PurposeThis study aims to investigate how manufacturing firms operating under resource constraints leverage frugal innovation capabilities to transition toward servitization and strengthen their competitive positions in industrial markets. Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case study design was used to analyze nine Vietnamese industrial firms. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, internal documents and site observations and analyzed using thematic cross-case coding. FindingsThe study identifies three analytically distinct yet interrelated pathways through which frugal innovation supports servitization: (1) efficiency-driven service expansion, (2) customer-proximity service augmentation and (3) modular frugal service systemization. Firms were found to creatively redeploy internal capabilities to develop integrated service offerings despite financial and institutional constraints. Practical implicationsIndustrial managers in emerging markets can harness frugal internal capabilities to deliver tailored service solutions, deepen customer relationships and achieve competitive resilience without relying on external investment. Originality/valueThis study extends the literature by conceptualizing frugal innovation as a microfoundation of the dynamic capabilities that enable servitization. It contributes a new understanding of how industrial firms can pursue service-based growth strategies under resource constraints and presents clear implications for B2B marketers and strategists.
PurposeThis study aims to investigate how power influences governance mechanisms that in turn foster sustainability-oriented collaborations (SOC) in buyer–supplier relationships. It further examines the moderating effects of satisfaction. Design/methodology/approachDrawing on social exchange theory, the study develops a framework integrating mediated and nonmediated power, contractual and relational governance with SOC. Data were collected using a survey questionnaire from buyers of industrial products. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling. FindingsThe findings indicate that mediated and nonmediated power significantly shape governance mechanisms. Both governance forms positively contribute to SOC. Also, satisfaction moderates the relationships. Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by integrating governance and power sources in a unified framework to explain SOC and introducing satisfaction as a key boundary condition in governance–power dynamics. The findings advance theoretical understanding of power–governance interplay and provide actionable guidance for managers seeking to foster sustainability in marketing channels.
Purpose This study aims to examine how training effectiveness, sales passion and emotional intelligence influence logistics service salesperson performance, with adaptive selling behaviour serving as a mediator and logistics complexity along with digital transformation acting as moderators.Design/methodology/approach Applying the partial least squares structural model method to analyse data from 666 logistics service salespeople in Southeast Vietnam, this study identifies factors that affect salesperson performance amid logistics companies expanding their supply chains and adopting digital transformation.Findings The findings indicate that training effectiveness and emotional intelligence positively influence salesperson performance both directly and indirectly through adaptive selling behaviour. Sales passion does not directly affect performance but has an indirect effect. Additionally, logistics complexity and digital transformation weaken the relationship between adaptive selling behaviour and salesperson performance.Research limitations/implications This study explores key factors impacting salesperson performance within the logistics sector. Moreover, logistics firms should work to reduce logistics complexity and actively pursue digital transformation based on their company size.Originality/value This study highlights the factors affecting logistics service salesperson performance in the context of companies expanding their supply chain networks and implementing digital transformation.
PurposeThis study aims to propose five boundary conditions that systematically influence the relationship between market learning and performance. These boundaries operate in firm level (size and age), market level (industry and segmentation), economic level (gross domestic product [GDP] and competitive index) and employee level (CEO vs others level). The proposed theoretical model underscores the importance of market learning in enhancing organizational performance outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a meta-analytic investigation covering a 28 years period (1997-2025), identifying 119 articles that generated 203 effect size observations, based on a sample of 111,828 respondents from 40 countries.FindingsThe results suggest that firm-level characteristics, such as company size and age, market-level (service vs manufacturing and business-to-business [B2B] vs business-to-consumer [B2C] segmentation), economic-level boundaries and employee level, significantly moderate the relationship between market learning and organizational performance. Furthermore, the outcomes confirm a positive effect of market learning on organizational performance.Practical implicationsThis study advances organizational learning theory by showing that market learning capabilities enhance firm performance. The study demonstrates that the relationship between market learning and performance is shaped by five moderating boundaries at the firm, market and economic levels: company size, age, industry type (service vs manufacturing), market segmentation (B2B vs B2C) and national conditions such as GDP and competitiveness. The findings reveal that B2C firms, older companies and firms in stronger economies benefit more from market learning due to greater adaptability, accumulated knowledge and better access to resources and intelligence.Originality/valueMany studies have focused on exploring market learning and its impacts on either innovation or performance; however, research explicitly identifying the firm, segment and economic-level boundaries conditions that moderate this relationship remains scarce.
