Physical inactivity is a public health problem. Accordingly, there is growing interest in whether engaging in physical activity (PA) that satisfies psychological needs (e.g. safety, novelty) is more likely to be sustained. Physical and social PA contexts (e.g. where, with whom, listening to what) may satisfy different psychological needs based on their unique characteristics. This study examined patterns of psychological-need satisfaction across 30 PA contexts and determined whether the satisfaction of each psychological-need domain was associated with leisure-time PA frequency. Adults (N = 843, meanage = 39.78, range = 18-79 years) rated satisfaction of 13 psychological-need domains (e.g. safety, novelty, creativity, mindfulness, morality) for different PA contexts (e.g. park or trail, alone, listening to a podcast). Overall, PA satisfied more psychological needs when performed in contexts that involved outdoors or social connection (virtually or in person). In contrast, PA satisfied fewer psychological needs in audio contexts. Safety and physical-comfort needs were satisfied across the largest number of contexts; whereas, morality, challenge, and social-esteem needs were satisfied by the least number of contexts. Controlling for age, satisfaction of all psychological needs, except safety and physical comfort, by PA context was positively associated with leisure-time PA frequency. Results suggest that the extent that PA satisfies different psychological needs varies across different contexts and is associated with PA behavior. Providing tailored recommendations of where and with whom to perform PA based on individual differences of psychological needs may promote long-term PA engagement.
To examine whether resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) impairs performance in the contralateral limb and whether this effect depends on the presence of contraction. 30 individuals (19-31 years) completed three laboratory visits. During two experimental visits, participants performed four randomized experimental conditions. The dominant (tested) arm performed two sets of elbow flexion exercise to failure at 30% 1RM, while the non-dominant arm simultaneously received: 1) no exercise (Non-Ex), 2) exercise at 30% 1RM (Ex), 3) BFR without exercise (BFR-only), and 4) Ex with 80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (Ex+BFR). Sets were terminated only when the dominant arm failed to maintain proper form or prescribed cadence (40 bpm). Participants completed two conditions per visit (20-min rest). A Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA tested differences in repetitions and exercise-induced discomfort ratings (0-100 AU), and mediation analysis assessed whether discomfort explained performance differences. Repetitions across sets were lower with Ex+BFR [21.7 (7.4)] compared to Non-Ex [25.8 (8.5)], Ex [28.3 (11.7)], and BFR-only [24.7 (8.2)]. BFR-only resulted in fewer repetitions than Ex, but the differences in other conditions were inconclusive. Mean discomfort rating was highest in Ex+BFR [60.3 (25.1)], and BFR-only augmented discomfort ratings [49.2 (24.0)] relative to Non-Ex [41.0 (24.9)] and Ex [42.1 (24.0)]. Mediation analysis indicated that discomfort contributed to the reduction in performance observed in Ex+BFR relative to Non-Ex. The local fatigue enhanced by BFR impaired exercise performance in the non-restricted limb. The sensory feedback mechanisms may play a large role in fatigue development with BFR.
Adolescent girls from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds exhibit low levels of physical activity. Alternative activities such as kin-ball may address barriers within this population. However, little is known about adolescent girls' perceptions of kin-ball. This study examined the physiological and perceptual responses to a kin-ball taster in comparison to more traditional modalities. Forty-two low-active adolescent girls (14.0 ± 0.5 years) from secondary schools in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage completed three 15-minute physical activity taster sessions (sprinting, dance, and kin-ball) in a randomized order. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and enjoyment were recorded following each session. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted (n = 6 groups of 6-8 participants) and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Average heart rate during kin-ball (150 ± 11 beats·min-1) was lower than sprinting (154 ± 9 beats·min-1; p = .027) and higher than dance (141 ± 12 beats·min-1; p < .001). Perceived exertion was significantly lower during kin-ball (RPE: 3 ± 2) compared with sprinting (6 ± 2; p < .001) and did not differ from dance (3 ± 3). Enjoyment was significantly higher following kin-ball (62 ± 10) compared with sprinting (54 ± 13; p = .004) and comparable to dance (61 ± 13). Qualitative findings highlighted enjoyment, perceived competence, and social connection as key drivers of engagement. ConclusionKin-ball provided an enjoyable and inclusive means of eliciting health-enhancing physical activity intensities, among low active adolescent girls from disadvantaged backgrounds, and may represent a valuable addition to school-based physical activity provision.
