Introduction: In France, several organisations are responsible for collecting, producing, or aggregating data on occupational health and/or exposures. These include the SUMER surveys, the R & eacute;seau national de vigilance et de pr & eacute;vention des pathologies professionnelles et environnementales (RNV3PE), the & Eacute;volutions et relations en sant & eacute; au travail (Evrest) observatory, the MatG & eacute;n & eacute; job-exposure matrices, and the Maladies & agrave; caract & egrave;re professionnel (MCP) program. Other key data sources include the INRS exposure databases (Colchic, Scola, and Colphy), the Compte professionnel de pr & eacute;vention (C2P), and compensation claims data from the National Health Insurance Fund (Cnam). While these databases are primarily used independently by their respective institutions to reconstruct workers' occupational histories, support company-level risk prevention strategies, and inform policy, to document the health impacts of occupational exposures and to detect emerging risks. Although not originally intended for joint use, these data sources contain complementary information that can enhance our understanding of occupational risks, particularly in the context of multiple exposures. Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of combining data from these diverse databases to improve knowledge on workplace multiple exposure, and to present initial findings based on this integration. Method: We conducted a detailed review of these ten databases, examining their collection purposes, target populations, types of exposures and/or health outcomes covered, statistical units, and coding systems. Key challenges in developing an integrated analysis were identified, with particular attention to job classification differences and the level of granularity required. We proposed a unified data model designed to accommodate all data sources, based on the assumption that workers of the same sex, working in the same occupation and industry, are likely to face similar exposure profiles and associated health outcomes. This model was then used to conduct exposure and co-exposure analyses, with the construction industry serving as a case study. Results: The resulting integrated dataset encompasses more than 25,000 occupational groups, over 250 types of exposure, 27,000 exposure pairs, and more than 500 occupational diseases. In the construction industry alone, the analysis identified 92 exposures, 3508 exposure pairs, and 218 diseases. Discussion: These preliminary results highlight the complementary nature of the databases and show how their integration can generate new insights into occupational multiple exposure. They also underscore the complexity of assessing multiple exposures using heterogeneous data sources. The main obstacle encountered was the diversity of classification systems used across databases, which complicates harmonization efforts. The next step will be to define appropriate statistical methods and apply them to the integrated dataset.
Introduction: Multi-metal exposure is a major occupational health concern, particularly in the steel industry where workers are exposed to complex chemical mixtures. In Algeria, no previous study has assessed actual biological impregnation with metals in this rapidly expanding sector. Objectives: To characterize occupational exposure conditions to metals, assess biological impregnation, and analyze toxicological interactions in multi-exposure situations. Methods: A descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 339 steelworkers. Exposure conditions were assessed through workplace visits and the creation of three homogeneous exposure groups (HEG). Biological monitoring was performed in a representative sample (n = 88) using multi-element urinary analysis by ICP-MS, compared to biological reference values (BRV) from the BIOTOX-INRS guide. The MiXie tool was applied to identify toxicological interactions. Results: Exposure was mainly respiratory, aggravated by heat, inconsistent use of PPE, and smoking. Biomonito ring results showed that 98% of workers exceeded BRV for the general population for at least one metal, mainly lead (98%) and uranium (99%). Compared to occupational exposure BRV, exceedances were observed for arsenic (10%), chromium (9%), manganese (5%), and cadmium (1%). Co-excretion of 2 to 5 metals was found in certain HEGs. MiXie analysis revealed common toxic effects (respiratory, cutaneous, renal) and synergistic interactions (supra-additivity As-Cd, additivity Cd-Pb). Conclusion: This study provides the first Algerian data on multi-metal exposure in the steel industry. It highlights the need for regular biomonitoring, strengthened preventive measures (respiratory protection, hygiene), and recognition of the health risks associated with chemical mixtures.