Purpose This study aims to investigate how organizational structure, specifically formalization and decentralization, moderates the relationship between technological capability and organizational performance. While prior research has examined technology and structure separately, little is known about how they interact. This study addresses that gap by assessing whether structural design can amplify or constrain the performance benefits of technological capability.Design/methodology/approach A quantitative survey was conducted with 95 respondents from Taiwanese enterprises. Validated measurement scales were used to assess technological capability, organizational structure and performance. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze both direct and moderating effects using latent variable interaction terms.Findings Both technological capability and organizational structure significantly improve performance. More importantly, organizational structure enhances the positive effect of technological capability. Organizations benefit most when formalized processes are paired with decentralized decision-making, enabling them to balance control with responsiveness. This alignment is especially critical for resource-constrained firms operating in fast-paced, technology-driven environments.Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that structural elements, often viewed as rigid or inhibiting, can, when strategically aligned with technological capabilities, enhance organizational flexibility and performance. The findings underscore that digital transformation success relies not only on technology investment but also on embedding those capabilities within supportive organizational structures.
Purpose This study aims to examine logistics service providers (LSPs) as catalysts for semiconductor supply chain resilience in business-to-business (B2B) ecosystems. It fills a gap by showing how digital innovation and multi-stakeholder collaboration enhance transparency, efficiency and robustness – critical dimensions overlooked in previous manufacturer-focused analyses of B2B supply chains. Design/methodology/approach An evolutionary game theory model simulates interactions among manufacturers, LSPs and governments. Building on B2B relationship theory, it explores how advanced digital platforms and coordinated regulatory measures foster collaboration and drive the adoption of resilience-enhancing innovations in B2B networks. Findings Government interventions – such as subsidies and standardized regulations – significantly reduce adoption risks. Cross-sector data sharing amplifies synergistic gains, leading to stable equilibria in which cooperative behaviors become self-reinforcing and overall resilience is strengthened. Practical implications An integrated approach – combining breakthrough digital technologies, legislative support and alliance management – offers concrete pathways to alleviate demand-supply mismatches and counter global fragmentation. Firms and policymakers can leverage these B2B insights to build more agile, transparent and robust supply chains through LSP-led digital transformation. Originality/value By positioning LSPs at the core of digital transformation in B2B networks, this research bridges theory and practice in supply chain resilience. It highlights the transformative potential of LSP-driven innovations for creating future-ready semiconductor ecosystems through B2B collaboration.
Purpose Enterprises with the characteristics of “Specialized, Refinement, Differential and Innovation (SRDI)” in China play an important role in shaping the resilience of supply chains and developing an independent and controllable national industrial chain. However, research on how SRDI enterprises can build supply chain resilience in the context of risk transmission is still lagging behind. This paper aims to fill this gap and clarify the mechanism through internal and external factor dimensions when considering risk transmission of SRDI enterprises on supply chain resilience, and provide some implications for small and medium-sized enterprises. Design/methodology/approach Based on dynamic capability theory and stakeholder theory, this paper constructs a model of the relationship between supply chain risk transmission and supply chain resilience with SRDI enterprises as the research object. Hypothesis testing is carried out by empirically analyzing the survey data of 120 SRDI enterprises in the Chinese new energy vehicle industry. Findings This paper found that supply chain risk transmission has a significant positive effect on supplier-specialized collaboration and customer collaborative matching. Meanwhile, supplier specialized collaboration and customer collaborative matching significantly and positively affect supply chain resilience, while they respectively play a mediating role in the relationship between supply chain risk transmission and supply chain resilience. In addition, internal refined integration significantly promotes supplier specialized collaboration and customer collaborative matching, which in turn indirectly affects supply chain resilience. Originality/value The research findings reveal the intrinsic mechanism of how SRDI enterprises use internal refined integration and external-specialized collaboration to establish supply chain resilience under the supply chain risk transmission environment, which will have certain theoretical and practical significance to further enhance the supply chain resilience of SRDI enterprises.
