Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis japonica remains endemic in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, despite sustained control efforts. Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, the sole intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in Indonesia, persists in agricultural environments where ecological conditions may influence transmission. However, longitudinal evidence on its seasonal population dynamics and microhabitat determinants remains limited. This study aimed to characterize seasonal changes in O. h. lindoensis populations and identify habitat and environmental factors associated with snail abundance in cocoa plantations and rice paddies in Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi. Materials and Methods: A 12-month longitudinal observational study was conducted from January to December 2025 in four villages in Napu Valley. Cocoa plantations and rice paddies were each stratified into three habitat subtypes, with six sampling points per subtype, yielding 36 sampling sites. Snail populations were monitored monthly, and environmental parameters, including air, water, and soil temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall, water pH, and soil pH, were recorded. Vegetation and diatom communities were characterized using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. Collected snails were examined for S. japonicum cercariae. Associations between snail density and environmental variables were evaluated statistically. Results: Snail density increased from January, peaked in June, and subsequently declined in both habitat types. Cocoa plantations supported higher densities during January–June, whereas rice paddies had comparatively higher densities during July–December. Snail density differed significantly among cocoa plantation subtypes (Kruskal–Wallis H = 13.84, p < 0.001), with higher populations in habitats characterized by moderate vegetation cover and stable water sources; no significant difference occurred among rice paddy subtypes (p = 0.270). Cocoa plantations showed greater vegetation (1.82 vs. 1.67) and diatom (1.95 vs. 1.68) diversity. None of the measured climatic variables was significantly correlated with snail density (all p > 0.05). Among 2,847 examined snails, 68 were cercaria-positive (2.39%), with the highest infection rate recorded in June (4.12%). Conclusion: O. h. lindoensis populations exhibit distinct seasonal and habitat-specific dynamics in Napu Valley. The concurrence of peak snail density and cercarial infection in June identifies a critical period for intensified surveillance, while persistence across both agricultural habitats supports integrated, habitat-targeted environmental management. These findings provide an ecological basis for more precisely timed snail control within One Health-oriented schistosomiasis elimination programs in Indonesia. Keywords: cercarial infection, habitat ecology, Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, One Health, population dynamics, Schistosoma japonicum, schistosomiasis, snail control.
biosecurity can facilitate zoonotic disease transmission and may increase reliance on antimicrobials, particularly in resource-constrained livestock production systems with limited veterinary support. However, evidence integrating farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP), zoonotic disease awareness, biosecurity adoption, and antimicrobial use patterns remains limited among small-scale livestock farmers in South Africa. This study aimed to assess KAP regarding biosecurity and zoonotic disease prevention, characterize antimicrobial use patterns, and identify factors associated with biosecurity adoption among small-scale livestock farmers in the North West Province, South Africa, from a One Health perspective. Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional survey from December 2025 to February 2026 among small-scale livestock farmers in five villages in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District. Using purposive non-probability sampling, 200 farmers were approached, of whom 151 participated (75.5% response rate). Trained personnel administered a structured questionnaire covering biosecurity and zoonotic disease KAP, implementation barriers, veterinary service access, and antimicrobial use. Composite KAP outcomes were constructed, and descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Only 43.7% (66/151) of respondents were aware of zoonotic diseases. Regular vaccination was reported by 59.6% (90/151), whereas quarantine (16.6%, 25/151), proper waste and carcass disposal (24.5%, 37/151), and regular veterinary access (9.9%, 15/151) were poorly implemented. Lack of infrastructure (73.5%), financial constraints (70.9%), and lack of awareness (64.9%) were prominent barriers. Zoonotic disease awareness was strongly associated with knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 46.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.78–157.88; p < 0.001), while veterinary visits or consultations were strongly associated with biosecurity practices (AOR = 12.80; 95% CI: 2.35–69.80; p = 0.003). Tetracyclines accounted for 94.8% of reported antimicrobial use. Conclusion: Substantial gaps exist between favorable perceptions of biosecurity and its practical implementation. Limited veterinary access, inadequate zoonotic disease awareness, structural constraints, and predominant reported use of tetracycline-based products identify priority areas for One Health interventions. Although antimicrobial resistance was not directly measured, these findings identify conditions potentially relevant to AMR risk warranting strengthened veterinary extension, farmer education, biosecurity support, antimicrobial stewardship, and integrated surveillance. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, biosecurity, livestock farmers, North West Province, One Health, tetracyclines, veterinary services, zoonotic diseases.