Introduction: The sustainable work retention of disabled workers requires working conditions that align with their functional capacities while providing sufficient job leeway (LAT) to implement efficient and health-preserving work strategies. In the absence of a French questionnaire on LAT applicable in clinical practice, this study aims to provide a French translation and adaptation of a dedicated tool initially developed and validated in the United States: the "Job leeway scale" (JLS). Methods: Translation and back-translation steps were conducted, complemented by expert meetings and inter views with sixteen individuals diagnosed with chronic musculoskeletal disorders (n = 8) and cancer (n = 8). Results: The clarity of the French version of the JLS, named the ' & Eacute;chelle de Libert & eacute; d'Action au Travail ' (ELAT), was found to be satisfactory. The main modifications related to the French adaptation of the questionnaire concer ned the general instructions, emphasizing the work context rather than the emotional domain. Additionally, formal modifications were made to the presentation of items to facilitate comprehension of the ELAT. Discussion: This study sought to maintain semantic, idiomatic, functional, experiential, conceptual, and opera tional equivalences between the original (English) version of the JLS and the French version (ELAT). Future research should focus on the psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. In clinical practice, this tool can be used as a checklist during care and follow-up phases to provide an initial assessment of job leeway during the return-to-work or work retention process for cancer survivors.
Background: Women of childbearing age working in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector (ASM), commonly known as gold panning, are exposed to health risks that affect the management of their pregnancies. Objectives: This article aims to identify the risks of exposure associated with gold panning activities and their impact on women's health in the context of managing their pregnancies. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study, in the form of a single case study with purposive sampling, was conducted in April 2022. It consisted of semi-structured interviews with artisanal miners, non-participant observations, and a literature review. A total of 14 artisanal miners (aged 18 to 34; average age: 24.57 years with 2 to 10 years of experience; average: 5.57 years), including 11 with no schooling, participated in the study. Thematic analysis based on the Braun and Clarke approach was performed and the data were processed manually. Main results: Women miners were active in all stages of mining: exploration, extraction, crushing, transportation, sorting, processing, and marketing of ore. Work was carried out continuously throughout the day, causing stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. None of the women miners used personal protective equipment (PPE). They used non-potable water, both for processing ore and for consumption, and were exposed to the risk of assault. All were exposed to poor posture, dust, and hazardous chemicals. All of these risks jeopardize the health and lives of women, as well as the development and outcome of their pregnancies. Conclusion: In light of this exposure, artisanal miners should be made aware of the dangers to themselves and their pregnancies. Their working conditions and access to protective equipment should be improved.
Objective: To study the factors of exposure to occupational risks in household waste management in Ouagadougou. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from October 2023 to July 2024. Results: The average age of workers was 42.19 years. The sex ratio was 1.35. In terms of seniority, the average number of years of employment was 7.43 years. Across the 17 household waste management sites, we observed the absence of toilets with bathing facilities and the absence of handwashing facilities in 12 and 14 sites, respectively. The majority of workers did not wear personal protective equipment (86.7% for protective footwear and 34.7% for respiratory protection masks). Regarding preventive measures, 88.5% had none of the following measures: tetanus vaccination, training on plastic waste treatment, awareness of occupational risks, or annual medical check-ups. Musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory, digestive, dermatological, and ocular conditions, and workplace accidents were reported by workers. Age and job position were factors associated with workplace accidents. Conclusion: Household waste management in Burkina Faso is an informal sector issue and exposes workers to numerous risks. Hence, the importance of raising awareness and strengthening advocacy for the development of specific legislation for the informal sector.
Cancer is one of the world's most common non-communicable diseases. Advances in cancer chemotherapy have led to improved patient survival, but complications and side effects can affect the ability to work. Our objectives were to study the factors associated with work stoppage and professional disinsertion in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM) in Cotonou in 2024. Study methods.- This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted from August 1 to October 31, 2024. It concerned workers undergoing cancer chemotherapy at the CNHU-HKM in Cotonou. They were asked to complete a questionnaire on sociodemographic, clinical and work-related variables, and on work stoppages due to cancer chemotherapy. The data collected were analyzed using R 4.3.0 software. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with work stoppages. A significance level of p less than 0.05 was observed. Results.- A total of 89 patients were included, with a mean age of 50.9 +/- 10.33 [27 and 65] years, predominantly female (83.1%), giving a sex ratio of 0.2. Occupations and socioprofessional categories were predominantly craftsmen and shopkeepers (40.4%). The average duration of work stoppage was 9 weeks (63 days), with extremes ranging from 4 weeks to 14 months. The frequency of permanent work stoppage among patients undergoing chemotherapy was 29.2%. Age >= 50 years (P = 0.004; OR = 8), palliative chemotherapy (P = 0.033; OR = 8.91), more than 6 courses of chemotherapy (P = 0.007; OR = 9.94), side effects such as nausea and vomiting (P < 0.001;OR = 3.6) and pain (P = 0.024; OR = 2.11) were associated with work stoppage. Conclusion.- Workers undergoing chemotherapy are frequently off work, and among them 3 out of 10 will permanently stop working. Job retention measures are essential for these patients.