PurposeThe study aims to investigate third actor’s roles in buyer–seller relationship initiation (BSRI) process in turbulent business networks, emphasising how they might have evolved from those already identified in stable business networks. Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study of a small Italian winery was deemed useful to provide a novel perspective on the phenomenon of interest. Buyers, sellers and third actors were involved in the data collection. Data were analysed abductively, presenting vignettes of the BSRI processes developed by the small winery with the support of a third actor in turbulent business networks. FindingsThe study’s contributions highlight new macro and micro-roles performed by third actors in supporting the sudden initiation of new business relationships in turbulent business networks, emphasising the increasing relevance of social mechanisms in initiating new business relationships in such conditions. Originality/valueThis study offers a novel empirical perspective on third actors’ roles during BSRI in a turbulent business network. It unveils new macro- and micro-roles supporting the sudden initiation of new business relationships.
Purpose This study aims to examine how a focal firm in Sweden's recycling sector draws on embedded interorganizational ties to strengthen network resilience across its business-to-business (B2B) relationships. It draws on the concepts of embeddedness and the interaction model to understand how firms develop strategies for long-term network stability using Sweden's recycling sectors as empirical context.Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a qualitative case study approach, drawing on semi-structured interviews with department managers and sales personnel in a Swedish recycling firm. The analysis follows an abductive framework informed by literature on resilience and embeddedness.Findings This study finds that firms foster network resilience by modulating the level of social embeddedness in response to situational factors such as profitability, regulatory demands, industry pressures and the need for process efficiency. In more complex or regulated collaborations, firms invest in trust-building, continuous communication and mutual adaptation, thereby creating resilient ties capable of withstanding market turbulence.Originality/value This paper advances a contingency view of embeddedness in B2B networks, conceptualizing it as an adjustable governance mechanism calibrated to situational conditions. By integrating the interaction model with embeddedness, this study specifies when oversocialized vs undersocialized approaches are effective and how they are combined with contractual mechanisms to generate network resilience. The Swedish recycling context provides sector-specific evidence that illustrates - rather than delimits - the mechanisms.
PurposeDespite the co-existence of commercial, public-sector and social-welfare mindsets in business processes, the knowledge is limited about how and why these logics affect supply chains (SC). The purpose of this study is to investigate how such logic-infused activities enhance the overall performance and resilience of SC by affecting the level of trust among SC actors. Design/methodology/approachA sequential mixed-methods design was followed to develop an integrated perspective. First, a survey was conducted on a sample of 174 retailers in the pharmaceutical SC, and partial least-squares structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. In the qualitative study, we conducted interviews with 17 managers and thematically analyzed. FindingsHypothesis testing results reveal that risk avoidance-oriented, collaboration-oriented and community-oriented activities positively affect trust among SC members; in turn, trust reinforces both SC resilience and performance. In contrast, performance-oriented activities have a negative effect. Both supporting and expanding these results, the qualitative findings show that while community, social-welfare and public-sector logics complement each other through trust-based mechanisms (e.g. knowledge-sharing, traceability, loyalty and collective risk management), commercial logic contrasts them and hinders positive SC outcomes. Research limitations/implicationsThis study proposes that SC context is shaped not only by commercial and public-sector logics but also by social-welfare logic. As a twofold construct, social-welfare logic influences the trust-building capacity of SC members by imposing unique and frequently opposing pressures. Practical implicationsThe study suggests that engaging in activities that do not prioritize commercial goals could be particularly effective in trust-building and attaining positive SC outcomes. Moreover, shared concerns and attempts by SC members toward improved societal welfare determine trust, resilience and performance to the highest degree. Social implicationsThe study deepens the understanding of developing countries where there is a highly complex SC setting that is mostly vulnerable to opportunistic behaviors from SC actors, which can significantly undermine trust. Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that identifies four unique institutional logics and compares their relative importance in the SC context by exploring the role of trust. The study also highlights the importance of collaboration and community-oriented activities, manifesting themselves in socially responsible behaviors inside and outside of SC.
