A field experiment was planned and conducted during the Rainy (Kharif) and winter (Rabi) seasons of 2021-22 and in the Summer (Zaid) season of 2022 at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) to investigate the production potential of rice-based cropping systems under the irrigated condition of eastern U.P. The experiment was designed in randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments viz. Rice(Oryza sativa L.)-Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-Fallow, Rice-Wheat-Green gram(Vigna radiata L.), Rice-French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-Green gram, Rice-Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)-Cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.), Rice-Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)-Green gram, Rice-Linseed(Linum usitissimum L.)-Black gram(Vigna Mungo L.),Rice-Berseem(Trifolium alexandrium L.)-Sorghum( Soghum Bicolor L.),Rice-Oat (Avena Sativa L.)-Maize(Zea Mays L.)+Cowpea, Rice-Cauliflower(Brassica Oleracea L.)-Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.), Rice-Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)-Cowpea. The results revealed that the common seed yield of paddy (4195 kg/ha) was recorded during the Kharif season. After paddy harvesting, the succeeding rabi crops were sown in harvested paddy fields and after that summer season, crops were sown in the same field. The maximum Rice Equivalent Yield was recorded (20160 kg/ha) with the Rice-Potato Cowpea cropping system, which was significantly higher than the other. System profitability was also found to be maximum (Rs.727.22/ha/day) in Rice-Potato-Cowpea and the lowest profitability was found in Rice-Berseem-Sorghum (Rs.251.33/ha/day). The Rice-Potato-Cowpea cropping system recorded the maximum Net return (Rs.265435/ha) and B:C ratio (2.11). The highest system productivity 298.90 kg/ha/day was recorded by the Rice-Berseem-Sorghum sequence followed by rice–oat-maize + cowpea (287.50 kg/ha/day).
Weed management studies were conducted to find out economically viable and cost-effective application of herbicides on productivity of greengram from Kharif season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 on sandy loam soils Rajasthan. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments in 4 replications and was sown with onset of monsoon and allocated in randomized block design. The herbicide Fomesafen11.1% +Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1% SL @ 220 g ha-1 recorded maximum weed control efficiency and weed dry matter and was at par with Sodium Acifluorfen 16.5% + Clodinafop Propargyl 8% EC @187.5g ha-1 and Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75% w/w @ 135g ha-1 applied at 20 DAS and were significantly superior over weedy check. These treatments also improved the crop growth and yield attributes and yield of crop. Although, hoeing twice at 25 and 40 DAS recorded higher seed yield but low B:C ratio (2.8) as in Fomesafen11.1% +Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1% SL @ 220 g ha-1 (3.1) and Sodium Acifluorfen 16.5% + Clodinafop Propargyl 8% EC @187.5 g ha-1 (3.1) and Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75% w/w @ 135g ha-1 at 20 DAS (3.0) Hence, application of herbicides in greengram holds a great promise for timely, cost effective and economic weed management.
This study was carried out to study the “Effect of Zinc and Boron on Grain quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” during the winter (rabi) season of 2018-2019 and 2019-20 at the agronomy research farm of IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad (U.P.). Ten treatment combinations viz. T1 – Control (no fertilizer); T2 – Zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 (SA); T3 - Zinc @ 1 kg ha-1 (FA); T4 - Zinc @ 1 + 1 kg ha-1 (Two FA); T5 - Zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 (SA) + Zinc @ 1 kg ha-1 (FA); T6 - Boron @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (SA); T7 - Boron @ 0.1 kg ha-1 (FA); T8 - Boron @ 0.2 kg ha-1 (Two FA); T9 - Boron @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (SA) and Boron @ 0.1 kg ha-1 (FA) and T10 - Zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 + Boron @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (SA) were comprised in randomized block design (RBD) with the three replications. The results revealed that different levels and application methods of Zinc and Boron significantly affected the wheat grain quality. Maximum Zn content (35.4 and 35.9 mg kg-1) and Zn uptake (185.1 and 197.1 g ha-1) in 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively were recorded in T5 [Zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 (SA) + Zinc @ 1 kg ha-1 (FA)], as well as significantly maximum B content (58.5 and 59.5 mg kg-1) in 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively, and B uptake (361.9 and 376.4 g ha-1) in 2018-19 2019-20, respectively were in T9 - Boron @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (SA) and Boron @ 0.1 kg ha-1 (FA). Maximum protein content in grain (12.61 and 12.65 %) in both the years of study likewise the maximum protein yield (712.77 and 744.85 kg ha-1) was recorded in T10- Zinc - 5 kg ha-1 (SA) + Boron 0.5 kg ha-1 (SA) in 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.
