Introduction: This study aims to investigate the couples' interaction patterns at three stages of family life cycle including couples without children, childbearing families and families with adolescent children. Method: This study is a qualitative research with a phenomenology method. Using purposive sampling, 28 couples were selected from Yazd (20-50 year old couples). The required data was collected through designed scenarios using in-depth semi-structured interview and the Marital Adjustment Test. To analyze the data, the seven-stage Colaizzi model was imitated. Results: Totally, 12 components of negative interaction patterns were identified including defensiveness, criticism, anger, gender rules, belligerence, family contempt, contempt, domineering, tense humor, contempt for her/himself, sadness and retreat. Positive interaction codes included cautious behavior, interest in the relation, validation, affection, humor, surprise, self-disclosure, seeing themselves as a unit, sense of humor, emotion management, and normalization. The findings indicate significant differences in the amount of usage, form, purpose and verbal manifestation of these components in each of the stages. Conclusion: It can be stated that different life cycle stages have certain features that can make an impact on the couples' interaction patterns.
Introduction: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive rehabilitation for stress reduction in hard of hearing adolescent girls. Method: In a randomized clinical trial, 24 hard of hearing adolescent girls were randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention group received the mindfulness cognitive rehabilitation intervention over12 weeks, one session per week. This is while the control group did not receive any intervention. Questionnaires were completed by adolescent girls to evaluate their stress levels during the baseline, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up periods of the intervention. Results: A repeated-measure, analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that the mean levels of stress in the intervention group decreased after the mindfulness training. Also, the analysis revealed that the mean levels of stress between the intervention group and the control group were significantly different. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that mindfulness intervention could alleviate the stress of hard of hearing adolescent girls.
Introduction: Individuals with alexithymia are under the pressure of correlated physio-emotional stress that would not come out as speech. These problems prevent emotion regulation and make people incompatible in life. Method: The purpose of this study was examining the effectiveness of music therapy on reducing symptoms of alexithymia and enhancing peer relationships. The method was quasi-experimental with two experimental and control groups. Through multi-stage sampling, one hundred and eighty girls were screened for alexithymia’s symptoms. Thirty of the 57 identified children, were selected randomly and assigned into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups (mean 11.8 Years old) randomly in Isfahan, Iran. The instruments were the Rieffe’s Alexithymia Questionnaire for children and Sociometry for evaluating peer relationships. The music therapy was nine sessions which was done for the experimental group. Data was analysed with the repeated measure ANCOVA. Results: The results indicated that music therapy had a significant positive effect on reducing alexithymia in the experiment group (ES = -0.34, (OP = -0.92), while there was no significant change in the control group (p >0.05). The results stayed stable after two months follow-up. Although the results showed peer relationships, the helper dimension improved; other peer relationships, the popularity, and rejection, were not influenced significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, music therapy positively affects reducing alexithymia symptoms of female preadolescents. Thus, using music therapy for reducing alexithymia symptoms is suggested.
Introduction: Pregnancy, childbirth, and maternity are correlated with the heightened risk of the evolvement of postpartum obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This study aimed to inquire about the prevalence rate, clinical presentations, and relevant factors of postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS). Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated OCD in the postpartum period of women referred to the Imam Hospital in Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran. The sample population included 359 pregnant women who delivered their babies during the first half of 2018. The samples were taken using the convenience sampling method. Patients who scored 12 or higher in the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory completed the Yale-Browne Obsessive-Compulsive Scale self-report, and the Life Event Checklist were included in the study. Finally, data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24. Results: The 359 mothers were in the range of 14 to 35 years old. Accordingly, 62.1% (223) were urban women while 37.9% (136) were rural, 20.6% (74) had preterm infants, 56.8% (204) term infants, and 22.3% (80) were post-term. Maudsley’s test showed that 48.5% (174) of the mothers had a positive OCD result. The total scorein Yale-Brown was significant, and had a reverse correlation with the mother’s residency (t = -173, p = 0.02) and significant correlation with the age of a pregnancy (t = 269, p= 0.001(. Conclusion: According to the results of the Maudsley test, women are at risk of OCD during the postpartum period. Actually, OCD affects the mother-baby relation, mother’s anxiety, and depression and should be addressed during womens’ postpartum clinical care.
Introduction: Methamphetamine abuse has been growing during the past decade. Recent studies show that computerized training intervention can be useful. The present study compared a variety of cognitive bias modification methods (i.e., attention bias modification, approach bias modification and their combination) on attention bias, approach bias and relapse among methamphetamine abusers. Method: A total of 108 patients were recruited as the primary sample and the obtained data from 97 patients were analyzed in the final analysis. After being matched according to demographical characteristics, participants were assessed for cognitive bias and relapse to measure the baseline. Afterwards, they were randomly assigned to three different training conditions receiving eight training sessions and a control condition. Finally, all participants underwent a post-assessment similar to the pre-assessment. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated significant reduction both in cognitive bias and relapse in the experimental conditions compared to the control condition. Post-hoc tests suggested no significant differences in relapse in the experimental groups. Furthermore, attention bias decreased in groups after Attention Bias Modification (ABM) and approach bias decreased in the groups which received Approach Avoidance Task (AAT-T). Conclusion: It can be suggested that different treatments of cognitive bias modification, by reducing cognitive bias and relapse, could be beneficial for methamphetamine abusers.
