This chapter concerns with response of solid-state properties of energetic materials to the applied mechanical energy (ME) as an initiation factor of impact sensitivity (IS). Particularly, the processes of mechanically and thermally induced electron transfer (ET) as well as phonon-to-valence vibration energy transfer are in the focus of this review. Thus, a number of crystal properties, like band gap compressibility, crystal morphology, bulk modulus, phonons, and other are discussed in terms of IS phenomenon. Described models of IS are applied for aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic nitro and nitrato compounds, metal azides, bistetrazole-based and aryl diazonium energetic salts (ESs). Finally, an attempt is made to compare applicability of features of isolated molecules with properties of its crystalline phases and to highlight their advantages and drawbacks.
Energy and safety are the properties of major concern for energetic materials. However, their high energy is mostly accompanied by low molecular stability, i.e., high sensitivity. Therefore, it is a long-term pursuit full of challenges to develop new energetic materials with high energy and low sensitivity. In this chapter, the structure–energy–sensitivity correlations from chemical composition, molecular structure, and crystal engineering are particularly discussed, as they are expected to provide some molecular design tips on new low-sensitivity energetic materials.
This chapter concerns the overview of energetic materials. We shall focus first on the general principles to explain the different effects generated by energetic materials. These effects allow dividing them into four families: gun propellants, primary and secondary explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. For each family, we shall detail the molecules’ compositions, their history, and industrial processes.
In this Chapter we provide a review of the main results obtained in the modeling of graphene kinks and antikinks, which are elementary topological excitations of buckled graphene membranes. We introduce the classification of kinks, as well as discuss kink-antikink scattering, and radiation-kink interaction. We also report some new findings including i) the evidence that the kinetic energy of graphene kinks is described by a relativistic expression, and ii) demonstration of damped dynamics of kinks in membranes compressed in the longitudinal direction. Special attention is paid to highlight the similarities and differences between the graphene kinks and kinks in the classical scalar $ϕ^4$ theory. The unique properties of graphene kinks discussed in this Chapter may find applications in nanoscale motion.