Field experiment was conducted at Periyanarkunam during Kuruvai 2021 to study the different herbicidal weed management on growth, yield and economics of drum seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety ‘ASD 16’. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with four replications. The treatments comprised of six weed management practices. Among the treatments, application of bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% GR @ 10 kg/ha PE on 8 DAS fb metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP @ 20 g/ha PoE on 25 DAS fb hand weeding on 45 DAS recorded the highest growth attributes at 60 DAS viz., Plant height (96.82 cm), number of tillers/m2 (367) and dry matter production (8.01 t/ha), yield attributes like number of productive tillers/m2 (319), filled grains/panicle (100.64), grain yield (6.19 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.78). Hence this weed management practice is an economically feasible method for achieving the highest growth, yield and economics in drum seeded rice.
Field experiments were conducted at ICAR CTRI research station farm, Vedasandur to find out the effect of integrated agro technologies on the weeds, orabanche, yield and quality of chewing tobacco. The treatments comprised of main plots viz. Soil solarization and Non Soil solarization and sub plots viz. Traditional nursery seedlings + Furrow irrigation +100% RDF, Traditional nursery seedlings + alternate furrow irrigation +100%RDF, Tray seedlings + Furrow irrigation +100% RDF, Tray seedlings + alternate furrow irrigation +100% RDF, Tray seedlings + alternate furrow irrigation + 80% RDN+100% RD of P&K. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replication. Soil solarization reduced the monocot weed population by 30 to 39 % over the non soil solarization. The fresh weight of monocot weeds reduced by 54 and 55 % at 40 DAT and at harvest stage respectively with soil solarization over non soil solarization. The dry weight of monocot significantly reduced by 50 and 30 % with 40 DAT and at harvest stage respectively with soil solarization as compared to non soil solarization. Soil solarization significantly reduced the dry weight of dicot weeds by 78 and 91 % at 40 DAT and at harvest respectively over non soil solarization. Soil solarization significantly reduced the dry weight of orabanche by 77 and 41 % at 60 DAT and at harvest stage over non soil solarization. It could be concluded that soil solarization with tray seedlings planting + 100% RDF + furrow irrigation efficiently controlled the weeds of mono
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of spacing and nutrients on insect pests infestation on compact desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) grown under rain fed condition during kharif season of 2019-20 to 2021-22 at Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat. The experiments were carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combinations with three replicates comprised of three levels of spacing viz., 60x15, 60x30 and 120x45 cm and three nutrient levels viz., 120, 150 and 180 kg N/ha. The population of sucking pests viz., leafhopper, thrips, whitefly and mealybug as well as open boll and locule damage by bollworms was recorded significantly lower in plant density at normal (recommended) spacing, 120×45 cm and vice a versa. Only the aphid population was found significantly lowest in closer spacing (60x15cm). Amongst nitrogen levels, there was significant difference with respect to N levels recorded significantly higher population of sucking pests as well as open and locule damage at N level of 180 kg N/ha. With respect to treatment combinations, there was no significant difference in sucking pests (aphids, thrips, whitefly and mealybugs) and open boll and locule damage amongst different treatment combinations of spacing and nitrogen levels. However, the treatment combination comprising spacing of 120x45 cm and 120 kg N/ha recorded significantly lowest population of leafhopper followed by treatment combination of spacing 120x45 cm with nitrogen level of 150 kg/ha. Hence, proper interventions for leafhopper required when compact desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) under rain fed condition was sown at closer spacing.