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern, particularly at the human–animal–environment interface where livestock production may facilitate the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Pig slaughterhouses are recognized as potential reservoirs of resistant bacteria, yet genomic information regarding commensal Escherichia coli from healthy human populations living nearby remains scarce in Indonesia. Pregnant women represent an important sentinel population because intestinal carriage of resistant bacteria may contribute to neonatal colonization and early-life infections. This study aimed to characterize ARG profiles and their genomic locations in commensal E. coli isolated from healthy pregnant women residing near pig slaughterhouses in Banten Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Rectal swab samples were collected from 100 healthy pregnant women attending primary healthcare centers located within a 5-km radius of pig slaughterhouses. Ninety-four E. coli isolates were recovered and subjected to whole-genome sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platform. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify ARGs and determine their chromosomal or plasmid localization. Results: Thirty distinct ARGs belonging to 10 antimicrobial classes were detected. Beta-lactamase genes exhibited the greatest diversity, with chromosomally encoded blaEC-15, blaEC, and blaEC-18 predominating. Aminoglycoside resistance genes represented the second most diverse group, whereas plasmid-associated genes such as sul2, qnrS1, and tet(A) were among the most frequently identified mobile resistance determinants. Overall, chromosomal ARGs were more prevalent than plasmid-borne genes. Although most isolates carried resistance determinants affecting fewer than three antimicrobial classes, 12.8% exhibited potential multidrug resistance. Shared plasmid-mediated ARGs previously reported in livestock reservoirs from the same region suggested localized circulation of resistance elements across sectors. Conclusion: Commensal E. coli from healthy pregnant women living near pig slaughterhouses harbored diverse ARGs, predominantly chromosomal beta-lactamase genes, together with several plasmid-mediated determinants shared with livestock-associated reservoirs. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of AMR dissemination and support the incorporation of pregnant women into integrated One Health surveillance programs. Genome-based monitoring may facilitate early detection of emerging resistance and guide region-specific interventions to mitigate AMR spread.
Background and Aim: Rabies remains one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases worldwide, causing substantial public health and economic burdens, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Effective rabies control requires integrated surveillance systems that capture both animal and human health events within a One Health framework. The Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-i Plus) is a global event-based surveillance platform that compiles rabies reports from multiple official sources. This study aimed to describe global spatiotemporal patterns of confirmed rabies reports recorded in EMPRES-i Plus between 2014 and 2024 and to evaluate their relevance within a One Health surveillance context. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive surveillance study was conducted using confirmed rabies records retrieved from the EMPRES-i Plus Global Animal Disease Information System. Data covering the period from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2024, were extracted and cleaned before analysis. Reports were categorized according to geographic region, host type, and source of confirmation. Animal entries were analyzed at the report level, whereas human records were evaluated on an individual case basis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize temporal trends, regional distributions, host categories, and geographic patterns. Results: A total of 1,510 confirmed rabies reports were identified across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Asia contributed the highest number of reports (n = 1,056), followed by the Americas (n = 319), Europe (n = 91), and Africa (n = 44). Annual reporting fluctuated considerably, with the highest number recorded in 2014 (n = 302). Most reports (74%) originated from the World Organization for Animal Health reporting system. Domestic animals accounted for the majority of reports (n = 1,326), whereas wild animals accounted for 176 reports and captive animals for only 2 reports. Human rabies cases were limited within the database, with 27 reported cases and 20 associated deaths, all occurring in Africa and Asia. Spatial visualization revealed a widespread geographic distribution of reported rabies events, although reporting intensity varied across regions. Conclusion: Global rabies reporting within EMPRES-i Plus demonstrates marked regional and host-category variation, with domestic animals representing the principal reported reservoir and Asia contributing most reports. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening harmonized One Health surveillance systems, improving cross-sectoral data integration, and enhancing reporting consistency to support progress toward global rabies elimination goals.
Background and Aim: Benzimidazoles (BZ) remain the cornerstone of soil-transmitted helminth control programs; however, the emergence of resistance-associated mutations in the β-tubulin gene threatens their long-term effectiveness. Information on BZ resistance markers in hookworms from Southeast Asia remains limited. This study investigated the occurrence of β-tubulin isotype 1 mutations in hookworms from the Philippines and Indonesia and evaluated the potential effects of detected variants on BZ binding and tubulin dimerization using in silico analyses. Materials and Methods: Eighteen archived hookworm-positive fecal samples collected from the Philippines (n = 13) and Indonesia (n = 5) were analyzed. Molecular speciation was performed using species-specific genetic markers, followed by amplification and sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene regions that encompass known BZ resistance codons. Identified variants were subjected to in silico molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, binding free-energy calculations, and protein–protein interaction analyses to assess their effects on drug binding and tubulin dimer formation. Results: Fifteen samples were identified as Necator americanus and three as Ancylostoma ceylanicum. No canonical BZ resistance-associated mutations were detected at codons 134, 167, 198, or 200. However, two A. ceylanicum isolates from the Philippines carried a novel V236I substitution resulting from a GTC→ATC nucleotide change. Molecular docking demonstrated minimal alterations in docking poses, whereas molecular dynamics simulations revealed a marked reduction in BZ-binding favorability in the mutant protein. The V236I variant exhibited substantially lower MM-GBSA binding free-energy with albendazole than the wild-type protein (−13.34 vs. −33.42 kcal/mol), accompanied by reduced hydrogen-bond formation. Structural analyses suggested that the bulkier isoleucine side chain may introduce steric hindrance within the binding region, thereby weakening ligand–protein interactions. In contrast, the mutation produced negligible effects on tubulin dimer stability, binding affinity, and conformational dynamics. Conclusion: A novel V236I substitution was identified in A. ceylanicum from Southeast Asia and was predicted to reduce BZ-binding efficiency through steric and energetic effects while preserving tubulin dimer integrity. These findings highlight V236I as a potential BZ resistance-associated variant and emphasize the need for continued molecular surveillance and experimental validation of emerging resistance markers in hookworm populations.