PurposeThis study aims to explore the current landscape of Lean Six Sigma 4.0 (LSS 4.0), focusing on its trends, spread, enablers, barriers and toolsets. Furthermore, it aims to develop a robust implementation framework for LSS in the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) era, with the overarching goal of achieving excellence in all operational aspects. Design/methodology/approachUsing bibliometric analysis and a systematic review, this research investigates the current state-of-the-art, identifies key enablers and barriers, assesses available toolsets and examines the dissemination of knowledge in this domain. Furthermore, an implementation framework was developed based on literature review and experts’ opinion to provide a holistic approach applicable to all business settings in the era of I4.0 and Industry 5.0, with the ultimate aim of excelling to contribute to a more sustainable business environment. FindingsThis study identified the most productive sources of research on LSS 4.0, including publications, authors, countries and affiliations. It explored the key enablers, barriers and toolsets associated with LSS 4.0 from the perspective of people, processes and technology. The study examined its spread in large enterprises and micro, small and medium enterprises in both advanced and emerging countries. Finally, based on opinion and validation of the experts, in this research the authors have developed an implementation framework for integrating LSS with I4.0 to achieve excellence across all aspects. Originality/valueThis study represents a pioneering effort in the development of an implementation framework for LSS in I4.0 context. It serves as a roadmap for addressing issues related to LSS implementation in this era, making it highly valuable for researchers, practitioners and policymakers. It can aid in decision-making, policy revision and the formulation of new policies to achieve excellence in all aspects. Furthermore, upcoming researchers and practitioners will be able to find significant opportunities to work in the field of LSS 4.0 in the coming years.
PurposeThe meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions (MICE) industry embodies a business model in the Business-to-Business (B2B) service platform economy. From a configurational perspective, this study aims to investigate how the multi-factor configurational effects of the business environment influence the development level of the MICE industry. Design/methodology/approachTaking 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China as research cases, this study uses the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to examine how different dimensions of the business environment combine in configurations to affect MICE industry development. Necessity analysis and configurational analysis are conducted to identify multiple equifinal paths leading to high- and low-level MICE development. FindingsNo single condition of the business environment serves as a necessary condition for the high-level development of the MICE industry. Four configurational paths contribute to the high-level development of the MICE industry, namely, the efficiency-technology synergy-driven configuration, the foundational support-driven configuration, the regulation and vitality-driven configuration and the balanced synergy-driven configuration. There are three configurational paths leading to the low-level development of the MICE industry, which exhibit an asymmetric relationship with the paths leading to the high-level development of the MICE industry. Originality/valueFrom a B2B marketing configurational viewpoint, this study comprehensively examines the intricate connection between the business environment and MICE industry growth, going beyond traditional linear regression methods. This study identifies multiple configuration patterns through which the business environment promotes the MICE industry development, providing concrete practical guidance for policymakers. This study establishes new theoretical bases and practical implementation paths for the advancement of the MICE industry.
PurposeThis paper aims to use the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Actors–Resources–Activities (ARA) framework to investigate the cooperation between actors (suppliers, customers and intermediaries) in Poland’s wood biomass supply chain, as well as the activities and resources that underpin these relationships. It focuses particularly on the degree of cooperation and coordination between firms, the barriers to building long-term partnerships and the potential opportunities arising from better supply chain integration. Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods design was used, combining three focus group interviews with 18 participants, and a computer-assisted telephone interview survey of 300 firms. Triangulating thematic analysis and descriptive statistics enabled both depth and sector-level generalisation. FindingsRelationships in the Polish wood biomass industry are predominantly transactional, local and short term, focusing on price and immediate delivery rather than joint planning or knowledge sharing. High transport and storage costs, quality control issues and limited trust discourage resource pooling. However, respondents recognise significant opportunities, such as rising bioenergy demand, innovations in recycling technologies, and cost-sharing logistics hubs, which could stimulate cluster-type cooperation if institutional support and clear standards emerge. Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are based on a single-country, cross-sectional sample and partly on self-reported perceptions. Longitudinal and comparative studies are required to examine network evolution and performance. Practical implicationsManagers should prioritise trust-building mechanisms, shared quality protocols and joint logistics investments to reduce costs and access new markets. Policymakers can catalyse collaboration through stable regulations, targeted grants and cluster facilitation, thereby accelerating both competitiveness and the achievement of circular economy goals. Originality/valueThis study is pioneering in its application of the IMP approach lens to the coordination of a wood biomass supply chain. It empirically maps actor–activity–resource interactions, exposing behavioural and infrastructural bottlenecks that hinder the transition to a circular economy.