A field experiment was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Integrated Farming Systems, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal to assess the influence of broad bed and furrow (BBF) land configuration along with crop diversification on productivity, profitability and resource efficiency including energy value in low land traditional rice-rice system with 5 BBF treatments viz.T1: elephant foot yam-brinjal (BB):khari frice+fish- summer rice (F), T2: ridgegourd-potato-pumpkin (BB):kharif rice+fish- summer rice (F), T3: okra-bottlegourd-basella (BB):kharif rice+fish- summer rice (F), T4: elephant foot yam– marigold (BB):kharif rice+fish- summer rice (F), T5: maize- brinjal-greengram(BB):kharif rice+fish- summer rice (F) and one farmers’ practice treatment T6: kharif rice-summer rice during 2018-19 to 2021-22 for 4 consecutive years. The highest rice-equivalent yield was recorded in T4 (95.62 t/ha) system followed by T3 (93.93 t/ha), T1 (91.92 t/ha) and the lowest in rice-rice (15.76 t/ha). Highest productivity (262 kg/ha/day) also recorded in T4, but the highest net return (₹4,68,377/-), profitability (₹1,283/ha/day) and B:C ratio (3.75) recorded in T3. T4 system showed better land-utilization efficiency (85.21%) and all the BBF treatments recorded higher LUE than rice-rice. T3 system also showed higher irrigation water-use efficiency (2,125 kg/ha-cm), employment generation (475 man-days), net energy production (600.81 X 103 MJ/ha), energy productivity (2.25 kg/MJ) and energy use efficiency (15.45) than the other systems. Growing of okra-bottlegourd-basella or elephant foot yam– marigold crop sequence in broad bed along with khari frice+fish- summer rice in furrow proved better.
The study aimed to ascertain the effect of intercropping canola-quality oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) along with its use for dual purposes in central and western plain zones of Punjab during 2020-21. Oilseed rape sown at different row spacing and with different intercrops was laid out in a randomized block design consisting of nine treatments with three replications. Results reveal that a lower number of seeds per siliquae and siliquae per plant was observed in different intercropping systems and cut treatments, leading to lower seed production. Oilseed rape sown at 45 cm row spacing (uncut) observed maximum plant height. A maximum green fodder yield of 8.40 t ha-1 was observed in oilseed rape sown at 22.5 cm row spacing (cutting followed by removal of alternate rows for fodder). Sole uncut treatment of oilseed rape sown at 45 cm row spacing produces maximum seed yield and stover yield. The highest net returns and benefit-cost ratio were observed in oilseed rape sown at 45 cm row spacing (cut) + one row of Indian rape sown simultaneously.
Wheat, a thermo-sensitive long-day plant, necessitates timely sowing to achieve optimal phenological development and enhance biomass production. Solar radiation and atmospheric humidity are vital factors affecting yield. Solar radiation is paramount as it directly supports photosynthesis, while relative humidity influences crop yield by modulating vapor fluxes. The present study was conducted to evaluate indices that offer critical insights into the crop phenology and yield responses of wheat varieties under varying sowing dates during the Rabi season of 2023-24. The experiment was carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. Three wheat varieties, namely PBW-826, PBW-766, and Unnat PBW-550, were sown in split-plot design on three different dates: 6th November (D1), 24th November (D2), and 12th December (D3). The findings indicated that wheat sown on 6th November exhibited the highest accumulation of Growing degree days GDD (1746.00 oC day) and hygrothermal units HGTU 116813 (°C day %) while wheat sown on 12th December acquired the highest accumulated solar thermal degree days 45933.86 (°C day MJ m-2) among the other dates to reach physiological maturity. Conversely, the crop sown on 24th November recorded the lowest accumulation of GDD and HGTU, while the early-sown crop exhibited reduced STDD accumulation. Among the sowing dates, wheat sown on 24th November resulted in superior grain yield and energy use efficiencies. Indices like Solar Thermal Degree Days (STDD), Hygrothermal Units (HGTU), and Growing Degree Days (GDD) are used to assess the impact of temperature, solar radiation, and humidity on crop phenology and yield. This helps optimize sowing time to enhance crop productivity.