Background and Aim: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has persisted in Indonesia since 2003, causing repeated poultry outbreaks and sporadic human cases. Despite the national One Health framework established by Coordinating Ministerial Regulation No. 7/2022, evidence of its implementation at city and district levels, especially in high-risk urban and peri-urban areas, remains limited. This study explored barriers and facilitators to One Health governance for zoonoses control, using HPAI as a sentinel case in Bogor City and Bogor District, West Java. Materials and Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted in October 2025, supplemented by descriptive quantitative data. A multi-sectoral focus group discussion (FGD) involved 67 participants from human health, animal health, environmental, agriculture, market management, planning, legislative, and academic sectors. A structured pre-FGD questionnaire was completed by 20 participants. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Qualitative FGD data were analyzed thematically following Braun and Clarke's six-phase approach, with inductive coding and iterative team consensus. Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, and Wageningen University & Research. Results: Questionnaire respondents mainly came from local government health and animal health sectors (85%), with 60% prioritizing zoonoses prevention over outbreak response. While 100% understood the One Health concept and 95% supported joint risk assessment, only 70% found joint surveillance effective, and 40% believed local policy and budget support were sufficient. Thematic analysis identified five key themes: (1) mostly reactive, event-driven coordination; (2) ongoing human and financial resource limitations; (3) underuse of the Sistem Informasi Zoonosis dan Emerging Infectious Diseases (SIZE) platform and fragmented data integration; (4) low community awareness and poor risk communication, especially in live bird markets; and (5) weak institutional integration and funding of national policies at local levels. Conclusion: Local One Health implementation in Bogor remains fragmented, reactive, and resource-constrained, despite a supportive national policy framework. Key actionable recommendations include developing joint cross-sectoral operational guidelines and standard operating procedures, institutionalizing routine multisectoral forums, strengthening SIZE platform use through training and interoperability, embedding zoonoses prevention into regional development and risk planning, enhancing community-focused risk communication, and exploring sustainable financing models (e.g., pentahelix collaboration and corporate social responsibility). These strategies can turn policy intent into proactive, preventive governance, improving HPAI control and broader zoonotic and pandemic preparedness in similar high-risk settings across Indonesia.
Background and Aim: Food safety in traditional poultry markets remains a major public health concern in low-and middle-income countries, where inadequate hygiene, poor regulatory oversight, and limited vendor training contribute to the transmission of foodborne pathogens and zoonotic diseases. Poultry vendors represent a critical control point in the farm-to-plate continuum, and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) directly influence the safety of poultry products. In Bangladesh, traditional wet markets supply the majority of poultry meat, yet information on vendor-level food safety behavior, particularly from a One Health perspective, remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the KAP of poultry vendors regarding food safety in traditional markets of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh, and to identify sociodemographic factors associated with inadequate food safety compliance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using questionnaires was carried out with 410 poultry vendors from five upazilas in Mymensingh district between July 2020 and June 2021. Vendors were chosen through stratified random sampling to represent various market types and vendor sizes. A structured, validated questionnaire evaluated sociodemographic data and KAP related to food hygiene, zoonotic disease transmission, antimicrobial resistance, personal protective measures, and waste management. The instrument's reliability and validity were confirmed through expert review, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest analysis. Data analysis was conducted using R software, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression to explore links between vendor traits and KAP outcomes. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Only 40.73% of vendors demonstrated adequate knowledge of food safety, while 42.68% showed a favorable attitude, and only 28.78% reported proper hygienic practices. None of the vendors had received formal training related to food safety or zoonoses. Although most vendors were aware of general hygiene measures, such as cleaning equipment and maintaining shop sanitation, significant gaps were observed in knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease transmission, and cross-contamination risks. Use of personal protective equipment was very low, and many markets lacked proper drainage and waste disposal systems. Education level was strongly linked to knowledge and practice scores (p < 0.05), while age and work experience were mainly associated with practices. Vendors selling multiple poultry types and those working in poorly regulated markets had higher odds of poor hygiene practices. Conclusion: The study found significant gaps in food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among poultry vendors in traditional Bangladeshi markets, creating serious risks to human, animal, and environmental health. Improving food safety requires mandatory vendor training, regular inspections, better market infrastructure, and integration of One Health-based policies involving veterinary, public health, and environmental authorities. Focused educational initiatives and stricter regulations are crucial to boost vendor compliance, reduce foodborne illnesses, and promote safer poultry production and marketing systems in Bangladesh.