Examine the efficacy and implementation of the expansion of a virtually delivered, parent-focused physical literacy intervention for early childhood called PLAYshop to families experiencing vulnerability. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 35 parents (intervention: 16; control: 19) of preschool-aged children (3-5 years) from Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. PLAYshop included educational training (i.e. workshop), educational and material (i.e. handouts, active play equipment) resources, and follow-up support via an app with four bi-weekly booster lessons. Primary efficacy outcomes, including parental capability, opportunity, and motivation to support preschool-aged children's physical literacy development, were measured at baseline and post-workshop (intervention group)/1-week post-baseline questionnaire (control group). Secondary implementation outcomes (satisfaction, perceived usefulness, facilitators, barriers, and dose) were measured in the parental questionnaire and explored via parent (n = 11), agency partner staff (n = 9), and workshop leader (n = 3) interviews. Repeated measures analyses of variance (RM ANOVAs) were conducted. Increases in parental capability (i.e. knowledge: partial η2= 0.124; p = .038), opportunity (i.e. perceived availability of resources: partial η2= 0.420; p < .001), and motivation (i.e. confidence: partial η2= 0.128; p = .035) to support preschool-aged children's physical literacy development were observed in the intervention group, compared to the control group. All intervention parents found the workshop useful/extremely useful, were satisfied/extremely satisfied with the workshop content and delivery, and reported in interviews implementing physical literacy-related active play. Recruitment was challenging, and only 31% accessed ≥ 1 booster lesson. Efficacy for the PLAYshop intervention was observed for some outcomes in families experiencing vulnerability. Incorporating PLAYshop into existing programs of partner agencies may address implementation challenges.Trial Registration: NCT05436197.
This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of maximal strength training (MST) and maximal power training (MPT) on lower limb explosive power in adolescent beach volleyball athletes (ABVAs), and to provide scientific evidence for sport-specific training. Twenty-two adolescent beach volleyball athletes (age: 17.3 ± 0.9 years, 13 males, 9 females) were randomly allocated to either the MST group (n = 11) or the MPT group (n = 11). The MST group completed traditional barbell strength training (2-4 RM), whereas the MPT group performed MPT using an air resistance device (40-70% 1 RM). Training was scheduled three times weekly for both groups, with each session lasting 90 min. A 2 (group: MST vs MPT) × 2 (time: pre-test vs. post-test) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze changes in measured variables, including lower limb maximal power output (LLMPO), rigid surface vertical jump height (RSVJH), sand surface vertical jump height (SSVJH), 10-m sand surface sprint time (10-m SSST), and Isokinetic knee extensor peak torque (KEPT). After 4 weeks of training, the group-by-time interaction was non-significant for LLMPO (p = .411), but significant for RSVJH (p < .001), SSVJH (p < .001) and KEPT (p < .001). The MPT produced large effects on RSVJH (d = 0.74) and SSVJH (d = 0.71), while the MST had a large effect on KEPT (d = 0.82). Both training modalities can enhance lower limb explosive power in ABVAs, yet they target distinct components of explosive power.
To explore how practitioners in community-based physical activity programs facilitate physical literacy development inclusively for individuals experiencing disability and how they shape conditions for meaningful movement experiences. Guided by interpretive constructivism, interpretive description, and ecological dynamics, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 practitioners across three purposively selected community-based cases. Within-case and cross-case analyses were used to identify recurring dimensions of practice. Four interrelated dimensions were identified: Power in Partnership, Empowerment by Design, Tailored for Success, and Holistic Harmony. Across cases, meaningful experiences were described as personally relevant, enjoyable, socially safe, autonomy-supportive, and responsive to embodied needs, goals, and pacing. Inclusive facilitation depended not on community settings being inherently inclusive, but on practitioners' ongoing negotiation of communication, sensory, social, logistical, and organizational constraints through collaboration, adaptation, and ethically responsive decision-making. Facilitating physical literacy development inclusively is best understood and approached as a relational, context-sensitive, and environmentally negotiated process. Findings highlight that meaningful movement experiences are influenced by social, affective, and institutional conditions, and they point to practical implications for practitioner preparation, program design, and evaluation in community settings.