Introduction: The present study was carried out to examine the association between father parenting styles and game addiction among college students as well as to explore the mediating effect of aggression between them.Method: The design of the research was correlation. A total of 150 participants comprised of boys and girls, with the age range of 17 to 21 years, were recruited through purposive sampling from different colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. The questionnaires used in this study included the Gaming Addiction Scale (Brief version), Parental Authority Questionnaire (short version), and the Aggression Scale. All the hypotheses were tested by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis and Meditation analysis through PROCESS.Results: Results revealed that fathers' authoritative style had a negative non-significant association (p>.001), while authoritarian and permissive styles had a positive significant association with game addiction (p<.001). Aggression had a mediating effect between two father parenting styles and game addiction: authoritarian and permissive.Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that father parenting styles affect the game addiction behavior and aggression plays a mediating role between them. This fact will definitely help parents and psychologists in addressing major reasons behind game addiction.
Introduction: The evolutionary characteristics of old age and the approach of people to death at this stage of life makes this period different from others in the field of meaning of life.The purpose of this study was to analyze the lived experience of the Iranian elderly in order to develop a conceptual model of meaning of life.Method: This article is a qualitative research that was implemented and analyzed with the grounded theory approach. For this purpose, 25 elderly people (13 females and 12 males) of Shiraz city, who were over 65 years with the ability to speak Persian and those which had not any severe effective cognitive disorders were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. A systematic and analytical approach of Strauss and Corbin was used to reach the findings.Results: Based on the analysis, in open and axial coding, the obtained model had 14 main categories and 37 themes. This means, the perspective and perception of the elderly about a meaningful life is multi-dimensional.Conclusion: Paying attention to these components, in futuristic planning can be effective in constructing and accepting the active role of the elderly in the society and it can be used for planning macro-political, socio-economic policies with respect to future aging trends.
Introduction: Given the effect of low socio-economic status of marginalized residents on children's behavioral and emotional problems, it is important to take measures to strengthen resilience and reduce aggression in children. This paper aims to determine the effect of mindfulness-based group therapy on resilience and aggression of children in the suburbs of Mashhad. Method: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 elementary school students aged 8-12 years referred to the social worker and psychology clinic in Sayyedi district of Mashhad in 2019-2020. They were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The intervention group received mindfulness-based group therapy using Kabat-Zinn's (2003) approach over 8 sessions of 90 min while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Data collection tools included the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale (SEARS) as well as the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 software and MANCOVA test. Results: The results showed that mindfulness-based group therapy could significantly improve resilience and reduce aggression in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mindfulness-based group therapy can be effective in mitigating aggression and enhancing resilience of children in the suburbs of Mashhad.
Introduction Overweightness has been one of the most prevalent global problems during recent years. This investigation was carried out to compare the compound treatment of diet therapy and mindful self-compassion with diet therapy as a one component treatment.Method The current research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up on 40 women with high Body Mass Indexes (BMIs). The participants were selected among the women who had sought professional help in nutrition clinics of Kermanshah in 2019. Convenience sampling was applied and the 40 participants were equally divided between experimental and control groups. Both groups received diet therapy but one of them received eight sessions of mindful self-compassion in addition to the diet therapy. Data were collected using the external shame scale and by measuring the BMIs. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25.Results The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that mindful self-compassion has led to significant reductions in external shame components (except for being ashamed of making mistake), the total external shame score, and the BMI.Conclusion Teaching and practicing mindful self-compassion can effectively reduce external shame and the BMI. This findings highlight the importance of self-compassion in decreasing psychological problems and weight control.
Introduction: Loneliness is a common experience in people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) which is associated with significant psychological consequences. Therefore, it is important to examine the psychological status of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between social loneliness with psychological well-being in patients with multiple sclerosis. Method: For this descriptive-correlational study, 200 patients with MS were selected by a convenience sampling method in the years 2019-2020. Data was collected by social loneliness of Besharat MA (2018), Self-compassion Scale of Neff KD (2003), and Psychological Well-Being Scales of Ryff's (1989). The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis (hierarchical method) were used for data analysis and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between social loneliness with psychological well-being and self-compassion. There was a significant positive correlation between psychological well-being and self-compassion. On the other hand, the results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that self-compassion moderates the relationship between social loneliness and psychological well-being. Conclusion: Findings revealed that self-compassion can protect people with MS from the negative psychological and social consequences associated with the disease. Therefore, self- compassion can be used as a factor in adapting to the disease and improving psychosocial health.