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major One Health concern, especially in dairy production systems where multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus limits mastitis control. Essential oils (EOs), such as Syzygium aromaticum EO, possess strong antimicrobial properties, but their volatility restricts stability. Microencapsulation enhances EO stability and functional performance. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of microencapsulated S. aromaticum EO (OESAM) combined with beta-lactam antibiotics against MDR S. aureus. Additionally, bioinformatic analysis was used to explore the potential role of whey protein isolate (WPI) used in the microcapsule wall material in modulating antimicrobial action. Materials and Methods: OESAM was prepared via complex coacervation using WPI and gum arabic as wall materials. Ten MDR S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis were tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of OESAM, oxacillin, and meropenem using broth microdilution. Synergy was evaluated using the Checkerboard method and interpreted through the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). A protein-protein interaction network was generated in STRING database to investigate molecular pathways potentially affected by amino acids in WPI. Results: Microencapsulation produced stable microcapsules with a yield of 39.11%. The addition of OESAM significantly reduced the MICs of oxacillin and meropenem (p < 0.05), resulting in antimicrobial dose reductions of up to 2.7-fold. Synergistic and additive effects predominated among the isolates. These outcomes were further supported by their FICI values, which confirmed potentiation between OESAM and beta-lactams. Bioinformatic analysis identified three major functional clusters: tryptophan biosynthesis, siderophore biosynthesis, and phosphorelay signal transduction, suggesting that amino acids present in WPI may interfere with metabolic and regulatory pathways of S. aureus, enhancing antimicrobial effectiveness. Conclusion: OESAM substantially enhances beta-lactam efficacy against MDR S. aureus, offering a promising strategy for reducing antimicrobial doses and combating resistance in veterinary practice. Microencapsulation improves EO stability and enables controlled-release, thereby enhancing antimicrobial activity. Further in vivo validation, toxicity assessment, and formulation development are recommended to facilitate practical applications in mastitis control and broader AMR mitigation.
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat with significant implications across human, animal, and environmental sectors. In veterinary settings, inappropriate antimicrobial use accelerates the emergence and dissemination of resistant pathogens through the food chain, direct contact, and environmental pathways. Despite national action plans, evidence on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) at subdistrict levels remains limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding AMS and to identify system level drivers influencing antibiotic prescribing in the Udupi district of coastal Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed between April 2021 and March 2023. Quantitative data were collected using a structured KAP survey administered to all registered veterinarians in the district, while qualitative insights were obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted for survey data, and thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data to explore contextual determinants of prescribing behavior. Results: Of 43 eligible veterinarians, 27 participated (response rate: 62.7%). Mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 16.7, 47, and 9, respectively, indicating moderate knowledge and attitudes but suboptimal practices. High reliance on the highest priority critically important antibiotics, including enrofloxacin (77.8%) and ceftriaxone (66.7%), was observed for common conditions such as mastitis and enteritis. Although 59.3% reported access to microbiology laboratories, only 37.1% regularly utilized culture and sensitivity testing. Qualitative findings revealed that prescribing practices were shaped by interconnected systemic, economic, and socio-cultural factors, including diagnostic constraints, treatment costs, client expectations, and informal antibiotic access. A notable gap between awareness and implementation of AMS principles was identified. Conclusion: This study highlights critical gaps in veterinary AMS at the district-level, characterized by overreliance on critical antibiotics, limited diagnostic utilization, and systemic barriers to evidence-based prescribing. Effective AMS implementation requires context-specific interventions, including mandatory training, improved diagnostic infrastructure, locally tailored prescribing guidelines, and multisectoral coordination under a One Health framework.
Background and Aim: The One Health approach promotes collaboration among human, animal, and environmental health sectors to address complex global health challenges. Despite increasing international and national commitment to One Health implementation, evidence describing how medical doctors enact this approach in routine professional practice remains limited. This study explored how One Health is enacted in the professional activities of medical doctors in Indonesia, with particular attention to professional roles, identity, and cross-sector collaboration. Materials and Methods: This Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative study employed semistructured online interviews with One Health practitioners from medical, veterinary, and public health backgrounds in Indonesia. Participants were purposively selected based on their involvement in cross-sector health activities related to zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and emerging infectious diseases. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using an inductive approach. Concepts from Situated Learning Theory and boundary crossing were used as interpretive lenses during analysis. Results: Thirteen participants were interviewed, comprising medical doctors, veterinarians, and public health professionals. Six interrelated themes were identified. One Health implementation was described as fragmented, reactive, and highly dependent on local commitment and informal networks. Doctors’ readiness to enact One Health was constrained by limited exposure during medical education, insufficient training on interprofessional collaboration, and systemic workplace limitations such as weak reporting systems and inadequate laboratory capacity. Clinician identity functioned both as a facilitator and barrier to cross-sector engagement. While clinical responsibilities positioned doctors as important initiators of collaboration, the immediacy of patient care and strong orientation toward independent clinical decision-making often limited sustained interaction with other sectors. Doctors’ roles extended beyond clinical care to include educator and collaborator functions, particularly in disease surveillance, advocacy, health promotion, and community engagement. Participants emphasized that apart from clinical competencies, effective One Health practice requires competencies in systems thinking, communication, collaboration, leadership, public health, and sociocultural understanding. Suggested educational strategies included systematic integration of One Health into existing curricula, interprofessional learning, and providing authentic collaborative learning experiences in diverse practice settings. Conclusion: Medical doctors can enact One Health through clinical, educational, and collaborative roles. However, implementation remains limited and context-dependent due to systemic, educational, and professional identity-related constraints. Strengthening practice-oriented medical education and institutional support may facilitate more sustained and meaningful One Health engagement in professional practice.