Guided by Developmental Systems Theory, this study examined how different trajectories of physical education (PE) participation relate to academic development among Chinese high school students. Using three-wave longitudinal survey data collected between October 2022 and November 2023, latent profile analysis and growth modeling were employed to identify PE participation trajectories and assess their associations with academic performance. It was hypothesized that students maintaining sustained or adaptive engagement in PE would demonstrate greater academic growth than those showing declining participation patterns. Three trajectories were identified: sustained high-investment, fluctuation-adaptation, and gradual disengagement. Students in the sustained high-investment group showed the largest academic improvement (growth = 0.320), followed by the fluctuation-adaptation group (0.123), whereas the gradual disengagement group exhibited minimal change (0.023). The advantage of sustained participation was particularly evident in mathematics performance (growth = 0.351 vs. -0.031). These findings challenge the academic priority paradigm by evidencing the systemic role that PE plays in holistic development, highlighting the value of consistent PE engagement in supporting students' holistic development within educational contexts. This research advances policy optimization by translating sports-education integration from conceptual advocacy into evidence-based practice.
We assessed if neuromuscular or perceived fatigue would occur after multiple games of doubles pickleball. Sixteen male and 16 female recreational pickleball players participated in an 11-game doubles pickleball competition, one competition for each sex. Before and after the competition, participants completed a perceived fatigue questionnaire and a countermovement jump test (CMJ) to assess neuromuscular performance. Regression analyses were used to examine changes from pre- to post-competition, accounting for sex and the other measured factors. Most CMJ outcomes significantly increased for both sexes, including jump height, net propulsive impulse, and peak propulsive power (p < .001 for all). There were significant differences between the sexes on the magnitude of change in time to takeoff and propulsive phase time, with women decreasing to a greater extent than men (p = .0368 and 0.0196, respectively). Both sexes significantly increased perceived fatigue (p < .001 for both within-group time effects), with men increasing to a significantly greater degree than women (p = .0361). Changes in peak propulsive power, considered the main outcome from the CMJ test, and perceived fatigue scores were not related to each other. Though testing indicated an increase in perceived fatigue, we found no evidence of neuromuscular fatigue. The lack of neuromuscular fatigue may indicate that muscular endurance is not a quality that needs to be focused on in training for doubles pickleball.
This study derived composite indices of attacking and defensive team performance, quantified how in-possession (IP) and out-of-possession (OP) running metrics related to these indices, and assessed contextual effects. 1,346 team-match observations from male teams competing in the Danish Superliga, Denmark's top-tier professional football league, across 3.5 seasons were analyzed using Second Spectrum tracking and Wyscout event data. Principal component analysis generated Attacking and Defensive Performance Indices. Linear mixed-effects models tested associations between phase-specific running metrics and the indices, with team as a random intercept and match result and location as covariates. XGBoost models with SHAP assessed feature importance. Attacking performance was most strongly associated with IP total distance. After adjustment for IP movement volume, IP high-speed running and IP sprint distance showed conditional associations. OP total distance was negatively associated with both indices. Defensive performance was positively associated with OP high-speed running and IP high-intensity run count but negatively associated with IP sprint distance and OP total distance. An OP sprint distance × location interaction indicated that higher OP sprint distance related to lower defensive performance mainly in away matches. Match result showed small independent effects. XGBoost showed strong predictive accuracy for attacking (held-out R2 = 0.765) and moderate predictive accuracy for defensive performance (held-out R2 = 0.399), with SHAP confirming IP and OP total distance as dominant predictors. Team performance is closely linked to phase-specific running behavior. Movement volume during possession was the clearest correlate of attacking output, whereas defensive performance reflected lower OP workload and greater high-speed defensive activity.
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have deficits in visual perception and motor planning, which negatively impact motor learning. To address this, paradigms that manipulate visual perception during training have been proposed. This study investigated the influence of a visual illusion-based training paradigm, which alters the perceptual size of a target, on learning a beanbag throwing skill in children with DCD. A school- based randomized controlled trial was conducted in nine public schools. Seventy five males with DCD (Mean Age: 8.50 ± .63, IQ > 70) practiced a beanbag throwing task under one of three conditions: with a visual illusion inducing a perceptually smaller target (n = 25), a perceptually larger target (n = 25) and without visual illusion (n = 25). Motor learning was assessed using a retention task at 48 hours after the last practice session. The visual illusion significantly altered perceptions of target size. There were significant differences between the intervention groups in both the acquisition (F (2, 72) = 29.75, p < .001) and retention (F (2, 72) = 32.95, p < .001) phases, indicating that children with DCD demonstrated superior learning of the beanbag throwing task when the target was perceived as smaller than it actually was. These findings suggest that manipulating visual perception through illusions can be an effective clinical or educational strategy for enhancing motor skill training in children with DCD. This approach optimizes motor planning by providing a more constrained perceptual goal, offering a practical tool for motor interventions.