Background. - In France, the nationwide shortage of occupational physicians (OPs) jeopardises compliance with mandatory workplace health assessments. Since the 2021 Occupational Health Reform, registered occupational-health nurses (IDESTs) may be delegated these visits. We evaluated the feasibility and organisational impact of an expanded IDEST-OP collaboration model. Methods. - We conducted a single-centre, practice-based study (July 2023-December 2024) within a multidisciplinary team covering 23,468 employees (1 OP, 6 IDESTs, 9 allied professionals). Physician-prescribed, standardised protocols delegated pre-return, return-to-work, on-demand and pre-SIR visits to IDESTs under regular medical oversight. Outcomes included visit volumes, proportion requiring physician input, issuance of work-ability recommendations (Annex 4; issued by OPs only), a 300-file quality audit, and estimated physician time saved. IDEST job satisfaction and engagement were assessed using the GJSS and the UWES. Results. - IDESTs conducted 10,340 visits (85.3% of all consultations); only 12.5% required physician intervention. Among 4023 delegated or co-activity visits, 89% were completed without referral, saving an estimated 450 physician sessions. Annex 4 issuance after sickness was similar for IDEST- and physician-led visits (26.9% vs. 27.9%; P = 0.76) and remained low for pre-SIR visits (1.9%). The audit found no major non-conformities; 4.7% of files required minor telephone clarification. IDESTs reported high satisfaction (GJSS 5.8/7) and engagement (UWES 5.4/7). Conclusion. - A protocolised delegation framework with active medical supervision enabled IDESTs to manage over four-fifths of mandatory visits, with outcomes consistent with written protocols and no major non-conformities identified in the audit. This model allowed physicians to focus on complex cases and prevention. Sustainability will depend on adequate nurse staffing, protected supervision time, and supportive digital tools such as e-signature and triage systems.
Introduction The rise in work disability and the ageing workforce have made job retention a priority in occupational health. Drawing on Northern European practices, the 2019 French national authority for health guidelines strengthened the role of the pre-return-to-work medical visit (PRV) as a lever for reintegration, raising questions about the relevance of a systematic return-to-work medical visit (RV). The primary objective was to describe the evolution of medical conclusions between PRVs and subsequent VRs, and the secondary objective was to analyse cases where a return to the previous job was planned at the PRV. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of 880 PRVs, of which 643 were followed by a RV, performed between January 2023 and October 2024 within an occupational health service in the Hauts-de-France region. Visit outcomes were categorised and analysed using a transition table. For the 331 PRV-RV pairs with return to work planned at the PRV, logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with a change in conclusion. Results The overall outcome (return or non-return to work) is confirmed at the RV in over 80% of cases, with fewer than 2.6% reversals. Work accommodations were required in 27.8% of initially unadjusted planned returns. Conclusions are identical for 61% of PRV-RV pairs with return to work planned at the PRV. Lengthening of the PRV-RV interval significantly increases the likelihood of a change in conclusion (OR = 1.011 [1.006-1.016]; P < 0.001), rising to 36% at one month. Conclusion Our findings highlight the predictive value of the PRVs and the stability of conclusions when the PRV-RV interval is short. They support a more targeted use of RVs with greater delegation to occupational health nurses, prior to a potential change in their legal requirement. A prospective study could confirm these observations.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems, exposing healthcare workers to particularly stressful working conditions. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with occupational stress among healthcare workers at the Angr & eacute; University Hospital Center in the context of COVID-19. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over a six-month period. Occupational stress was assessed using Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire, and psychological distress was evaluated using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included bivariate tests (Chi(2), Fisher's exact) and multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). Results: The sample was predominantly female (53.9%) with a mean age of 35.4 years. Paramedical staff represented 73.8% of respondents. The prevalence of occupational stress was 30.6%, and that of psychological distress was 55.3%. The main sources of stress were caring for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients (30.6%), emergency situations (24.8%), and procedures with high exposure risk (20.9%). Low social support was reported in 64.1% of cases. Factors associated with stress included alternating work schedules (P = 0.021), inadequate preventive measures (P = 0.003), poor quality of work life (P = 0.014), and low social support (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Occupational stress affects a significant proportion of healthcare workers during pandemics. These findings call for the implementation of targeted strategies for preventing psychosocial risks in hospital settings.