Background and Aim: Zoonotic diseases remain a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries where close interaction between humans and livestock increases the risk of disease transmission. In Indonesia, zoonoses such as anthrax, leptospirosis, avian influenza, and rabies continue to be reported, highlighting the importance of strengthening prevention strategies through the One Health approach. Livestock farmers represent a high-risk population because of their frequent exposure to animals and contaminated environments. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to zoonotic disease prevention among livestock farmers in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia, and to examine the relationships among these components to support the development of context-specific prevention strategies. Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from March to November 2025 among 683 livestock farmers from 14 subdistricts in Jember Regency, Indonesia. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed face-to-face using a structured and validated questionnaire consisting of 19 knowledge items, 9 attitude items, and 15 practice items related to zoonotic disease prevention. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize respondents' characteristics and KAP levels, while Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied to assess associations among knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Results: Most respondents were male (81.3%), aged >45 years (41.6%), and had elementary-level education. Beef cattle and local chickens were the predominant livestock raised. Overall, 62.2% of farmers demonstrated poor knowledge and 92.8% showed poor preventive practices regarding zoonotic diseases, whereas attitudes were generally moderate to good. Higher educational level was associated with improved knowledge and attitudes, although preventive practices remained inadequate across all educational groups. Significant associations were observed between knowledge and attitudes (p < 0.001) and between attitudes and practices (p < 0.001). However, no direct association was found between knowledge and practices, indicating a persistent knowledge-practice gap among livestock farmers. Conclusion: Livestock farmers in Jember Regency generally possessed limited knowledge and poor biosecurity practices regarding zoonotic disease prevention despite having relatively positive attitudes. The findings demonstrate that attitudes play a crucial role in translating knowledge into preventive behavior. Strengthening practice-oriented biosecurity training, improving farmer access to hygiene facilities, and enhancing collaboration between veterinary and public health sectors through the One Health framework are essential to improve zoonotic disease prevention among smallholder livestock farmers in Indonesia.
Background and Aim: Traditional fermented fish (pla-som) is widely consumed in Northeastern Thailand and contributes substantially to household nutrition and rural livelihoods. However, production is commonly conducted at the household level under limited sanitary control, increasing the risk of foodborne pathogen contamination. From a One Health perspective, human hygiene behavior, environmental sanitation, and food safety are closely interconnected. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of major foodborne bacterial pathogens in household-produced fermented fish and to determine their associations with hygiene practices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between May and October 2020 in Kalasin Province, Northeastern Thailand. A total of 144 fermented fish samples were collected from 23 registered household production sites. Microbiological analyses were performed to detect Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella spp. using standard bacteriological methods. Hygiene conditions were evaluated using a structured checklist based on national Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) criteria covering six domains: location and building, equipment and utensils, production process control, sanitation, maintenance and cleaning, and personal hygiene. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associations between hygiene factors and bacterial contamination. Results: S. aureus was the most prevalent contaminant (72.92%), followed by Salmonella spp. (57.64%), E. coli (40.28%), and B. cereus (12.50%). E. coli contamination was significantly associated with poor equipment and utensil hygiene (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 16.61; 95% CI: 3.43-80.46; p < 0.001) and inadequate building conditions (AOR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02-0.50; p = 0.005). S. aureus contamination was strongly linked to substandard sanitation (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06-0.38; p < 0.001) and poor personal hygiene (AOR = 12.00; 95% CI: 2.52-57.09; p = 0.002). Salmonella spp. contamination was associated with inadequate sanitation, maintenance and cleaning, and personal hygiene, whereas no hygiene-related factors were significantly associated with B. cereus contamination. Conclusion: Household-level fermented fish production in Northeastern Thailand is characterized by high levels of foodborne pathogen contamination, strongly linked to modifiable hygiene practices. Strengthening GMP- and Water, sanitation, and hygiene-based hygiene training for small-scale producers-particularly targeting equipment cleanliness, sanitation, and personal hygiene-can substantially reduce contamination risks and support safer traditional food production within a One Health framework.
Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected zoonotic disease in sub-Saharan Africa, with substantial implications for public health and livestock-based livelihoods. In Burkina Faso, evidence on stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward bTB and its economic consequences remains limited, particularly outside major urban centers. This study aimed to assess the KAP of livestock farmers and butchers regarding bTB in Koup & eacute;la and to estimate financial losses associated with suspected bTB-related organ seizures at the local slaughter facility between 2016 and 2023. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted among 115 participants (83 livestock farmers and 32 butchers) using structured questionnaires administered between October 2023 and January 2024. Knowledge and practice scores were computed using predefined scoring systems, and associations with sociodemographic variables were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. In parallel, a retrospective analysis of official abattoir records from January 2016 to December 2023 was performed to quantify suspected bTB lesions and estimate direct and indirect financial losses resulting from organ seizures and carcass weight reduction. Results: Although 94.8% of participants had heard of bTB and 88.7% recognized its zoonotic nature, only 8.7% demonstrated satisfactory knowledge. Risky practices were common, including consumption of raw milk (59.1%) and meat from dead animals (29.6%), while only 44.3% of respondents exhibited practices considered protective against bTB transmission. Education level was significantly associated with knowledge (p < 0.05). During the eight-year period, 213 organs were seized from 271,032 slaughtered ruminants, corresponding to an overall suspicion rate of 0.08%, with cattle showing the highest species-specific rate (0.44%). Total financial losses due to bTB were estimated at 22,977,180 West African Financial Community Franc (approximately USD 36,760), largely attributable to indirect losses in cattle. Conclusion: Substantial knowledge gaps and high-risk practices regarding bTB persist among livestock stakeholders in Koup & eacute;la, contributing to ongoing zoonotic risk and considerable economic losses. Targeted education, improved biosecurity practices, and integrated One Health interventions are essential to mitigate the public health and economic impact of bTB in similar rural and peri-urban settings.
Background and Aim: Urban pigeon populations (Columba livia) are increasingly recognized as sources of environmental contamination, infrastructure damage, and zoonotic risk. However, few studies have examined how public perceptions and tolerance levels shift over time, particularly in historical cities where pigeons interact with tourist spaces and cultural heritage. This study assessed the changes in the perceptions, prejudices, and preferred control strategies of the pigeon populations in Sucre, Bolivia, across three time points (2012, 2017, and 2024). Materials and Methods: Three serial cross-sectional surveys were conducted in high-traffic public areas of Sucre using a structured, anonymous questionnaire (2012: N = 213; 2017: N = 209; 2024: N = 203). Sociodemographic information, pigeon-related prejudices, and preferred control methods were collected. Differences across years and demographic groups were assessed using chi-square tests. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were calculated to identify factors associated with a preference for pigeon eradication. Open-ended responses on control recommendations were thematically coded into lethal and non-lethal categories. Results: A total of 625 citizens participated in this study. Over the 12-year period, the respondents consistently identified littering (66%), infrastructure damage (41%), and disease transmission (42%) as major concerns, with notable peaks in 2017. Preferences for eradication increased markedly from 20% in 2012 to 49% (2024) (p < 0.01). Older adults (>= 31 years), individuals perceiving pigeons as dirt sources, and respondents in 2024 were significantly more likely to support pigeon eradication. Conversely, participants who reported that pigeons were "not unpleasant" had substantially lower odds of preferring eradication. Citizens proposed various non-lethal methods, including reproductive control, habitat modification, and capture-relocation strategies. Conclusion: Public perceptions of pigeons in Sucre have become progressively less tolerant, with increasing support for eradication and persistent concerns about hygiene, public health, and cultural heritage damage. These findings underscore the need for an integrated management plan grounded in the One Health framework, which prioritizes humane, sustainable, and socially acceptable measures. Incorporating public attitudes and promoting ongoing education will be essential to balance heritage preservation, animal welfare, and urban ecosystem health.
Background and Aim: Zoonotic diseases pose a major global public health and economic threat, particularly in regions with intensive livestock-human interaction. Georgia, in the South Caucasus, faces endemic zoonoses such as brucellosis, anthrax, and echinococcosis, yet limited information exists on the personal biosecurity practices of those most at risk. This study aimed to assess the extent, determinants, and characteristics of personal biosecurity measures (PBMs) among ruminant farmers and veterinarians in Georgia, with emphasis on their knowledge, attitudes, and perceived zoonotic risks. Materials and Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and September 2024 among 433 ruminant farmers and 114 veterinarians across nine regions and 53 municipalities. Validated, multilingual questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographics, zoonosis awareness, risk perception, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, motivators, and barriers to PBM adoption. Descriptive and non-parametric analyses (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) were performed using R software. Results: Among farmers, 41.8% did not believe zoonoses could be contracted from animals, yet paradoxically scored higher in PBM implementation than those who did. Female farmers, those with higher education, and those who had discussed zoonosis prevention with experts demonstrated stronger adherence, whereas longer livestock experience predicted lower compliance. Among veterinarians, 70.2% self-rated their zoonosis knowledge as high, though only four correctly identified all listed zoonoses. Field veterinarians and those working >= 3 days/week scored significantly higher in PPE use (p < 0.05). Across all respondents, PPE usage was highest for gloves and farm-dedicated clothing but lowest for face masks and protective glasses during high-risk procedures such as parturition and carcass disposal. Discomfort and hot conditions were the main obstacles to PPE use. Conclusion: Personal biosecurity adoption in Georgia is widespread yet inconsistent and shaped by gender, education, experience, and perceived vulnerability. The contradiction between perceived knowledge and actual zoonotic awareness underscores the need for targeted, behavior-centered training. Expanding educational leaflets and strengthening farmer-veterinarian communication within the National Animal Health and One Health frameworks could bridge gaps between knowledge, perceptions, and practices.