This study compared the effects of blocked practice, random practice (contextual interference), and differential learning on acquisition, retention, and performance under psychological pressure of a basketball jump shot in novice performers. Forty-eight right-handed adolescents with no prior basketball experience were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Blocked, Random, Differential, or Control (n = 12 each). After a pretest (18 trials at 5 m), participants completed three days of practice. Blocked practice involved constant distances across days (4, 5, or 6 m), random practice varied distances trial-to-trial without consecutive repetitions, and differential learning used a fixed 5 m distance with substantial trial-to-trial variations in movement execution. Retention was tested three days later (18 trials at 5 m), followed immediately by a pressure phase with identical trials under induced anxiety. During acquisition, blocked practice produced superior accuracy compared to random and differential conditions. In retention, both Random and Differential groups outperformed the Control group, while only the Differential group showed a significant advantage over Blocked practice. Under pressure conditions, the Differential group outperformed both Blocked and Control groups, whereas the Random group did not differ significantly from the other groups. The findings are interpreted within a dynamical systems perspective, highlighting the role of optimal stochastic fluctuations in promoting implicit motor processes and self-organization, thereby enhancing skill robustness in high-stakes competitive contexts.
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) populations experience persistent disparities in physical activity (PA) and chronic disease, however, little is known about NHPI youths affective orientations toward PA and physical education (PE). The purpose of this study was to examine NHPI youths' attitudes toward PA and PE and their associations with intentions and behavior. Participants included 1,163 students in grades 4-12 from 11 schools (5 elementary, 6 secondary) across 2 islands in Hawai'i, with 57% identifying as NHPI. Students completed validated measures of PA attitudes, PE attitudes, PA intention, and self-reported PA. No differences emerged between NHPI and non-NHPI students across attitudes, intentions, or PA behavior. Within NHPI youth, positive PA attitudes were significantly associated with both PA intention and behavior, whereas PE attitudes were not. Findings challenge deficit-based assumptions that NHPI youth possess negative orientations toward PA. Instead, NHPI youth demonstrate positive PA attitudes that appear to operate independently of school-based PE experiences. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of distinguishing PA and PE attitudes within TPB-informed research and by underscoring the need for culturally responsive approaches that sustain positive PA dispositions across development.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of rhythmic gymnastics on the development of fundamental movement skills in children with delayed motor skills. This study took place at a primary school from April to June 2022 and involved 88 children aged 6 to 7 years. These children were randomly assigned to an intervention group (N = 44) and a control group (N = 44). The intervention group participated in two 45-minute rhythmic gymnastics classes each week for 12 weeks, while the control group engaged in regular physical activities at the same frequency and duration. All students were evaluated before and after the intervention using the "Test of Fundamental Movement Skills Competence Development for 3 to 10-year-old Children in China." The results were analyzed statistically using SPSS 26.0. Following the intervention, the rhythmic gymnastics group demonstrated significantly improved performance in locomotor, stability, manipulative, and overall skills (all p < .001). They also performed better on tasks such as standing long jump, skipping, rock & roll, stationary dribbling, and one-hand strike (all partial η2 > 0.14). Findings suggest that incorporating rhythmic gymnastics into elementary school physical education could effectively improve fundamental movement skills in school-age children.
Isoinertial Flywheel Training (IFWT) has emerged as an innovative approach to improve athletic performance through the exploitation of eccentric overload. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the comparative effects of IFWT versus Conventional Resistance Training (CRT) on strength, power, speed, and agility in team sport athletes. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched on December 12, 2024. Eligible studies examined strength (1RM), power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), speed (10 m and 20 m sprint), and agility (T-test). Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was quantified by the I2 statistic. Thirteen studies involving 324 athletes met the inclusion criteria. No significant differences were observed between IFWT and CRT for strength (SMD = 4.716, 95% CI [-16.233, 25.664], p = .659) or sprint performance (10 m: SMD = -0.021, p = .206; 20 m: SMD = -0.076, p = .132). Conversely, IFWT produced significant improvements in power (SMD = 2.583, 95% CI [0.906, 4.259], p = .003) and agility (SMD = -0.207, 95% CI [-0.373, -0.041], p = .015). Heterogeneity varied across outcomes from low to high, reflecting diverse protocols and athlete profiles. IFWT appears more effective than CRT in enhancing power and agility among team sport athletes, though results for strength and speed are inconclusive. These findings highlight the potential of flywheel-based resistance to optimize neuromuscular adaptations. Further, well-controlled trials with standardized loads, durations, and sport-specific tasks are required to confirm these benefits and elucidate underlying mechanisms of performance enhancement.
