential isolates. A total 55 actinomycetes isolates were successfully isolated from cabbage rhizospheric in Garut, Cianjur and Bandung, West Java. Among them, 16 isolates were non-pathogenic to plant and mammals. In vitro assays showed inhibition of Xcc by 3.96-20.83%. Seed germination and growth tests on cabbage revealed a vigor index of 41.7-88.3% and germination rate of 50.83-93.33%. Based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, three isolates CPT5, CPT8, and SNT10 were identified as the most potential biocontrol agenst Xcc, as they exhibited peroxidase enzyme activity. Moleculer identification through 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed that CPT5 was identified as Streptomyces polychromogenes, CPT8 as Streptomyces vinaceus, and SNT10 as Streptomyces rochei. These findings indicated that actinomycetes from the cabbage rhizospheric have potential to control X. campestris pv. campestris.
Mungkus fish is a culturally and economically important fish in Bengkulu. However, the accurate species name of the existing Mungkus fish in Bengkulu province remains unclear. Our research aimed to accurately identify the species of Mungkus fish by using a molecular approach. The DNA Barcoding method, using the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequence, was employed for species identification and phylogenetic analysis. The DNA of 12 fin tissue samples, chosen from eight main rivers, was extracted using the Phenol-Chloroform method. The target DNA was amplified using the paired primers Fish-BCL and Fish-BCH before sequencing. The sequence data were then analyzed by using bioinformatic tools. This study successfully identifies three species of Mungkus fish in Bengkulu (Sicyopterus lagochepalus, Sicyopterus squamossissimus, and Sicyopterus cynocephalus), with similarity to GenBank data> 99.00%. ASAP analysis supports the species delimitation, which clustered into three species. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic analysis clearly resolved all samples into three distinct clades. The analysis also unveiled clear haplotype divergence among Sicyopterus species, indicating both shared and species-specific genetic lineages. Close genetic affinity was observed among S. lagocephalus populations from Bengkulu, Maluku, and the Philippines, whereas S. cynocephalus showed regional differentiation from Gorontalo populations. These findings provide taxonomic clarity that is fundamental for future sustainable management and conservation planning of Mungkus fisheries in Bengkulu Province.
Artemia sp. is widely used as a live feed in the larval culture of both marine and freshwater species. Inconsistent nutritional content can be overcome by enriching microalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of local microalgae as a source of enrichment to improve the quality of Artemia. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The microalgae used were a collection of isolates from the Fisheries Biology Laboratory, UBT. The research procedure consisted of 1) identification of microalgae based on cell morphology using a Labomed LX400 microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 2) microalgae culture with the addition of IAA (auxin), BAP (cytokinin), and a combination of both hormones, and 3) Artemia enrichment with cultured microalgae with soaking times of 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's test. The results showed that single treatment or a combination of IAA and BAP had no significant effect on cell density, protein, and carbohydrate content of microalgae, but lipid content increased significantly with IAA + BAP treatment. Enrichment with Chlorella sp. s significantly increased protein, carbohydrate, lipid content, and the survival rate of Artemia increased by 33.42% after 12 h of soaking.
Microalgae, particularly Chlorella sorokiniana, are widely recognized for their applications in aquaculture, biofuel production, and nutraceutical industries due to their high biomass yield and valuable biochemical composition. However, optimizing culture conditions remains essential for improving growth and metabolite production. This study investigated the combined effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Ascophyllum (Acadian) Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) concentrations in BG-11 medium on the growth, pigment accumulation, and total phenolic content of C. sorokiniana. Eight treatments were evaluated: T1 (control BG-11 only), T2 (AMPEP only), T3 (NaCl only), T4 (NaCl + AMPEP), T5 (NaCl + AMPEP + BG-11), T6 (15 g L-1 NaCl + 100 mg L-1 AMPEP + BG-11), T7 (20 g L-1 NaCl + 150 mg L-1 AMPEP + BG-11), and T8 (25 g L-1 NaCl + 200 mg L-1 AMPEP + BG-11). Results showed that T6 achieved the highest cell density, reaching 10.14-fold cell mL-1 compared with the control. The highest specific growth rate and dry weight were observed in T8 at 0.18±0.01 day-1 and 0.14±0.00 g L-1, respectively. Cell size was significantly larger (p<0.05) in T6, T7, and T8. For pigment accumulation, T5 recorded the highest chlorophyll a (25.54±1.42 μg mL-1), total carotenoids (97±0.88 μg mL-1), and while the same treatment also yielded the highest total phenolic content (8.72±0.87 mg GAE g-1 DW). These findings demonstrate that NaCl-AMPEP supplementation enhances biomass, pigment accumulation, and biochemical composition in C. sorokiniana.