Background and Aim: Seasonal variation profoundly influences aquatic ecosystems, altering water quality, microbial ecology, and food safety. In Egypt's Lake Nasser, one of the world's largest artificial freshwater reservoirs, climatic fluctuations may shape pathogen dynamics, affecting fish health and public safety. This study investigated the seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of major fish-borne pathogens in Lake Nasser, Egypt, within a One Health framework. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 water and 300 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) samples were collected seasonally from five lake sectors. Physicochemical indicators (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen [DO], electrical conductivity, and six heavy metals) were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and the Association of Official Analytical Collaboration standards. Bacteriological examinations were performed according to ISO protocols to enumerate total bacterial counts (TBCs) and to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Molecular confirmation of species and virulence determinants was achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting 16S ribosomal RNA and virulence genes. Correlations between environmental parameters and pathogen prevalence were evaluated using Pearson's analysis (p < 0.05). Results: Water temperature peaked in summer (29.7 degrees C) while DO and pH were highest in winter (8.05 mg/L and 8.7, respectively). While zinc, copper, cadmium, and lead exceeded the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment thresholds for aquatic life, all heavy metals were below World Health Organization limits for drinking water. TBCs increased significantly during summer (3.59 & times;105 Colony Forming Unit/g). S. aureus and V. cholerae predominated in summer, P. aeruginosa in spring, and A. hydrophila in autumn. Temperature positively correlated with bacterial counts (r = 0.82, p < 0.001), whereas DO showed a negative association (r = -0.71, p = 0.001). PCR confirmed multiple virulence genes in all isolates. Conclusion: Seasonal climatic fluctuations strongly influence microbial contamination in Lake Nasser. Although water quality remains within acceptable limits, elevated temperatures and reduced oxygen during summer promote pathogen proliferation, posing food safety risks. Continuous One Health-based surveillance integrating environmental, microbiological, and climatic indicators is recommended to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and public health under changing climate conditions.
Background and Aim: Rabies remains a persistent zoonotic threat in Indonesia, where dogs are the primary reservoir driving animal-to-human transmission. Despite longstanding control efforts, the country continues to report fluctuating rabies incidence with increasing public health and economic burdens. This study aimed to analyze 17 years of animal rabies data from the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) to identify temporal patterns, hotspot provinces, species distribution, and vaccination coverage, and to highlight gaps relevant for strengthening One Health-based rabies control in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using WAHIS quantitative data from 2006-2023. Records were filtered by country (Indonesia), disease (rabies virus infection), province, and animal species. Data were cleaned, standardized, and categorized by year, province, species, and vaccination status. Visualization was performed using Python (bar charts and heatmaps) and ArcGIS (choropleth maps). Descriptive tables were generated in SPSS. Analyses were limited to 2023 due to Indonesia's transition to aggregated national reporting from 2021 onward. Results: A total of 17 years of animal rabies data revealed pronounced annual fluctuations, with major peaks in 2013 (1,117 cases), 2016 (1,288), 2019 (1,943), 2022 (1,361), and 2023 (1,817). Five provinces, Sumatera Barat (1,538), Sulawesi Selatan (1,494), Bali (1,381), Riau (1,264), and Sulawesi Utara (1,001), emerged as long-term hotspot regions. Dogs accounted for most rabies cases (15,906), with recurring peaks across multiple years, whereas cats (542 cases), cattle, swine, primates, and wildlife exhibited sporadic but epidemiologically relevant cases. Vaccination data were scarce and inconsistent; only 16 provinces reported dog vaccination, with Bali contributing the highest number (512,203 vaccinated dogs). Cat vaccination (0.72% of total vaccinations) was minimally reported. Conclusion: Rabies remains endemic in Indonesia with considerable interprovincial disparities and repeated surges linked to limited vaccination coverage and inconsistent surveillance. The dominance of dog-mediated transmission underscores the need for sustained mass dog vaccination, strengthened provincial reporting, and coordinated One Health strategies that integrate veterinary, human health, and environmental sectors. Improved transparency and routine submission of disaggregated rabies data to WAHIS are critical for achieving national and global rabies elimination goals.