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the research farm of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the performance of Basmati rice cultivars under various nutrient management strategies. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three Basmati cultivars Pusa Basmati-1121, Pusa Basmati-1509, and Pusa Basmati-1718 in the main plots and five nutrient treatments (Control, 100% Inorganic, Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), 100% Organic, and Jeevamrit (5%)) in subplots, replicated thrice. Results revealed that Pusa Basmati-1121 consistently outperformed other varieties in plant height, effective tillers, dry matter accumulation, and yield-attributing traits. INM (50% organic + 50% inorganic) significantly enhanced vegetative and reproductive parameters, resulting in the highest grain yield (39.55 q ha⁻¹), panicle length (27.39 cm), filled grains per panicle (101.32), and harvest index (41.29%). In contrast, the Control and Jeevamrit treatments recorded comparatively lower values, though Jeevamrit showed moderate fertility ratio and yield traits. The synergistic effect of INM supports balanced nutrient uptake, efficient biomass partitioning, and better grain development. The study concludes that the combination of high-yielding varieties viz. Pusa Basmati-1121with INM offers a sustainable and productive strategy for Basmati rice cultivation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
The present study was conducted during 2023-2024 at ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi with the objectives that to evaluate the yield, yield attributes, and economics of different intercrops (barley, wheat, and chickpea) grown under a guava-based agroforestry and their effects on soil physico-chemical properties in comparison with conventional sole cropping. Yield attributes of crops were recorded significantly higher under sole cropping than guava-based agroforestry. Biological yield (9069, 9310 and 3197 kg ha-1) and harvest index (44.43, 44.37 and 43.93%) was also observed maximum under sole cropping than under AFS (7578, 8235 and 2497 kg ha-1) and (43.44, 44.09 and 40.85%) for barley, wheat and chickpea, respectively while the system productivity for guava-based agroforestry ranged between 77.80-99.72% higher over the sole cropping. Wheat equivalent yield was recorded maximum for guava + wheat agroforestry. Guava-based agroforestry system significantly improved soil physico-chemical properties including OC, N, P, and K availability over the sole cropping. Gross return (₹ 196538 ha-1) as well as net return (₹154867 ha-1) were found maximum for guava + wheat based agroforestry system. However, Guava + barley agroforestry exhibited the highest B: C ratio of 3.83 while guava + wheat agroforestry shown the maximum land equivalent ratio (1.81).
The field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to assess the impact of different levels of phosphorus, sulphur and zinc on growth parameters and yield of lentil under Sub-humid Southern Plain and Aravali Hill Zone (IVa) of Rajasthan. Impact of three levels of phosphorus and sulphur and two levels of zinc were evaluated in three replications using factorial randomized block design. The plant growth and yield of lentil were significantly influenced by 40 kg P2O5/ha and 25 kg S/ha along with 0.5% ZnSO4 as foliar spray at 55 days after sowing as compared to other treatment combinations and resulted in to higher dry matter accumulation (9.77, 9.88 and 9.72 g/plant, respectively) and seed yield (1755, 1790 and 1756 kg/ha, respectively). The dry matter accumulation (0.838**) and plant height (0.871**) had a significant and positive correlation with the seed yield in lentil.
This study explores the development of climate resilient legume-oilseed cropping systems aimed at enhancing productivity and sustainability in dryland regions. Dryland agriculture, often limited by mono-cropping practices and erratic rainfall, necessitates innovative approaches for crop intensification and sustainability for the future. The integration of legumes and oilseeds into double cropping systems offers a viable solution for optimizing land use and improving productivity under precipitation-limited conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Gungal Research Farm during 2022-23 and 2023-24 to evaluate six pulse-oilseed cropping systems with and without rainwater management against existing intercropping system of sorghum+ pigeonpea (2:1). Double cropping system of cowpea and sesame showed promising results, offering substantial yield attributes, black gram equivalent yield and uptake of nutrients. Cowpea-sesame system emerged as a promising double cropping system in both the years, exhibiting higher equivalent yield (1758 kg/ha) compared to other systems. Rainwater management significantly influenced crop performance in both the years. Apart from the yield, the price of both cowpea and sesame resulted in higher crop equivalent yield with and without rainwater management. Overall, the study emphasizes that cowpea- sesame system with rainwater management is the best system that resulted in higher black gram equivalent yield.