To compare differences in blood pressure responses after the agonist and agonist-antagonist paired set training using the upper and lower-body exercises among individuals with normotension and stage 1 hypertension. A repeated-measures experimental design was conducted with 47 participants, including 30 normotensive individuals (age 47.8 ± 5.9 years, systolic/diastolic blood pressure 120.3 ± 12.0/70.6 ± 8.3 mmHg, and BMI of 25.3 ± 3.6 kg/m2) and 17 individuals with stage 1 hypertension (age 54.3 ± 6.0 years, systolic/diastolic blood pressure 135.5 ± 12.0/81.5 ± 7.3 mmHg, and BMI 28.5 ± 4.5 kg/m2). Each resistance training session consisted of eight exercises performed for three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one-repetition maximum. Blood pressure was measured before, immediately after, and at 10 and 20 minutes after session. Traditional agonist and agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training significantly increased systolic blood pressure (p < .05) immediately after session. Acute post-exercise systolic hypotension was evident only following traditional agonist resistance training for upper-body in individuals with stage 1 hypertension at 10 and 20 minutes after session. Significant acute post-exercise diastolic hypotension (p < .05) occurred immediately after and at 10 and 20 minutes after traditional agonist upper-body resistance training and agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training for the upper-body in individuals with normotension and the stage 1 hypertension. Traditional agonist resistance training for upper-body induce post-exercise systolic and diastolic hypotension in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training for upper-body induce post-exercise diastolic hypotension in individuals with normotension.
To analyze the effects of 8-weeks of small-sided games (SSGs) training on the sprint force-velocity profile of youth football players, with special focus on potential baseline differences and training responses according to players' biological maturity status. Male football players (age: 13.9 ± 0.8years) were allocated to an experimental group (n = 49) or a control group (n = 30). The experimental group performed two SSGs sessions per week, integrated into regular team training, with progressive overload (e.g. intensity). Participants completed a maximal effort 30m linear sprint, from which sprint force-velocity variables were assessed, including theoretical maximal force (F0), maximal velocity (V0), maximal power (Pmax), maximal ratio of force application (RFmax), rate of decrease in force ratio (DRF), and maximal sprint velocity (Vmax). Players were stratified according to the predicted years from/to their peak height velocity (PHV): pre-PHV experimental (n=21), pre-PHV control (n = 15), post-PHV experimental (n = 28), and post-PHV control (n=15). A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to show group baseline differences as well as time and interaction effects. Post-PHV players displayed higher baseline values in all anthropometric (body mass, height) and sprint force-velocity variables compared with pre-PHV peers (p < .050). The F0, V0, Pmax, and Vmax improved after intervention compared to controls, independent from players PHV (no time×group interactions). Youth football players with advanced maturity status exhibited higher values in the sprint force-velocity variables compared to their peers with delayed maturity status before the intervention. However, the SSGs training program induced similar force-velocity profile gains for both maturity groups.
Taurine (TAU) is a conditionally essential amino acid whose consumption has recently increased, particularly among young people, through supplements and energy drinks. It has potential beneficial effects on physical performance; however, scientific evidence remains limited. To evaluate the effects of acute ingestion of 1 g of TAU on metabolic and aerobic capacity in physically active young adults. This experimental, randomized, triple-blind, cross-over study included 16 volunteers (11 women and 5 men). Data were collected during a progressive cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) at the Ergoespirometry Laboratory of the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco (DEF-UFPE). After familiarization with the test, participants completed two CPETs, 1 hour after ingesting either TAU or placebo (PLA) capsules, with a 7-day washout period between sessions. A significance level of 5% (p < .05) was adopted for all analyses. No significant differences were observed between the TAU and PLA conditions in the main aerobic capacity variables, including peak oxygen consumption (p = .160), time to exhaustion (p = .361), and respiratory compensation point (p = .166), and in lipid metabolism variables (duration-p = .559 and peak-p = 1.000) and glycolytic metabolism (duration-p = .904 and peak-p = .383). Acute intake of 1 g of TAU did not significantly alter aerobic capacity and energy metabolism in physically active young adults. Future research should consider other dosages and types of activities, different levels of physical fitness, and exercise durations.