Background and Aim: Leishmaniasis is a persistent zoonotic disease and a major public health problem in Morocco, where healthcare workers play a central role in its detection, prevention, and management. Despite national control efforts, knowledge gaps among health professionals may hinder timely diagnosis and effective surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge regarding leishmaniasis among health professionals in the Marrakech-Safi region, Morocco's most endemic area, and identify factors influencing their awareness. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted between December 2024 and April 2025 among 514 healthcare professionals, including nurses, doctors, midwives, and technicians, working in public health facilities. Data were collected through a self-administered, expert-validated online questionnaire covering socio-professional characteristics and knowledge of leishmaniasis. Knowledge was scored on a 16-point scale and classified as "good" (9-16) or "poor" (0-8). Binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of good knowledge, with p < 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. Results: Overall, 67.9% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of leishmaniasis. Health professionals from Essaouira were 13 times more likely to have good knowledge than those from Youssoufia (p = 0.035; Odds ratios [OR] = 13.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-152.21). Those holding a doctorate (p = 0.050; OR = 8.00; 95% CI: 0.998-64.11) and those with 11-15 years of experience (p = 0.046; OR = 10.12; 95% CI: 1.04-98.49) exhibited significantly higher awareness. Completing a university-level course on leishmaniasis strongly enhanced knowledge (p = 0.002; OR = 4.55; 95% CI: 1.76-11.81). Conclusion: The study revealed uneven distribution of knowledge among healthcare professionals, with educational level, experience, and training as key determinants. Strengthening targeted training programs and integrating leishmaniasis content into academic curricula are essential for improving disease control. Future research should adopt a broader One Health perspective involving veterinary and environmental sectors to enhance surveillance, early detection, and community awareness.
Background and Aim: Malaria remains highly prevalent in Papua Province, Indonesia, accounting for nearly 89% of the national malaria burden. Although interventions are ongoing, most studies emphasize either human or environmental dimensions, often neglecting animal-related factors. This study aimed to apply a comprehensive One Health framework, combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to prioritize malaria risk indicators in Jayapura Regency. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in West Sentani district, Jayapura Regency, between June and August 2024. In stage one, malaria risk indicators across human, animal, and environmental domains were identified through literature review, interviews, and focus group discussions with five experts. In stage two, an AHP-based questionnaire was administered to 10 malaria and public health experts. Pairwise comparisons were analyzed using Expert Choice v.11 to generate priority weights and rankings, with a consistency ratio threshold of 0.10. Results: Human factors (weight = 0.349) were ranked as the most significant contributors to malaria risk, followed by environmental (0.331) and animal (0.321) domains. Across all 11 indicators, completion of malaria medication (0.127), effective diagnostic screening (0.120), mosquito breeding site density (0.120), and proximity of animal enclosures to homes (0.117) emerged as top priorities. Five of the six highest-ranked indicators belonged to the human domain, highlighting the centrality of behavioral and healthcare-seeking practices. Conclusion: The integration of One Health and AHP provided a transparent and evidence-based prioritization of malaria risk factors in Jayapura. The findings emphasize the importance of treatment adherence, improved diagnostic capacity, community-driven vector control, and livestock management to reduce transmission. Strengthening health education, enhancing rapid diagnostic test quality, and introducing geospatial tools for environmental mapping are recommended. This One Health-AHP approach demonstrates strong potential for informing multisectoral malaria elimination strategies in endemic regions.
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a major global health threat, particularly at the interface of human and animal health. Escherichia coli is a key indicator organism for AMR surveillance and is commonly found in both humans and pigs. Pigs are recognized as significant reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), facilitating the potential transmission of resistant bacteria to humans. This study aimed to systematically review ARG profiles and associated phenotypic resistance in E. coli isolates from human and pig sources using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library for English-language studies published from January 1, 2019, to October 21, 2024. Studies were included if they reported WGS-based ARG profiles and corresponding phenotypic resistance data for E. coli isolates from either humans or pigs. Data extraction and synthesis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Gene nomenclature was standardized using the National Center for Biotechnology Information and the Compre-hensive Antibiotic Resistance Databases. Results: Of 3,550 records screened, 13 studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 7 on human isolates, 5 on pig isolates, and 1 covering both. Ampicillin resistance was the most prevalent overall (71.4%), with rates of 75% in humans and 100% in pigs. A total of 80 ARGs spanning 11 antibiotic classes were identified, with 58 appearing in multiple studies. The most frequently reported ARGs were bla_TEM, sul1, sul2, dfrA17, tet(A), and tet(B). Notably, the qnrS gene, conferring quinolone resistance, was consistently detected in pig isolates. Geographic variation was observed, with a dominance of Chinese studies and variable resistance patterns across continents. Conclusion: This review highlights a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in both human and pig sectors, under-scoring the misuse of antibiotics in medical and agricultural settings. The consistent detection of ARGs, particularly bla_TEM and qnrS, calls for urgent cross-sectoral action. A One Health approach is essential to strengthen AMR surveillance, promote prudent antibiotic use, and implement coordinated interventions across human, veterinary, and environmental domains. Future research should integrate metagenomics and environmental monitoring to capture broader resistance dynamics.