Producing robust seedlings in the nursery and transplanting them at the optimal age significantly enhances transplanted rice yield and profitability. Seed priming with appropriate biocontrol agents followed by sowing at optimum density in the nursery produces healthy and vigorous seedlings. A field experiment was conducted for two years to evaluate the biocontrol agents, seeding density and optimum age of seedlings to achieve potential yield of transplanted rice under shallow low land.The study employs split-split plot design with three factors: Main plots (seed treatments; S1: Pseudomonas @ 10 g/ kg of seed, S2: Trcichoderma @ 10 g/ kg of seed and S3: no seed treatment), sub plots (seeding density; D1: 40 g/m2, D2: 50 g/m2 and D3: 60 g/m2) and sub-sub plots (age of seedlings at transplanting; A1: 42 days and A2: 21 days). Seed treatment with Trichoderma (NRRI formulation) resulted in production of seedlings having higher length: biomass ratio (55.0) and increase in the grain, straw yield and gross return by 14.0, 12.3 and 14.1%, respectively, over the control. Transplanting of young seedlings (21 days) resulted in significantly higher average gross return of Rs123660/ha, B: C ratio (2.09) and economic water productivity (Rs15.09/m3). Use of 21 days young seedlings reduced the cost of production of transplanted rice by 10.5% as compared to 42 days old seedlings.Hence, it is recommended that to treat rice seeds with Trichoderma @ 10 g/ kg of seed, maintain a low seeding density (40-50 g/m2) at nursery and transplant 21 old days seedlings for realising yield potential of transplanted rice under shallow lowland.
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] provides protein-rich food, fuel, and income for smallholders in the northeast hill regions who are short on resources. But its poor yield, needs to be adjusted with a viable organic nutrient management to improve productivity, in light textured acid soils. To address it an experiment was done at the College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, Tripura, during five consecutive kharif seasons from 2019 to 2023, comprising of six treatments having four combinations of farm yard manure (FYM) @ 4 t/ha and Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas @ 2.5 kg/ha respectably and application of recommended dose of fertilizer and untreated control. Maximum yield and benefit cost (1.15 t/ha & 2.65) was observed in FYM @ 4 t/ha combined with Pseudomonas @ 2.5 kg/ha, with lowest being at untreated control. Long-term studies indicated that residual organic carbon and primary nutrients were elevated in treatments applied with organic manure compared to untreated controls. The use of FYM treated with biofertilizers was deemed economically viable, providing a solution for marginal pigeonpea farmers in the NEH region to enhance growth and yield.
A field experiment was conducted during the (rabi) season 2018-19 and 2019-20 at student research farm of Khalsa College, Amritsar to find out the effect of soil and foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O on zero till wheat. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications and consisted of control (no Zn), soil application of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 kg/ha zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) and foliar application of 0.5% Zn as one spray at heading initiation (5% ear formation), one spray at 100% heading (complete ear formation) and two sprays at heading initiation and 100% heading with recommended dose of fertilizer. Soil application of 50 kg Zn/ha with two foliar sprays of zinc 0.5 % at heading initiation and 100% heading (T13) produced highest yield attributes and grain yield. The percent increase in grain yield was 33.1, 31.3 and 25.5 with T13, T10 and T7 over control (3.92 t/ha). Grain Zn content percent increase was 33.9, 32.3 and 30.8 with T13 (41.77 ppm) T10 (41.29 ppm) and T7 (40.80 ppm) over control (31.20 ppm). The concentration of N, P and K were recorded statistically identical in different zinc treatments. However, significant increase in N, P, K and Zn uptake was recorded and highest uptake was observed with treatment T13 soil application of 50 kg Zn/ha with two foliar sprays of zinc 0.5 % at heading initiation and 100% heading. T13 also gave higher net returns (68743 ₹/ha) than control (42448 ₹/ha).
The use of decision support tools (DST) for capturing the site-specific information is important for developing NPK recommendation. To understand the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different fertilizer management practices based on DST under rice – rice cropping system, a researcher-managed trial (kharif 2019 to boro 2020-21) was conducted at Regional Research Sub-Station (NAZ), BCKV, Chakdaha, West Bengal. Application of SSNMNE significantly increased all measured growth parameters and yield components of rice over other treatments in all the four seasons. The same treatment also resulted in significantly higher seed and straw yield (16.67 and 2.42% more than the values in FFP treatment respectively in kharif season, while 8.51 and 0.45% more than the values in FFP treatment respectively in boro season). System production efficiency was also highest with SSNMNE. Net return, B:C ratio and system economic efficiency were also highest with SSNMNE treatment. The NR and B:C ratio obtained in SSNMNE treatment were 30.7% and 17% higher than that of FFP treatment respectively in kharif season, while 13.6% and 12.1% higher than that of FFP treatment respectively in boro season. The SEE obtained in SSNMNE treatment was also 18.5% higher than that of FFP treatment. Hence, superiority of SSNMNE treatment was proved over others in augmenting rice – rice system productivity in lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.