Introduction: The present study has aimed to investigate the relationship between child abuse and cognitive distortion with clinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder moderated with emotion dysregulation. Method: This study made use of descriptive correlational research design. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between variables. The statistical population included all students of Urmia University in April 2019 (N=17000). The sample included 201 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. In this study, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) (2002), the Child Abuse Scale (CAS) (1392), the Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS) (1389) and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (2004) were used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics and used SPSS-21 and AMOS software were used. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling showed that the structural model has a good fit with data. In this research, the direct effect of child abuse on emotion dysregulation (β=0/46, P=0/002), child abuse on clinical symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (β=0/43, P=0/003), cognitive distortions on emotion dysregulation (β=0/57, P=0/001), and cognitive distortions on clinical symptoms of OCD (β=0/51, P=0/001) were approved. The bootstrap test results showed significant indirect effects of child abuse and cognitive distortion on clinical symptoms of OCD which operate via emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: It seems that emotion dysregulation has a mediating role in the incidence of OCD. As a result, it is recommended to attend to OCD patient’s emotion dysregulation problems and educate them on the adaptive skills of emotion regulation.
Introduction: Women's happiness represents a vital role in the performance and health of the family. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and social intelligence with happiness in female-headed households.Method: The study was a cross-sectional study that included 261 female-headed households, which were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research instrument included the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), Interpersonal Forgiveness Measurement Questionnaire (IFMQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, and path analysis.Results: A significant, direct, and positive relationship was observed between social intelligence and happiness. The relationship between difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation with happiness was significant, direct, and negative. There was no direct and significant relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and happiness. Difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation had a mediating role in the relationship between social intelligence and interpersonal forgiveness with happiness.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the importance of the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between social intelligence, interpersonal forgiveness, and happiness.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of psychological well-being based on gratitude, social support and self-esteem among students. Method: This research was a non-experimental and correlation study. The statistical population of the study included all bachelor students of Yasouj University in the academic year of 2019-2020, among whom 360 were selected through a random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Gratitude Questionnaire, Social Support Scale, Self-esteem Scale and Psychological Wellbeing Scale. Cronbach's alpha was applied to check the reliability in which the results indicated an appropriate reliability for these scales. Results: The findings of this study showed that there was a correlation between variables including gratitude, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being. In addition, gratitude, social support and self-esteem significantly predicted psychological well-being. Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be concluded that grateful people who have social support, with high self-esteem experience a higher level of psychological well-being.
Introduction: Inadvertent mistakes are often major problems in daily life. Cognitive failure is the nomenclature attributed to these defects and cognitive failures questionnaire measures the self-reported frequency of these mistakes. It is hypothesized that impulsivity and meta-cognition have underlying associations with cognitive failures. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between impulsivity and meta-cognition with cognitive failures. Method: A randomly selected sample of 125 university students (age range: 18-22) administered the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale Questionnaire, and Meta-Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed using regression. Results: The results indicated that the component of meta-cognition, cognitive confidence had a positive significant relationship with cognitive failures (r=0.51, p<0.01). Furthermore, amongst components of impulsivity, urgency had a significant negative relationship with cognitive failures (r=-0.44, p<0.01). A regression analysis revealed that cognitive confidence and urgency could predict cognitive failure variance. According to Beta coefficients, relative potion of cognitive confidence to predict CF was 51% at first step and 40% in the second. Relative potion of urgency in the second step was 27%. Conclusion: The effect of little urgency and inefficient cognitive confidence is noticeable in distraction, memory problems, blunders and lack of names remembering.
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the role of affective family atmosphere, school atmosphere, and perceived social support on predicting aggressive behavior and addiction readiness in students. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational with a structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all second grade high school students in Tehran studying during the academic year 2017-2018. A total number of 485 samples were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data analysis was conducted by EMOS software ver.24 and SPSS ver.25. Results: Full effect of affective family atmosphere on aggressive behavior was significant and this readiness had a direct and significant effect on addiction readiness. Investigations of school atmosphere on addiction readiness and aggressive behavior showed a complete and significant direct effect between these variables. Also, the direct effect of perceived social support on aggressive behavior showed to be complete and insignificant. There was no direct and complete direct effect of perceived social support on addiction readiness. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, affective family atmosphere and school atmosphere can predict aggressive behavior and addiction readiness among students
Introduction: The current research was conducted to examine emotion dysregulation, distress tolerance, and self-compassion in people with and without borderline personality disorder symptoms. Method: A causal- comparative design was used to carry out this study. The participants included 343 students from the Islamic Azad University of Rasht who were selected through a relative stratified sampling method. The research tools included the Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire-B Scale (STB), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). The MONOVA and an ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that people with borderline personality disorder symptoms had more difficulty regulating their emotions and tolerating distress compared to people without borderline personality disorder symptoms. As regards to the SCS, people with borderline personality disorder symptoms scored lower on components of self-compassion, sense of humanity and mindfulness, but they scored higher on the self-judgment component. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the isolation and the over-identification components. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be stated that people with borderline personality disorder symptoms have problems tolerating distress and regulating their emotions. They also do not show self-compassion, compared to people without borderline personality disorder symptoms.