Introduction: Chronic low back pain is a major public health issue, with significant socio-economic and occupational costs. It is a frequent reason for consultations, particularly among healthcare workers. This condition affects not only the quality of life of caregivers, but also the quality of care provided to patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of chronic low back pain and to assess the impact of this condition on nurses' quality of life. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive observational study based on an anonymous self-questionnaire among nurses consulting the occupational Department at the Hedi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax over a three-month period. The quality of life of caregivers with chronic low back pain was assessed using the Oswestry Questionnaire. Results: We surveyed 120 nurses, 106 of whom answered the questionnaire correctly, giving a response rate of 88.33%. Women accounted for 64.2%. The average age of the participants was 40 +/- 9.8 years, and their job seniority ranged from 1 to 29 years, with an average of 16.43 +/- 10 years. Of the participants, 94.3% reported low back pain in the last 12 months, with 29% having persistent pain for more than three months. In the last 12 months, absenteeism due to low back pain was noted in 48% of participants. A proportion of 27.6% of nurses reported that pain prevented them from lifting heavy objects from the ground. In addition, the ability to sit was limited by pain in 51.7% of participants, and the ability to stand for prolonged periods was reduced in 48.2%. Finally, 58.5% of nurses reported limitations in their mobility due to pain. The majority of participants (55.2%) had minimal disability. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic low-back pain remains high among healthcare workers. Appropriate prevention programs are therefore essential. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the psychological and professional consequences of this condition.
Introduction. - Cancer is a major public health issue, with a rising incidence in France and a persistent underreporting of occupational cancers. In this study, we describe the French population's awareness of occupational cancer risk factors and their attitudes toward these factors in 2021, with a view to improving preventive actions. Methods. - This study is based on data from the 2021 Cancer Barometer, a national telephone survey conducted with a structured questionnaire. The survey targeted adults residing in mainland France with no history of cancer and at least one experience in the workplace. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic data, information about attitudes toward occupational risk factors, the degree to which participants considered themselves informed and the sources of information the participants considered reliable. Results. - The sample included 3,974 respondents with a mean age of 49.7 years (SD = 16.8 years), 42.0% of whom reported having been exposed to occupational risk factors, principally chemical agents (69.5%). Exposures to physical (6.5%) and biological (1.8%) agents were much less frequently identified. More than one third of the respondents (33.4%) considered night work to be a risk factor for cancer. Over half the participants (51.5%) reported feeling "rather poorly" or "very poorly" informed about these risks. Healthcare professionals (24.3%) and television (23.6%) were cited as the most reliable sources of information. Conclusions. - These findings highlight the need to improve public awareness of occupational cancer risk factors in France, particularly for lesser-known agents and night work. Targeted communication campaigns involving all primary prevention stakeholders appear essential to strengthen such campaigns.