Sesame is one of the most important oilseed crops which play a major role in increasing the income of small and marginal farmers of the Kutch region of Gujarat. To promote the improved cultivation technology of sesame with high yielding variety GT-4 and GJT-5, we had undertaken 123 cluster front line demonstrations (CFLDs) in 63.2 hectare during summer, at ICAR-CAZRI, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kukma Bhuj-Kutch (Gujarat) during 2017-18 to 2020-21. The four years data revealed that the average yield increased to 16.34% over the existing practice due to adoption of improved practice. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were 270.5 kg/ha, 121 kg/ha and 24.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the economics of the demonstrations and farmers practice showed an increased net return of Rs. 39318.5 ha-1 with benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.47 in demonstrated plots over conventional plots where it was Rs.30, 699.75 ha-1 and 2.19, respectively. By conducting front line demonstration of proven technologies, yield potential of sesame crop could be enhanced to a greater extent with increase in the income level of the farming community.
Bt. cotton hybrid was used to conduct an experiment during Kharif 2020and 2021laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments were four irrigation levels, viz. drip irrigation at 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc), and Conventional Method (CM) of irrigation i.e. Flooding. The sub-plot treatments consisted of four levels of fertigation, viz. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 175:60:60 (N:P:K), 75% of RDF, 50% of RDF and Control (No fertilizer). Significantly higher seed cotton yield was recorded under drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc (2416 and 1417 kg/ha) and 0.8 ETc (2384 and 1395 kg/ha) over conventional method (CM) of irrigation (2230 and 1267 kg/ha) during 2020 and 2021, respectively. The highest number of bolls per plant (36.5) were produced under drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc which were statistically at par with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and CM of irrigation that were significantly higher than the drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc during 2020. Seed cotton yield produced at RDF (2603 and 1624 kg/ha) and 75 % of RDF (2532 and 1590 kg/ha) were statistically similar but significantly higher than 50% RDF (2328 and 1350 kg/ha) and control (1718 and 718 kg/ha) during 2020 and 2021, respectively. The total irrigation water use in Bt. cotton was reduced by 13.8-15.1 and 8.6-9.5 per cent while WUE increased by 24.7 and 18.6 percent under drip irrigation at 0.8 and 1.0 ETc, respectively, in comparison to conventional method of irrigation. The highest net returns were recorded under fertigation @ 75% of RDF while, among different irrigation levels the higher net returns were recorded under drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc followed by 0.8 ETc.
An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Aseda, Gujarat during three consecutive rabi season of years 2020,2021 and 2022. Fenugreek variety PEB (Pusha Early Bunch) was sown at second fort night of November of every season of the consecutive three years with line sowing at 45 cm spacing of different treatments of three fertilizer levels viz; F1 : 100 % RDF, F2 : 125 % RDF, F3 : 150 % RDF and three cutting management C1 : No cutting (Only seed production) , C2 : Cutting at 50 DAS as leafy vegetable + seed production,C3: Cutting at 40 and 70 DAS as leafy vegetable + seed production, C4: Cutting at 30, 50 and 70 DAS as leafy vegetable + seed production laid out in radomized block design with factorial concept in three replications. Significantly higher plant height at 40, 50 and 75 DAS, higher number of branch per plant, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, green leaf yield, seed yield and seed equivalent yield were recorded under the application of 150% RDF (F3) fertility levels which remained at par with F2 (125% RDF), while in case of cutting management C1 (no cutting recorded significantly higher plant height at 40, 50 and 70 DAS due to no cutting as well as it recorded higher no. of pods per plant, length of pods, test weight and seed yield (741 kg/ha) while, higher no. of branches and no. of seeds per pod were recorded under C2 (Cutting at 50 DAS as leafy vegetable + seed production). Green leaf yield (9468 kg/ha) and seed equivalent yield (1755 kg/ha) was recorded higher under C4: Cutting at 30, 50 and 70 DAS as leafy vegetable + seed production.