Purpose This study aims to increase our understanding of resilience in small firms as they navigate a series of interconnected crises - that is, a poly-crisis context. It focuses on various types of resilience, such as entrepreneurial, operational, strategic, financial and relational, and how these are connected.Design/methodology/approach The empirical part of this study is based on a qualitative case study of 13 microbreweries in the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Personal interviews were conducted, and the empirical material was analyzed from a dynamic perspective based on crisis, type of resilience, and the connection between resilience types.Findings The study highlights the interconnected nature of crises and emphasizes the importance of adaptations and diverse types of resilience in coping within a poly-crisis context. The findings show the nature and importance of relational resilience in connection with other types of resilience.Originality/value This study contributes to the authors' understanding of resilience by emphasizing the importance of a multidimensional and adaptive framework. It adds new insights into resilience as a dynamic process in small firms by showing the flow of resilience types and their connectedness over time in a poly-crisis context.
PurposeIn the current digital landscape, optimizing and streamlining value chains is imperative for organizations to maintain competitiveness and meet evolving customer demands. This study aims to investigate the impact of value co-creation between supply chain engagement and digital transformation on the organization’s resource commitment, focusing on how enterprises adjust their resource commitment and influence on operational strategy. Specifically, the research explores the relationship of supply chain engagement, digital transformation, functional resources and organizational strategy. Design/methodology/approachSurvey data consisting of 252 manufacturing firms is used to study the supply chain engagement and digital transformation value co-creation. FindingsThe findings indicate that digital transformation between supply chain engagement and the functional resource commitment mediates the relationship between supply chain engagement, resource commitment and operational strategy, which supports the idea of a value co-creation relationship. When firms and supply chain engagement to target efforts on functional resource commitment, digital transformation can be directed toward the development of an operational strategy. Originality/valueThis study contributes to understanding the mechanisms of value co-creation in supply chains by examining the relationships between supply chain engagement, functional resources, operational strategy and the mediating role of digital transformation. The findings not only extend theoretical frameworks by integrating the resource-based view and value co-creation theory but also offer practical guidance for firms seeking to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in today’s fast-paced business environment.
PurposeThis study aims to examine how digital sustainability empowerment drives digital green innovation performance among emerging market small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), investigating the mediating role of firm customer participation in corporate social responsibility (CSR) value co-creation and the moderating effect of CSR-oriented artificial intelligence (AI) capability.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on stakeholder theory and dynamic capabilities view, the authors used mixed-methods analysis with time-lagged data from 411 emerging market SMEs. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling, PROCESS Macro and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), they tested the proposed relationships.FindingsResults reveal that digital sustainability empowerment significantly enhances digital green innovation performance. Firm customer participation in CSR value co-creation positively mediates this relationship, while CSR-oriented AI capability strengthens the customer co-creation and green innovation link. The fsQCA analysis identifies multiple configurational pathways to achieve superior green innovation performance.Practical implicationsThe findings provide strategic guidance for SME managers on leveraging digital technologies and AI capabilities to enhance CSR value co-creation processes and drive green innovation performance in emerging markets.Originality/valueThis research demonstrates how digital transformation reshapes CSR practices through B2B customer value co-creation, creating sustainable innovation opportunities for emerging market enterprises. The study advances understanding of mechanisms linking digital sustainability capabilities with green innovation outcomes through customer collaboration.