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) or pitahaya is a high-value horticultural commodity driven by strong domestic demand. However, national production remains insufficient, leading to continued reliance on imports. One of the main obstacles in dragon fruit cultivation is the emergence of diseases. Currently, information regarding dragon fruit diseases in Indonesia is still limited. This study aims to identify diseases affecting dragon fruit, characterize their symptoms, determine the causative pathogens, and calculate disease incidence. Sampling and disease incidence calculation were conducted in Bogor and Banyuwangi, followed by isolation and identification in the laboratory. Fungal diseases found in dragon fruit plants include anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.), leaf blight (Fusarium sp.), dragon fruit stem canker (Neoscytalidium dimidiatum), rust disease (Cephaleuros sp.), and white stem disease. The bacterial disease found in dragon fruit plants is rot, which is believed to be caused by Staphylococcus sp. Symptoms of yellowish systemic spots are considered to be caused by a virus (Cactus Virus X). Nematodes identified on dragon fruit roots include Helicotylenchus sp., Heterodera sp., and Rhabditis sp. however, no typical symptoms usually associated with nematode attacks were observed on the host plants. Stem canker is the most prevalent disease, with an incidence ranging from 58.7% to 100%.
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a destructive soil-borne disease threatening banana production in Indonesia, particularly in Malang Regency, East Java. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and spatial distribution of Foc and assess disease dynamics in relation to environmental factors using spatial analysis and epidemiological modeling. Field surveys and laboratory analyses were conducted from October 2024 to January 2025 in six sub-districts of Malang Regency. Foc isolates were obtained from symptomatic banana plants and identified through macroscopic and microscopic observations and pathogenicity tests. Spatial distribution was analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based land unit modeling integrating land use, slope, soil type, and rainfall data. Disease development was evaluated using the Susceptible–Infected–Recovered (SIR) model. The results confirmed Fusarium wilt occurrence, characterized by leaf chlorosis, vascular discoloration, and fungal structures typical of Foc. Disease intensity varied among locations, with the highest severity recorded in Tajinan and Pakis sub-districts (score = 2), while the overall mean disease intensity was 0.83. Spatial analysis indicated that areas with gentle slopes, typic dystrudepts soils, and moderate-to-high rainfall were more prone to disease occurrence. Epidemiological simulations showed that the infected population peaked around day 40, whereas the recovered population increased to approximately 900 plants by day 80. Among the 32 banana cultivars evaluated, Cavendish was the most susceptible, whereas BRS Platina showed higher resistance. Integrating spatial environmental analysis and SIR modeling provides a practical approach for predicting disease distribution and supporting sustainable Fusarium wilt management in banana production.
Mangrove phorophytes offer a vital biological substrate for cryptogamic variety, especially to lichens. The identification of these distinct substrates, which contain crucial biological forces controlling epiphytic assembly, is still lacking. Despite the well-known zonation pattern of vascular plants, little is known about how host architectural features and forest management status affect lichens in tropical ecology. In this study, the selected extensive mangrove forests of Davao City, Philippines, the species composition and phorophyte specificity of lichen species were identified. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and non-parametric Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) tests were used to assess community turnover in the 13 main phorophyte species. The results showed that the phorophyte species was the primary factor influencing diversity. Sonneratia alba is a rugose-barked species that supports the highest richness (14 species) and has a substantial reservoir of generalist species. The conventional rugosity idea was undermined by the smooth-barked Bruguiera cylindrica, which sustained an exceptionally high variety of 11 species, indicating cortical lenticels as crucial microhabitats for specialized graphid guilds. Furthermore, a monospecific connection with the halotolerant Psilolechia lucida was supported by the saline bark of Avicennia marina acting as a tight environmental filter. Statistical analysis showed that cryptogamic recovery lagged behind vascular reforestation, making restored and industrial sites compositionally similar. In contrast, the protected site maintained a distinct host-supported population. These results highlight how crucial it is to preserve a range of phorophyte assemblages to support specific epiphytic roles in mangrove conservation.