Competition for playing time (i.e. positional competition) is a commonly occurring phenomenon on interdependent sport teams. Yet the relationship between positional competition and other group dynamics in sports teams has been underexplored. One such group dynamic is social identity, which has been theoretically but not empirically linked to positional competition. The primary purpose of this study was to explore whether positional competition predicted social identity. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether this prediction was moderated by starting status. A sample of 181 Canadian university student-athletes completed measures of positional competition and social identity. Positional competition dimensions predicted between 22% and 36% of the variance of social identity dimensions. The positional competition dimension pushed by teammates emerged as the only significant predictor of all three dimensions of social identity. The dimensions of coach recognition, self-awareness, and pushing teammates also emerged as significant positive predictors of ingroup affect. Moderation analysis revealed that, for nonstarters only, push by teammates positively predicted ingroup ties, and effort to improve positively predicted cognitive centrality. For starters only, coach recognition positively predicted ingroup ties and affect. These findings provide empirical support for the theoretical connection between positional competition and social identity. Dimensions focused on task-related perceptions of positional competition showed the most consistent positive associations with social identity, although the pattern between starters and nonstarters warrants further attention. The findings deepen our theoretical and practical understanding of how competition for playing time and social identity are linked, while highlighting future research avenues specific to status-based influences.
This study investigated the effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on isokinetic muscle strength parameters and, secondarily, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Seventy-nine independent older adults were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG completed supervised HSRT three times per week, while the CG received no intervention. Each session lasted 60-70 minutes and included 5-6 exercises of 2-3 sets at maximal concentric speed and a controlled eccentric phase (≈2-3 seconds). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed pre- and post-intervention using isokinetic testing of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) at 60º/s and 180º/s on dominant (DS) and non-dominant sides (NDS). The HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The IG demonstrated significant improvements in peak torque for KE-DS (∆change: 14.02 Nm; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.215), KE-NDS (∆change: 16.19 Nm; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.290), KF-DS (∆change: 8.06 Nm; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.290), and KF-NDS (∆change: 8.33 Nm; p = .002; ηp2 = 0.125), as well as in average muscle power for KE-DS (∆change: 15.51 W; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.328), KE-NDS (∆change: 17.33 W; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.298), KF-DS (∆change: 8.21 W; p < .001; ηp2 = 0.284), and KF-NDS (∆change: 8.06 W; p = .005; ηp2 = 0.100). HRQOL improvements were also observed. The present HSRT protocol effectively improves isokinetic muscle parameters and HRQOL measures in older adults.
The Expected Pass Turnovers (xPT) model advances turnover probability quantification in professional football, but the inclusion of post-pass descriptive features such as ball speed and distance moved introduces temporal leakage and limits real-time tactical utility. This study compares the original xPT framework with leakage-corrected alternatives across four modeling approaches: mixed-effects logistic regression, penalized logistic regression, random forest, and gradient boosting. Using 256,433 passes from the 2020-21 English Premier League, we evaluated the performance of leakage-inclusive and leakage-corrected feature sets using grouped cross-validation and cross-validated ROC-AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure, and Brier score. Removing post-execution features reduced ROC-AUC by 0.082-0.183 (mean = 0.136), with tree-based methods experiencing larger performance losses than logistic approaches. The best-performing alternative model, gradient boosting (ROC-AUC = 0.742), approached the default mixed-effects logistic model (ROC-AUC = 0.789), indicating that substantial predictive signal remains after leakage correction. Alternative models retained acceptable sensitivity and calibration, supporting their use in prospective tactical deployment. SHAP analysis showed that default models relied heavily on four post-pass descriptive variables, whereas leakage-corrected models shifted toward pressing intensity and tactical context variables that are available before pass execution. The findings suggest that default xPT-style models are well suited to retrospective analysis, while leakage-corrected models are more appropriate for real-time tactical decision-making.