PurposeThis paper aims to identify the paradoxical tensions that manufacturing companies face along their servitization journey at different organizational levels and interfaces between levels. Design/methodology/approachTo achieve this aim, a variable-oriented case study approach has been taken, which considers the stages as impact variables. The single, in-depth, longitudinal case study is about a multi-unit manufacturing company in which a specific business unit developed the servitization strategy. The research adopts the categorization of paradoxes proposed by Smith and Lewis (2011) – learning, belonging, organizing and performing – encompassing both intra- and inter-category tensions. FindingsThe comprehensive perspective adopted has allowed us to represent the competing demands faced by firms in advanced services-related innovations. Specific tensions of learning, belonging, organizing, performing or combinations thereof were found at different stages of the servitization journey (exploration, engagement, expansion), and at different levels of analysis, at the focal business unit or at the interfaces between this level and the project team, the corporate level and the ecosystem. Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to address the issue of paradoxical tensions in servitization with an overarching methodology that considers organizational levels, journey stages and paradoxical tensions simultaneously.
PurposeThis study investigates how supply chain analytics (SCA) contributes to supply chain resilience, emphasizing the mediating roles of supply chain design (SCD) and supply chain risk management. The research aims to clarify how analytics-enabled capabilities support adaptive responses in uncertain and resource-constrained environments by creating an integrated mediation model.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire-based study was conducted with 309 firms in Thailand's road-freight logistics sector. This research utilized a structural equation modeling approach to evaluate the research framework and test the mediation effects.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that SCA does not directly affect resilience. Instead, the influence process functions through two complementary mechanisms: SCD and risk management capabilities. The two mediating capabilities help firms convert analytics insights into concrete structural adjustments and forward-looking risk responses, which in turn enhance their resilience performance. These results demonstrate that firms can systematically incorporate analytics into organizational processes to improve resilience, particularly in resource-limited logistics contexts.Originality/valueThis study contributes a renewed lens through which to view building resilience in logistics firms by reconceptualizing SCA as an embedded enabler rather than a direct driver. The research extends existing theoretical frameworks and demonstrates how analytics must operate within broader operational systems to deliver value. These findings enhance ongoing discussions on how resource-limited firms can combine digital and organizational capabilities to deal with supply chain disruptions.
PurposeConceptually distinguishing between information disclosure and quality, this study aims to investigate how exhibitors’ disclosure of positive versus negative product information at trade shows influences trade visitors’ trust in both the exhibitor and product, as well as subsequent purchase intention. Design/methodology/approachThis study collected data from 246 trade visitors at a trade show and used multivariable regression models and partial least squares structural equation modeling to evaluate the research hypotheses. FindingsExhibitors’ positive and negative product information disclosure enhances familiar trade visitors’ trust in the exhibitor (exhibitor trust) and product (product trust). For unfamiliar trade visitors, positive product information disclosure positively influences exhibitor trust, whereas negative disclosure positively influences product trust. Disclosure of negative product information does not moderate the effect of positive product information disclosure on trade visitors’ trust. Furthermore, both exhibitor and product trust mediate the relationship between product information disclosure and purchase intention. Originality/valueThis study examines exhibitors’ information disclosure behavior − rather than the information content itself − in the context of trade shows. The observed effects diverge significantly from those reported in prior research conducted in less competitive, noninteractive and consumer-oriented settings. Specifically, neither positive nor negative product information disclosure exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with trade visitors’ trust in either the product or the exhibitor, nor do they exert a direct effect on purchase intention.
PurposeThis study aims to better understand how a sales organization’s caring ethical climate and supervisor’s bottom-line mentality (BLM) impact the salespeople’s turnover intention through unethical behavior and job stress. Specifically, it is proposed that a caring ethical climate (CEC) supports the avoidance of a supervisor adopting a bottom-line mentality, which focuses on bottom-line outcomes to the neglect of other priorities. Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model and hypotheses were assessed via structural equation modeling on a sample of 227 business-to-business salespeople. FindingsThe study found that supervisor bottom-line mentality is a dysfunctional attitude that leads to salespeople’s use of unethical behaviors, higher salesperson job stress and ultimately higher salesperson turnover intention. Salesperson perceptions of a caring ethical climate can lessen the negative effects of supervisor bottom-line mentality. Originality/valueTheoretical and managerial implications suggest sales leaders may benefit from the organization’s development of a caring ethical climate and circumventing the creation of a supervisor’s bottom-line mentality. The findings contribute to ethical decision-making and ethical impact theories.