The health crisis (2020-2021) has had an impact on organizations and working conditions. A first study on the profile of unfit employees was carried out in 2019. A second study was carried out in 2022. Objectives. - Describe profile of workers declared unfit to their workplace and describe profile of those who had no remaining work capacity after the pandemic. Methods. - Population : workers followed in 2019 and 2022 by an interenterprise occupational health service. A comparison was made relating to the characteristics of workers declared unfit in 2019 and 2022 to their workplace (age, gender, activity sector [Naf], socioprofessionnal category [PCS], pathology leading to professional impairment (CIM10), status of obligation to employ disabled workers (BOETH). New data have also been identified in 2022: presumed origin and polypathological origin of unfit. Results. - Between 2019 and 2022, the prevalence of impairment has not changed. The number of impairment among women has increased significantly. Psychic (29.3%) and osteo articular (48.7%) remains the pathology most frequently causing impairment. The impairment without remaining work capacity (RWC) increased significantly (+9.9%). Gender, sector of activity and PCS remain little determinant in the risk of impairment without RWC. Furthermore, 20% of impairment are linked to a multiple pathology and the presumed professional origin of impairment is in one case out of two. Discussion. - The prevalence of impairment remains stable in our population. The risk factors for impairment are identical after the pandemic. However, there is a significant increase in the representation of women and situation of impairment without RWC. Likewise, situations of impairment with non-professional origin and polypathology are significantly associated with impairment without RWC. Conclusions. - Psychic and rheumatologic pathologies remain the first cause of professional impairment after the pandemic. It appears important to emphasize prevention measures around the working conditions of women who have an increased risk of impairment but also around occupational health given the significant increase in the number of impairment without RWC, reflecting a deterioration in the state of health of workers.
Introduction Recent epidemiological studies highlight the significant frequency of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Employment is a known determinant of mental health status, yet there is little recent mental health data on the working population. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the mental health situation of the working population in France in 2024, and to identify avenues for action and prevention for this population. Method Evaluation of the current professional situation of working people, their level of exhaustion and associated symptomatology, certain psychological traits (early maladaptive schemas), the presence of psychiatric or psychological follow-up, were performed via an online questionnaire, between 21 and 26 November 2024. Results A total of 1479 assessments were collated. In all, 35.8% of participants (mean age 43.8, 50.2% women) reported being at risk of stopping work due to exhaustion. In all, 16.2% reported a score suggesting exhaustion. A total of 28% reported moderate to severe anxiety, 33% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms and 40% reported sleep problems. Signs of suffering were significantly associated with the risk of sick leave (P < 0.001), as was the presence of maladaptive early schemas (P < 0.001). The vast majority of people declaring themselves at risk of burnout and/or presenting clinical signs of suffering had no psychiatric or psychological follow-up (> 82.1%). Discussion This study reports a high prevalence of psychological distress symptoms in the working population. However, it is noteworthy that less than 18% of respondents reported having consulted a health professional. The prevention of such symptoms is a priority and could be based on early detection, at the heart of work organisations, as well as on individual prevention campaigns taking into account the individual's commitment to work or certain personality traits.
Cancer-related cognitive impairments are common and often persistent, with the potential to significantly and lastingly impact patients' quality of life and jeopardize their return to work or job retention. These deficits-affecting memory, attention, executive functions, and processing speed-are multifactorial in origin, stemming from treatment effects, individual vulnerabilities, psychological comorbidities, or the direct impact of the disease itself. Their identification in occupational health settings remains challenging due to their low clinical visibility. Nevertheless, their functional consequences are substantial, particularly at the time of work resumption. This article provides an up-to-date synthesis on the definition, underlying mechanisms, and risk factors of cancer-related cognitive impairments, as well as their professional implications. It also presents practical assessment tools (FACT-Cog, CSC-W21, MFI-10) and outlines tailored support strategies, including cognitive rehabilitation, adapted physical activity, psychological support, and workplace accommodations. The pivotal role of occupational physicians in this process is highlighted, along with the importance of workplace social support. As a complement, an informational leaflet developed within the REWORK program is made available to raise awareness and provide resources for professionals involved in supporting affected employees.
