While models of one qubit and two qubits open quantum systems are widely used in contemporary physical literature, especially one dealing with the problems of quantum information and computation, model of three qubits is rarely exploited. One reason, regarding dynamics of open quantum systems, lays in the fact that adding one qubit to state space complicates considerably computational tasks. By computational tasks here is meant obtaining analytical details of dynamics, which are preferable for fundamental physical considerations. In this paper, ab initio derivation of Markovian master equation, in regime of the weak coupling limit, for three interacting qubits is presented in pedagogical manner. In this way, it will become clearer what challenges in dealing with seemingly innocuous three-qubits model are. Master equation in hand can serve for further physical inquiries, not limited to the field of quantum information and quantum computation.
In the reaction of vanillin and acetone under Claisen-Schmidt conditions, dehydrozingerone, a very attractive biologically active compound, is obtained. This compound served as a starting material for the synthesis of O-alkyl derivatives which further react with hydrazine hydrate in formic acid, yielding a new series of N-formyl pyrazolines. All new products were identified and well characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. An ADME study was performed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesized derivatives. The preliminary in vitro cytotoxic activity of pyrazolines against the human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa) was evaluated using the MTT method. Among the series, compounds 3c, 3d and 3f showed the most promising cytotoxic activity. Morphology changes of HeLa cells treated with selected compounds were visualized and compared with that of the control.
This paper resolves the problem of definite outcomes, also known as "Schrodinger's cat" and the "problem of wavefunction collapse." It's the problem of understanding how nature goes from a coherent superposition of possible outcomes to a single definite outcome. This "measurement problem" has not to my knowledge been solved. The analysis stems from an insight into entanglement demonstrated in two nonlocality experiments involving pairs of momentum-entangled photons. These show that an entangled state of two subsystems is not a superposition of products of paired states, but instead a superposition of correlations between paired states. The "premeasurement state" is just such a superposition with the proviso that one subsystem is the detector of the other subsystem. This state is not a paradoxical superposition of macroscopic detector states; it is instead a superposition of correlations between detector states and microscopic quantum states. Thus, Schrodinger's cat isn't "smeared" between dead and alive but instead represents a nonlocal superposition of correlations between states of the cat and states of the nucleus: This is what we want. We also critique one previously claimed resolution of the measurement problem and seven previously claimed proofs that the measurement problem is unsolvable.
Uncontrolled, routine use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms, which is a clinical problem of global proportions. Many plants have been recognized as a resource of natural antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be effective in the treatment of bacterial infections. At the same time, technological progress has enabled the application of new materials in the field of medicine, such as micro and nanofibers. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the antimicrobial activity of nanofibers fabricated via electrospinning of solutions containing methanolic extract of Trapa natans L. and antibiotics. To determine the antimicrobial activity the microdilution method and the welland disk-diffusion method were used. The results indicated a promising potential in achieving antimicrobial activity, both for the plant and for the combination of nanofibers. The methanol extract of T. natans showed the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis ATTC 6633, by the microdilution method, while by the disk-diffusion method, the submerged variant of the nanofibers showed a zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which was better than the nanofibers and the antibiotic in two of the three analyzed concentrations.
The avocado seed is a non-edible part of the fruit that is typically discarded as waste; yet it has valuable phytochemicals. A phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract from avocado seeds was conducted under controlled experimental conditions using standard methods. The results indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, eugenols, tannins, phenolics, glycosides, and alkaloids while steroids were absent. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized from the avocado seed aqueous extract using zinc acetate as a precursor. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed their hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The XRD analysis revealed an average crystallite size of 29.876 nm for the ZnO NPs. These ZnO NPs were subsequently tested as antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The biogenic ZnO NPs exhibited an inhibition zone of 20 mm against S. aureus; therefore, indicating its usefulness in the pharmaceutical sector.
It is strongly believed that the fully consistent quantum gravity theory should lead to a quantum spacetime. The continuous description of spacetime in terms of differential manifolds is no longer adequate at the quantum gravity energies. Although the full quantum gravity is still unknown, there are several physical theories/models that incorporate the idea of a quantum spacetime. Some of them are: string theory, loop quantum gravity, noncommutative (NC) geometry. In this short paper we address the properties of scalar fields on noncommutative spacetimes. We will discuss the deformed symmetries and quantization of the 𝜙4-theory in four dimensions for two different NC deformations: Moyal or 𝜃-constant NC spacetime and the 𝜆-Minkowski spacetime. Using the newly developed braided BV quantization, we will show that there are no non-planar diagrams and no UV/IR mixing for both NC deformations. However, a nontrivial deformation of the momentum conservation law appears in the 𝜆-Minkowski spacetime.