Soft rot is the serious problem in cultivation and post harvest of A. muelleri Blume Yam (Elephant foot Yam). This experiment aims is to screen and characterize endophytic bacteria that potentially prevent soft rot on porang (A. muelleri Blume) through in-vitro and in-planta screening. Screening of the bacteria resulted three isolates i.e. EAP10, EAP17, and Bacillus velezensis EG113 could inhibit soft rot caused by P. carotovorum B4. The three isolates demonstrated that EAP10, EAP17, Bv EG113 have anti quorum sensing (AQS) activity against Chromobacter violaceum and have capability to decrease the soft rot incidence of porang plantlets artificially infected with Pectobacterium carotovorum B4. Compared to the other selected endophytes, B. velezensis EG113 showed the best capability to decrease the disease incidence (75%). Physiological characterization of the selected endophytic isolates showed cellulolytic, proteolytic, and IAA production capability. The 16S rRNA sequences homology analysis of endophytic isolates showed similarity to Acinetobacter radioresistance (100%) and Bacillus aryabhattai (99%) or Priestia aryabhattai (revision name) respectively for EAP10 and EAP17 isolates. The results suggested that B. velezensis EG113 is potentially to be develop as biopriming agent for early protection of porang.
Fusarium proliferatum, a phytopathogenic fungus, causes significant agricultural losses. Chitinase-producing bacteria from post-mining soil have potential as biocontrol agents because they degrade chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and purify bacterial chitinase and evaluate its antifungal activity against F. proliferatum. Bacterial isolates were obtained from post-mining soil in Martabe and screened for chitinase activity using chitin agar medium. The selected isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the chitinase enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. The antifungal activity against F. proliferatum was evaluated using dual-culture and food-poisoning assays. Two isolates, TSU4 and TSU5, exhibited high chitinolytic activity with hydrolytic zone indices of 2.1±0.2 cm and 1.9±0.41 cm, respectively; TSU4 (Bacillus cereus) was selected for further study. The 70% ammonium sulfate-precipitated chitinase showed a specific activity of 15.66 U/mg, and the concentrated enzyme inhibited F. proliferatum growth by 33.8±0.23%. Chitinases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18), an evolutionarily widespread group of chitin-degrading enzymes with a conserved catalytic domain that hydrolyzes β-1,4 linkages in chitin, making GH18 chitinases effective for degrading fungal cell walls in biocontrol applications. These findings indicate that the chitinase produced by B. cereus TSU4 shows significant antifungal activity and has strong potential as a biocontrol agent against F. proliferatum.
Vigna unguiculata is one of the main legumes consumed in Burkina Faso. Its genetic improvement requires a good understanding of the diversity of local cultivars. However, very little information exists on these local cultivars. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and agronomic performance of cowpea cultivars in Burkina Faso. The plant material studied consists of 20 cowpea cultivars, 17 of which are from the National Commission for Plant Genetic Resources Management (SP-CONAGREP) and three from the Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA). The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. The experiment was conducted over two farming seasons in 2022 and 2023. The quantitative variables measured are related to phenology and yield. The results revealed cultivars with white flowers and violet flowers. For yield-related performance, the results showed that the Sanga and CSI01 cultivars were the most productive in terms of number of seeds per pod in 2022. Performance varies by cultivar and year and is influenced by climatic and environmental conditions. The DANPLA cultivar achieved the highest 100-seed weight in 2022 and 2023, at 17.03 g and 19.43 g, respectively. The structuring of the 20 cultivars in the collection resulted in four groups based on agronomic performance. Group I consists of early-cycle cultivars and is characterized by large seeds. These important traits can be exploited in breeding programs.