Aim To study psychosocial risk (PSR) factors among police officers. Method This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over 8 months. The study involved all CRS police officers in the Bobo Dioulasso camp, and data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). Results A total of 347 police officers out of 433 participated in our study. They were male in 87.9% of cases, with an average age of 33.05 +/- 6.46 years. Noncommissioned officers represented 85.3% of the officers, and 64.3% had less than 10 years' professional seniority. The frequency of RPS was 86.5%. Only quantitative constraints (84.1%) were characterised by a good condition and 58.5% had a negative assessment of their workload. Almost all the police officers (98.8%) had a positive assessment of their state of health. Stress, exhaustion and emotional demands were present in 83.9%, 88.5% and 77.5% of respondents respectively. Police officers with a poor work rhythm had a 2.3-fold increase in the probability of having a poor state of health and well-being (OR = 2.331; 95% CI [1.007-5.393]; P = 0.048). A poor perception of the meaning of work also doubled this risk (OR = 2.380; 95% CI [1.112-5.095]; P = 0.026). On the other hand, being over 30 years of age (OR = 0.491; 95% CI [0.259-0.931]; P = 0.029) and having more than 10 years' seniority (OR = 0.246; 95% CI [0.099-0.616]; P = 0.003) were protective factors for health and well-being at work. Conclusion Police officers' working conditions expose them to PSR which, in addition to the health consequences, can have an impact on the success of their mission to protect people and property. It is therefore essential to implement preventive measures.
Introduction. - Preventing Heat Stress (HS) is a current and future occupational health issue. Several tools are available to assess it. The measurement of thermal cardiac extrapulsations (EPCT), although widely used, remains incompatible with certain environments. Our aim is to discuss the benefits of jointly measuring core body temperature (T-co), heart rate (HR) and dehydration in nuclear workers, as part of a HS assessment and prevention program. Methods. - A prevention campaign is being conducted by Orano's occupational health and prevention department (SPST) between 2021 and 2024 on volunteer employees. To assess HS, the assessment criteria are T(co)final, variation in T-co over the intervention measured by ingested thermometer capsule, relative mass loss by dehydration and heat balance. To prevent HS, we seek to define recommended exposure time limits (DLE) per intervention and over 8 h, and to establish recommendations. Results. - Eighty-seven recordings are made on 66 volunteers, allowing to identify 3 intervention groups and 2 outfit categories (highest HS). DLEs are not reassessed for lack of data. Forty-five recommendations are proposed. Due to time constraints, it is not possible to access all the targeted interventions. Discussion & Conclusion. - This approach affords to objectively assess HS in a work environment that is incompatible with EPCT measurement, using relevant indicators of hyperthermic risk. Defining recommendable DLEs per intervention and per 8-hour shift requires a large, representative workforce. Realization constraints and low acceptance of unmanageable devices limit the available results. Skin patch technologies for measuring extracorporeal T(co)could overcome these problems and thus significantly increase the amount of data available.
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, whose clinical symptoms can become a real handicap, making it difficult to carry out and maintain a professional activity. Our objectives were primarily to determine the impact of seizure occurrence in the workplace on professional activity, and secondarily to assess how epilepsy patients are viewed in the workplace. Study methods. - This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from April 1 to September 30, 2024. It included epileptic workers seen in consultation at two private clinics and a university hospital in Cotonou. They were asked to complete a questionnaire providing information on socio-demographic, clinical and occupational variables, the occurrence of seizures in the workplace, the impact on work activity and work relations. The data collected were analyzed using EPI INFO software version 7.2.2.6. Results. - A total of 134 patients with active epilepsy were included, with a mean age of 40.77 + 11.57 years. There were 85 males, giving a sex ratio of 1.73. Of these, 48.55% were administrative staff, including 6.67% executives, 30.23% private individuals and 14.55% construction workers and vehicle drivers. Only 21 (22.39%) had undergone a medical examination on hiring. Generalized epilepsy was the most common type (77.61%). Some 52 (38.81%) had experienced seizures in the workplace. Nine (6.71%) occupational accidents were recorded among workers with epilepsy. Withdrawal of responsibility and dismissal rates were 9.70% and 8.96%. More than 3 (80.36%) had not informed their employer on hiring, and 1.49% had been teased by their colleagues. Conclusion. - Close collaboration between the treating physician and the occupational physician is necessary for better management of epileptic seizures and job retention.