This study presents the first radiological survey of surface water in Rampal Upazila, located in Bangladesh's Bagerhat District, where no prior radiation monitoring data have been reported. Water samples were collected from 10 administrative unions, each representing local ponds used for household activities such as washing and bathing. Gross Alpha and beta radioactivity measurements were conducted using a ZnS scintillation detector, while Gamma Scout dosimeter was used for background dose rate monitoring. The pH levels of the water were measured on-site to evaluate their possible influence on radioactivity behavior. The dose rates across the sampling sites were within the typical background range. The gross Alpha activity in the samples remained below the WHO recommended limit of 0.1 Bq/L, with values varying moderately among locations. Similarly, the gross beta activity was found to be below the 1 Bq/L WHO threshold for drinking water. The findings indicate that the natural radioactivity levels in the surface water of Rampal are within safe limits and primarily of natural origin, with no indications of anthropogenic contamination. This study provides baseline data for future radiological assessments and public health monitoring in the region.
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by mucosal inflammation and systemic complications, including renal impairment. This study investigated the comparative effects of ciprofloxacin and prednisolone on renal function markers, electrolyte balance, oxidative stress, and renal histoarchitecture in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced Crohn's disease rat model. Forty male rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10 per group): Group A (normal control), Group B (TNBS-induced CD), Group C (CD + ciprofloxacin), Group D (CD + prednisolone). Serum creatinine, urea, and electrolyte levels (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) were measured, alongside kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of oxidative stress. Histopathological changes were assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. TNBS induction showed significant increases in serum creatinine (0.40±0.01 to 6.27±0.66 mg/dL), urea (16.67±0.88 to 45.33±1.55 mg/dL), kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (0.03±0.014 to 1.28±0.04 µmol/mL), and significant decrease in electrolytes; sodium (139.67±2.33 to 84.34±1.49 mmol/L) and chloride (100.33±2.33 to 54.66±1.70 mmol/L) when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Treatment with ciprofloxacin and prednisolone significantly improved these parameters, although prednisolone produced greater reductions in creatinine (1.30±0.02 vs 5.90±0.03 mg/dL), urea (23.33±0.97 vs 37.53±1.18 mg/dL), and MDA (0.17±0.03 vs 0.51±0.03 µmol/mL), alongside more substantial restoration of sodium and chloride levels when compared with ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). Histological analysis showed partial preservation of glomerular and tubular structures with ciprofloxacin and more pronounced architectural protection with prednisolone. Both agents attenuated TNBS-induced renal injury, but prednisolone demonstrated superior renoprotective effects, likely due to stronger suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress.
A hundred years ago, physics underwent one of its most dramatic transformations - a paradigm shift that fundamentally changed our understanding of nature. Over the course of several revolutionary months in 1925 and early 1926, quantum mechanics emerged as a new, foundational theory of the microscopic world. With the publication of key papers by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, the theoretical framework was established that radically redefined our perception of physical reality. These works demonstrated that atoms and subatomic particles do not obey the laws of classical mechanics, but instead follow entirely new, quantum laws. Born in those intense months, quantum mechanics became one of the cornerstones of modern physics and a lasting source of inspiration in both theoretical and applied sciences. This paradigmatic shift opened new avenues of research and laid the groundwork for scientific discoveries that continue to shape our understanding of nature today. This paper is dedicated to those pivotal historical moments - the months in which science made one of its deepest leaps and most consequential strides in comprehending the world.
In the report of United Nations at the beginning of 1990s stress was marked as a disease of 20th century, as its role in the development of numerous psychosomatic disorders was undoubtedly confirmed. On these lines, contemporary investigations of psychosomatic diseases imply the necessity of application of holistic methods, oriented to healing the person as a whole and not disease as a symptom of disorder of the whole, suggesting their macroscopic quantum origin. In the focus of these quantum-holistic methods are body's acupuncture system & consciousness - which (within the Feynman propagator version of quantum mechanics) have informational structure of quantum-holographic Hopfield-like associative neural network - with very significant quantum-holographic psychosomatic implications. So, all holistic acupuncture-based & consciousness-based approaches and techniques can be treated as quantum-informational therapies, by imposing new healing boundary conditions in the energy-state space of EM quantum-field-related acupuncture system/(individual and collective) consciousness. The above mentioned quantum-holographic psychosomatic framework provides better understanding of the nature of psychosomatic diseases, which might help in developing strategies for psychosomatic complementary and integrative medicine in the 21st century.
We emphasize and shortly discuss direct link between the basics of quantum mechanics and modern quantum physics and technology.
Due to the influence of the Mediterranean climate from the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the southernmost regions, the Pčinja and Preševo valleys, are the warmest in Serbia. This warm sub-Mediterranean climate affects the area's specific animal diversity, particularly contributing to a unique butterfly diversity. Based on the available literature data and our surveys of butterfly diversity in these two valleys since 2005, 144 butterfly species and three species complexes were recorded, corresponding to 74.13% of all butterfly species recorded in Serbia. In the Pčinja Valley, 138 species and three species complexes were recorded, while 112 species and three species complexes were recorded in the Preševo Valley. Six of the recorded species are listed in Annex II and/or IV of the EU Habitats Directive, while 27 are strictly protected in Serbia.
The study evaluated the potential allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of a native plant, Cynometra ramiflora L. in the seed germination of Brassica rapa L. Seed germination was observed for 12, 24, and 48 hours after treatment (HAT) and radicle lengths were measured after 48 HAT. Results showed that exposure to 50% and 100% aqueous extract concentrations significantly reduced the germination percentage (GP) compared to the control. Moreover, cytogenetic observations showed intensive chromosomal fragmentation and decondensation in the 50% and 100% concentrations, respectively. Consequently, cellular aberrations were observed such as multinucleated cell, membrane damage, micronuclei, stickiness, huge-nucleated cell, nuclear lesion, giant cell, plasmolyzed cell, ghost cell, and lobulated cells showing no significant difference compared to the positive control. These suggest that native plants such as C. ramiflora demonstrated negative allelopathic effects impacting B. rapa development.
The Eurasian Eagle-owl represents a widely distributed but locally scarce apex predator whose biology and ecology in Serbia remain understudied. Here, we examined the spatial and altitudinal distribution, population size, and territory density of this species in Eastern Serbia. Our surveys identified 79 owl territories spread across 51 10×10 km UTM squares, resulting in a mean density of 0.5 territories/100 km². The territories were unevenly distributed, primarily concentrated in hilly terrains, river valleys and along mountain edges. The altitudinal range of identified territories spanned from 65 to 645 m, with the majority located in hilly zones below 500 m. Notably, we discovered 42 new, previously undocumented territories. Based on the collected data and habitat modelling, we estimate that the number of Eagle-owl territories in Eastern Serbia ranges from 135 to 170. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the species' ecology and form a solid framework for future studies.
The total π-electron energy, as calculated within the Hückel molecular orbital approximation, is a much studied quantum chemical characteristics of unsaturated conjugated compounds. Its theory, together with that of its modification called "graph energy", was outlined in a review published in 2017 (GUTMAN and FURTULA, 2017). In the present paper, we present the main features of these theories, with emphasis on what happened after 2017. We also mention a few data that are not found in the mentioned review.
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) integrates two prosperous scientific fields: quantum computing and artificial intelligence. We will review recent developments in QML-based methods, their theoretical foundations, algorithmic progress, practical applications, and remaining issues. By analyzing contemporary QML literature, we will identify its main strengths and weaknesses that guide the pursuit of achieving quantum advantage in machine learning tasks.
The impact of a small hydropower plant (SHP) on aquatic communities (benthic algae, macroinvertebrates and ichthyofauna) and water quality was investigated in the Panjica River (Serbia). The field research was conducted at three localities in November 2024. The results showed differences in community composition between localities upstream and downstream of the SHP, with the greatest impact observed immediately downstream of the water intake. A decline in benthic diatom and macroinvertebrate diversity was observed. Non-diatom algae more clearly indicated the changes in habitat conditions caused by the SHP's operation, as evidenced by the excessive growth of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus autumnalis. The greatest impact was observed in the ichthyofauna, which was absent at the site immediately downstream of the SHP. The ecological status assessment based on diatoms showed no differences, while the macroinvertebrates indicated a deterioration in water quality downstream of the SHP. Long-term monitoring is recommended to better assess SHP's impact.
In this article, we contribute to the special issue of the Kragujevac Journal of Science devoted to the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ2025). We discuss several connections between Quantum Theory and Modern Cosmology. We begin with a brief overview of the major theoretical discoveries of Quantum Theory and Quantum Mechanics, proceed to Quantum Field Theory (QFT), and conclude with aspects of modern, quantum cosmology.
Quantum chemical approach was used to study four different types of interactions of electron-rich and electron-deficient arenes with alkali cations and halide anions. Cation-π and C-H···anion interactions of benzene, as well as anion-π and C-F···cation interactions of hexafluoro benzene, were studied by the means of two methods of energy decomposition analysis - Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) and Extended Transition State - Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (ETS-NOCV). Thorough analysis showed that these decomposition methods identify induction/orbital interactions as the most dominant component of interactions with cations, while electrostatic component is the dominant one in the systems containing anions. Minor disagreements were observed in the cases of interactions with larger ions (K+ and Br-). Overall, SAPT and ETS-NOCV are in good agreement for interactions that include cations. Caution is needed when analyzing the nature of arene-anion interactions, where ETS-NOCV can give unusually large individual components in some cases.
Entanglement of formation is a measure that has a clear physically motivated definition, namely, it provides a lower bound over all pure-state entanglement decompositions required to create a given state. We investigate the open system dynamics of entanglement of formation of a two-mode Gaussian state interacting with a common bosonic environment. In the framework of the theory based on completely positive dynamical semigroups, the open system dynamics leads to a master equation in Lindblad form, which preserves the positivity and the Gaussian form of an initially Gaussian state at all times. For an initially separable state we witness the generation of entanglement, and its preservation in the limit of asymptotic times.
